Skip to main content

Stereotypic Behaviors, Stuttering, and Elective Mutism

  • Chapter
Handbook of Child Psychopathology

Abstract

The present chapter focuses upon three variances of childhood psychopathology: stereotypic behaviors, stuttering, and elective mutism. Separately, these behaviors are observed in children on a relatively infrequent basis, yet they are particularly problematic and refractory to change. Stereotypic behaviors usually develop during middle childhood years, while the two language disorders commonly occur in preschool or early school years. Within the realm of specific behavioral disorders, all three are representative of the more general category of childhood habit disorders. Stereotypic behaviors are more comprehensively reviewed in this chapter, while stuttering and elective mutism are more briefly examined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adams, M. R. Vocal tract dynamics in fluency and stuttering: A review and interpretation of past research. In L. M. Webster & L. C. Fürst (Eds.), Vocal tract dynamics and dysfluency. New York: Speech and Hearing Institute, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, M. R., & Hayden, P. Stutterers’ and nonstutterers’ ability to initiate and terminate phonation during non-speech activity. American Speech and Hearing Association, 1974, 16, 521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, M. R., & Reis, R., The influence of the onset of phonation on the frequency of stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1971, 14, 639–644.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agnello, J. G. Voice onset and voice termination features of stutters. In L. M. Webster & L. C. Fürst (Eds.), Vocal tract dynamics and dysfluency. New York: Speech and Hearing Institute, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agras, S., & Marshall, C. The application of negative practice to spasmodic torticollis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1965, 122, 579–582.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, G. D., Peters, R. & Williams, C. Spectrographic study of fluent and stuttered speech. American Speech and Hearing Association, 1975, 17, 664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ascher, E. Psychodynamic considerations in Gilles de la Tourette’s disease (maladie des tics). American Journal of Psychiatry, 1948, 105, 267–276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azrin, N. H., & Nunn, R. G. Habit reversal: A method of eliminating nervous habits and tics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1973, 11, 619–628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azrin, N. H., & Nunn, R. G. Habit control in a day. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azrin, N. H., Nunn, R. G., & Frantz, S. E. Habit reversal vs. negative practice treatment of nervous tics. Behavior Therapy, 1980, 2, 169–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakwin, H., & Bakwin, R. M. Behavior disorders in children (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbara, D. Stuttering: A psychodynamic approach to its understanding and treatment. New York: Julian, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, B. N. Reductions in the rate of multiple tics by free operant conditioning methods.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1962, 135, 187–195.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, S., & Fedoravicius, A. S. Self-control treatment of an eye blink tic.Behavior Therapy, 1977, 8, 277–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boncour, G. Les tic chez Vecolier et leur interpretation. Progressive Medicine, 1910, 26, 495–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady, J. P. Metronome-conditioned speech retraining for stuttering. Behavior Therapy, 1977, 2, 129–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brierley, H. The treatment of hysterical spasmodic torticollis by behavior therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1967, 5, 139–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Browning, R. M. & Stover, D. O. Behavior modification in child treatment. Chicago: Aldine/Atherton, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruun, R., Shapiro, A., Shapiro, E., Sweet, R., Wayne, H., & Solomon, G. A follow-up of 78 patients with Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 133, 944–947.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Challas, G., & Brauer, W. Tourette’s disease: Relief of symptoms with R1625. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1963, 120, 283–284.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapel, J. L. Behavior modification techniques with children and adolescents. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 1970, 15, 315–318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapel, J. L., Brown, N., & Jenkins, R. L. Tourette’s disease: Symptomatic relief with haloperidol. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1964, 121, 608–610.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chess, S., & Rosenberg, M. Clinical differentiation among children with initial language complaints. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1974, 1, 99–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. F. Behavior therapy of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1966, 112, 771–778.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D., & Marks, F. M. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome treated by operant conditioning. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1977, 130, 315.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connell, P. H., Corbett, J. A., Home, D. J., & Mathews, A. M. Drug treatment of adolescent tiqueurs: A double blind trial of diazepan and haloperidol. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1967, 113, 375–381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, R. D., Delk, J. L., & Williams, C. Use of stimulus fading procedures in the treatment of situation specific mutism: A case study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1974, 5, 99–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conture, E. G., McFall, G., & Brewer, D. Laryngeal activity during the movement of stuttering: Some preliminary observations. American Speech and Hearing Association, 1974, 16, 521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello, C. G. The essentials of behavior therapy. