Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrochemical Power for Transportation

  • Chapter
Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry

Abstract

The use of electrochemical power in transportation vehicles is an old concept that has a good probability of again playing a significant role in the transportation industry. It is interesting to note that this is occurring almost a century after its initial success in the late 1800s and early 1900s. It is appropriate to include in this section some historical background of the rise and fall and subsequent rebirth of the electric vehicle, as well as a brief discussion of current transportation needs, and environmental and energy utilization issues that resulted in the renewed interest in applying electrochemical energy conversion technology to electric vehicle applications. Although energy utilization has become the most significant and important issue, the environmental issue will be discussed first in this section only because of its chronological occurrence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Selected dates in history of electric vehicles, Edison Electric Institute Bulletin, Vol. 36, April 1968, p. 105.

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. H. Wherry, Automobiles of the World, Chilton, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1968), p. 713.

    Google Scholar 

  3. N. H. Tomblin, Electric vehicle development in the United Kingdom, in Proceedings of the First International Electric Vehicle Symposium, November 5–7,1969, Phoenix, Arizona, p. 509.

    Google Scholar 

  4. A. A. Tullio, G. R. Fagan, and E. Hines, A progress report on electric vehicles, Edison Electric Institute Bulletin, Vol. 36, August 1968, p. 238.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Proceedings of the National Electric Automobile Symposium, sponsored by Santa Clara Valley Engineers’ Council, San Jose State College, San Jose, California, February 24 and 25, 1967, p. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  6. H. J. Young, Electric vehicles: Economics and experience, SAE Publication 690115, Detroit, Michigan, January 13–17, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  7. 1973/74 Automotive facts and figures, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the United States, Inc., Detroit, Michigan, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  8. H. J. Schwartz, The computer simulation of automobile use patterns for defining battery requirements for electric cars, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Düsseldorf, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  9. T. Merkle and E. Zander, Basic requirements for the various items of equipment for supplying energy to electrically driven road vehicles from the point of view of the user, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Düsseldorf, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  10. M. C. Attendu and J. H. Beaudet, Electric delivery vans above the 45th parallel in North America, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Düsseldorf, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  11. The sources of air pollution and their control, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service Publication No. 1548, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., December 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Technology Assessment of Changes in the Future Use and Characteristics of the Automobile Transportation System, Vol. II, Congress of the United States, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C., February 1979, p. 150.

    Google Scholar 

  13. J. B. Heywood and M. K. Martin, Aggregate Emissions from the Automobile Population, SAE Publication 740536, Chicago, Illinois, June 17–21, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  14. H. E. Hesketh, Understanding and Controlling Air Pollution, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  15. A. Venkatram and J. Kurtz, Short-term dispersion from tall stocks, in Proceedings of the Ninth International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application, No. 103, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Toronto, Canada, August 28–31, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  16. H. C. Perkins, Air Pollution, McGraw-Hill, New York (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  17. F. Pasquill, Atmospheric Diffusion, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  18. J. T. Salihi, The electric car—fact and fancy, IEEE Spectrum 9, 44–48 (June 1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. U.S.A.’s Energy Outlook 1979–1990, Exxon Company, U.S.A., December 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  20. D. C. Sheridan, J. J. Bush, and W. R. Kuziak Jr., A study of the energy utilization of gasoline and battery-electric powered special purpose vehicles, SAE Publication 760119, Detroit, Michigan, February 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  21. K. A. Hub, private communication to E. J. Cairns, December 11, 1973, based on an Argonne National Laboratory Report, Social cost study for alternate means of generating power for 1980 and 1990, March 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  22. M. S. Mashikian, Detroit Edison Co., private communication to E. H. Hietbrink, January 17, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Nuclear power 1973–2000, Office of Planning and Analysis, United States Atomic Energy Commission, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., WASH-1139(72), UC-80, December 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  24. J. T. Salihi, Energy requirements for electric cars and their impact on power generation and distribution systems, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 1A9 (5), (September/October 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  25. D. P. Grimmer and K. Luszczynski, Lost power, Environment 14(3), 