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 1963, 8, 162–166.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crown, S. An experimental inquiry into some aspects of the motor behavior and personality of tiqueurs. Journal of Mental Science, 1953, 99, 84–91.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curlee, R. F., & Perkins, W. H. Conversational rate control therapy for stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 1969, 34, 245–250.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalali, L D., & Sheehan, J. G. Stuttering and assertion training. Journal of Communication Disorders, 1974, 7,97–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary. Philadelphia: W. B. Sanders, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, J. C. (Ed.). Child psychiatry. Flushing, N.Y.: Medical Examination Publishing, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, J. A case of Gilles de la Tourette’s disease(maladie des tics): A study of the intrafamily dynamics. Journal of Nervous Mental Disease, 1960, 130, 340–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunlap, K. Habits: Their making and unmaking. New York: Liveright, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L., Ascher, E., & Kanner, L. A clinical study of Gilles de la Tourette’s disease (maladie des tics) in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1959, 115, 715–723.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenson, J. Speech disorders. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of clinical psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldridge, R., Sweet, R., Lake, C. R., Ziegler, M., & Shapiro, A. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: Clinical, genetic, psychologic, and biochemical aspects in 21 selected families. Neurology, 1977, 21, 115–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, B., & Persson, T. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1969, 115, 351–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feild, J., Corbin, K., Goldstein, N., & Klass, D. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome.Neurology, 1966, 16, 453–462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, R. B., & Werry, J. S. An unsuccessful attempt to treat a tiqueur by massed practice.Behaviour Research t Therapy, 1966, 4, 111–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenichel, O. The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. New York: Norton Press, 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferenczi, S. Psycho-analytical observations on tic. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1921, 2, 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernando, S. J. M. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: A report on 4 cases and a review of published case reports. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1967, 113, 607–617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernando, S. J. M. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1968, 114, 123–125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, & Gottlieb, F. An objective evaluation of haloperidol in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Diseases of the Nervous System, 1969, 30, 328–332.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frederick, C. J. Treatment of a tic by systematic desensitization and massed response evocation.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1971, 2, 281–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, F. J. Phonation and fluency. In L. M. Webster & L. C. Fürst (Eds.), Vocal tract dynamics and dysfluency. New York: Speech and Hearing Institute, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, F. J., & Ushijima, T. An SME, Siber-optic study of laryngeal activity accompanying the moment of stuttering. American Speech and Hearing Association, 1974, 16, 521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, H. Psychopathology and the problems of stuttering. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S. Self-control in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: Case study with 18-month follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1980, 48, 400–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friel, P. Familial incidence of Gilles de la Tourette’s disease, with observations on aetiology and treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1973, 122, 655–658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, N., Freighner, J., & Schuckit, M. A family study of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Diseases of the Nervous System, 1976, 37, 537–538.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garnett, R. W., Jr., & Elbirlik, K. Torticollis. Southern Medical Journal, 1953, 46, 892–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautheron, B., Liorzon, A., Even, G., & Valliancien, B. The role of the larynx in stuttering. In Y. Lebrun & R. Hoops (Eds.), Neurolinguistic approaches to stuttering. The Hague: Mouton, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerard, M. W. The psychogenic tic in ego development. In A. Freud (Ed.), Psychoanalytic study of the child (Vol. 2). New York: International University Press, 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glauber, I. The psychoanalysis of stuttering. In J. Eisenson (Ed.), Stuttering: A symposium. New York: Harper, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goggin, J. E., & Erickson, M. Dilemmas in diagnosis and treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1979, 43, 339–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, G. S. Genetic aspects of Tourette’s syndrome. Neurology, 1977, 27, 400. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, G. S. Tourette’s syndrome: The pediatric perspective. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1977, 131, 531–534. (b)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, G. S. Tics and Tourette’s: A continuum of symptoms? Annals of Neurology, 1978, 4, 145–148.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldiamond, I. Stuttering and fluency as manipulatable operant response classes. In L. Krasner & L. P. Ullman (Eds.), Research in behavior modification: New development and implications. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healy, C. E. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome (maladie des tics). American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1970, 120, 62–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollandsworth, J. G., Jr., & Bausinger, L. Unsuccessful use of massed practice in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome.Psychological Reports, 1978, 43, 671–677.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton Century, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutzell, R. R., Platzek, D., & Logue, P. E. Control of Symptoms of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome by self-monitoring. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1974, 5, 71–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingham, R. J., & Andrews, C. Stuttering: The quality of fluency after treatment. Journal of Communication Disorders, 1971, 4, 279–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingham, R. J., & Andrews, G. Behavior therapy and stuttering: A review. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 1973, 38, 405–441.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, O. C. Infant speech eff’ect of systematic reading of stories. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1969, 3, 187–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G., Pepple, J., Singer, H., & Littlefield, J. HGPRT in the Gilles de la Tourettee’s syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 1977, 297, 399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W. Stuttering in children and adults. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, W. The onset of stuttering. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H. G. Continuation of Yates: Treatment of a tiqueur. In H. G. Eysenck (Ed.), Behavior therapy and the neuroses. Oxford: Pergamon, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H. G. Stuttering. In G. G. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of psychopathology: A handbook. New York: Wiley, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. Child psychiatry. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, N. R., & Kaplan, M. L. The Gestalt approach to stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, 1978, 11, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kellmer-Pringle, M., Butler, M., & Davie, R. 11,000 seven year olds. London: National Bureau for Co-operation in Child Care, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelman, D. H. Gilles de la Tourette’s disease in children: A review of the literature.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1965, 6, 219–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, S. H., & Cooper, E. B. Phonatory adjustment times in stutterers and nonstutterers. Unpublished manuscript, University of Alabama, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klawans, H. L., Falk, D. K., Nausieda, P. A., & Weiner, W. J. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome after long-term chlorpromazine therapy. Neurology, 1978, 28, 1064–1068.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knepler, K. N., & Sewall, S. Negative practice paired with smelling salts in the treatment of a tic. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1974, 5, 189–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaPouse, R., & Monk, M. An epidemiologic study of behavior characteristics in children. American Journal of Public Health, 1958, 48, 1134–1144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaPouse, R., & Monk, M. Behavior deviations in a representative sample of children: Variation by sex, age, race, social class and family size. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1964, 34, 436–446.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, A. A. Objective psychotherapy in the treatment of dysphemia. Journal of South African Logopedic Society, 1960, 6, 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy-Suhl, M. Resolution by psychoanalysis of motor disturbances in an adolescent. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1937, 6, 336–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, A. R. Gilles de la Tourette’s disease in children: Treatment with haloperidol.American Journal of Psychiatry, 1967, 124, 147–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, A. R. Report of Gilles de la Tourette’s disease in two succeeding generations. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 1973, 3, 231–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, M. S. Tics and impulsions in children: A study of motility. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1944, 17, 430–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, M. S. A psychoanalytic evaluation of tic in psychopathology of children: Symptomatic and tic syndrome. In A. Freud (Ed.), Psychoanalytic study of the child. New York: International University Press, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, M. S., & Luke, J. A. Outcome of the tic syndrome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 1946, 103, 433–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, M. S., & Rangell, L. A psychosomatic study of maladie des tics (Gilles de la Tourette’s disease). Psychiatric Quarterly, 1943, 17, 579–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, M. S. Luke, J. A., & Daltroff, W. Clinical and follow-up study of the tic syndrome in children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1945, 15, 631–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maldofsky, H., Tullis, D., & Lamon, R. Multiple tic syndrome (Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome): Clinical, biological and psychosocial variables and their influence with haloperidol. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 1974, 159, 282–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maletzky, B. M. Behavior recording as treatment: A brief note. Behavior Therapy, 1974, 5, 107–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matson, J. L., Esvelt-Dawson, K., & O’Donnell, D. Overcorrection, modeling and reinforcement procedures for reinstating speech in a mute boy. Child Behavior Therapy, 1979, 4, 363–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meares, R. A. Behavior therapy and spasmodic torticollis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1973, 28, 104–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meige, H., & Feindel, E. Tics and their treatment. London: Appleton, 1907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moleski, R., & Tosi, D. J. Comparative psychotherapy: Rational-emotive therapy versus systematic desensitization in the treatment of stuttering. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1976, 44, 309–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morphew, J., & Sim, M. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: A clinical and psychopathological study.British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1969, 42, 293–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mowrer, O. H. Learning theory and personality dynamics. New York: Ronald, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mysak, E. D., & Gilbert, G. M. Child speech pathology. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Manual of child psychopathology. New York: McGraw Hill, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicassio, F. J., Lieberman, R. T., Patterson, R. L., Raminez, E., & Sanders, N. The treatment of tics by negative practice. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1972, 3, 281–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norman, A., & Broman, H. J. Volume feedback and generalization techniques in shaping speech of an electively mute boy: A case study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1970, 31, 463–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunn, R. G. Maladaptive habits and tics. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 1978, 2, 349–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, J. S., & Brennan, J. H. The elimination of a severe long term facial tic and vocal distortion with250 multi-facet behavior therapy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1979, 10, 257–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ollendick, T. H. Self-monitoring and self-administered overcorrection: The modification of nervous tics in children. Behavior Modification, 1981, 5, 75–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, M. T. Spasmodic torticollis: Resuks of psychotherapy in 21 cases. The Lancet, 1945, 249, 556–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, R. M., & Little, S. C. Spasmodic torticollis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1943, 98, 571–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins, W. H. Speech pathology: An applied behavioral science (2nd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollack, M. A., Cohen, M. L., & Friedhoff, A. J. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome.Child Neurology, 1977, 34, 630–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Porfert, A. R., & Rosenfield, D. B. Prevalence of stuttering. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1978, 41, 954–956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rafi, A. A. Learning theory and the treatment of tics, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1962, 6, 71–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, G. F. Elective mutism in children: A re-appraisal. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1963, 4, 99–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resneck, P. A., Wendiggensen, P., Ames, S., & Meyer, R. Systematic slowed speech: A new treatment for stuttering. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1978, 161–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, D. Familial occurrence of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: Report of the syndrome occurring in a father and son. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1973, 28, 326–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanok, R.L., & Striefel, S. Elective mutism: Generalization of verbal responding across people and settings. Behavior Therapy, 179, 10, 357–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savicki, V., & Carlin, A. S. Behavioral treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. International Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 1972, 1, 97–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, L. S., & Cooper, E. B. Fundamental frequencies in the oral reading behavior of stuttering and non-stuttering male children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 1978, 11, 17–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulman, M. Control of tics by maternal reinforcement, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1974, 5, 95–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, M. F. The core of the stuttering block, Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 1974, 39, 169–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, E. A desensitization programme for the treatment of mutism in a seven year old girl: A case report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1977, 18, 263–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seelfield, D. J. Observations on elective mutism in children. Journal of Mental Science, 1950, 96, 1024–1032.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A. K., & Shapiro, E. Treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome with Haloperidol.British Journal of Psychiatry, 1968, 114, 345–350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A. K., Shapiro, E., Bruun, R., & Sweet, R. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. New York: Raven Press, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A. K., Shapiro, E., & Clarkin, J. Clinical psychological testing in Tourette’s syndrome, Journal of Personality Assessment, 1974, 38, 464–478.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A. K., Shapiro, E., & Wayne, H. Birth, development, and family histories and demographic information in Tourette’s syndrome, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1972, 155, 335–344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A. K., Shapiro, E., & Wayne H. The symptomatology and diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 1973, 12, 702–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, J. G. Conflict theory of stuttering. In J. Eisenson (Ed.), Stuttering: A symposium. New York: Harper, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, J. G., & Marlyn, M. M. Spontaneous recovery from stuttering, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1966, 9, 121–135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, J. G., & Marlyn, M. M. Methodology in studies of recovery from stuttering, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1967, 10, 396–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, B. F. The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton-Century, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  • Standardized Micro-Data Tape Transcripts, publication (HRA) 76–1213, Washington, D.C.: National Center for Health Statistics, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, J. R., & Blachly, P. H. Successful treatment of the maladie des tics. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1966, 112, 541–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, R., Bruun, R., Shapiro, A. K., & Shapiro, E. The pharmacology of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome (chronic multiple tic). In H. L. Klawans (Ed.), Clinical neuropharmacology (Vol. 1). New York: Raven Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, R., Solomon, G., Wayne, H., Shapiro, E., & Shapiro, A. K. Neurological features of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 1973, 36, 1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, E. J., Abrams, K. S., & Johnson, J. B. Self-monitoring and reciprocal inhibition in the modification of multiple tics of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1971, 2, 159–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiller, J. W. G. Brief family therapy for childhood tic syndrome. Family Process, 1978, 17, 217–223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tophoff, M. Massed practice, relaxation and assertion training in the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1973, 4, 71–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torup, E: A follow-up study of children with tics. Acta Paediatrica, 1972, 51, 261–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Travis, L., & Sutherland, L. The unspeakable feelings of people with special reference to stuttering. In L. Travis (Ed.), Handbook of speech pathology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, S. M., Hersen, M., & Alford, H. Effects of massed practice and meprobamate on spasmodic torticollis: An experimental analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1974, 12, 259–260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Kooy, D., & Webster, C. D. A rapidly effective behavior modification program for an electively mute child. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1975, 6, 149–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Riper, C. Symptomatic therapy for stuttering. In L. Travis (Ed.), Handbook of speech pathology and audiology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Woert, M., Jutkowitz, R., Rosenbaum, D., & Bowers, M. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: Biochemical approaches. In M. Yahr (Ed.), The basal ganglia. New York: Raven Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton, D. Experimental psychology and the treatment of a tiquer. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1961, 2, 148–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walton, D. Massed practice and simultaneous reduction in drive level—further evidence of the efficacy of this approach to the treatment of tics. In H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), Experiments in behavior therapy. London: Pergamon, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wassman, E., Eldridge, R., Abuzzahab, S., & Nee, L. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: Clinical and genetic studies in a midwestern city. Neurology, 1978, 28, 304–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wayne, H., Shapiro, A. K., & Shapiro, E. Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: Electroencephalographic investigation and clinical correlation. Clinical Electroencephalography, 1972, 3, 160–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisman, A. D. Nature and treatment of tics. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1952, 68, 444–459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. S., Garrón, D. C., & Klawans, H. L. Significance of genetic factors in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: A review.Behavior Genetics, 1978, 8, 503–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wölpe, J. Psychotherapy for reciprocal inhibition. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, C. L., & Williams, D. E. Speech clinicians’ conceptions of boys and men who stutter. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 1971, 36, 225–234.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wulbert, M., Nyman, B. A., Snow, D., & Owen, Y. The efficacy of stimulus fading and contingency management in the treatment of elective mutism: A case study. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1973, 6, 435–441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, A. J. The application of learning theory to the treatment of tics. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1958, 56, 175–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, A. J. Behavior therapy. New York: Wiley, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates, A. J. Theory and practice in behavior therapy. New York: Wiley, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1983 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ollendick, D.G., Matson, J.L. (1983). Stereotypic Behaviors, Stuttering, and Elective Mutism. In: Ollendick, T.H., Hersen, M. (eds) Handbook of Child Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7136-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7136-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7138-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7136-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics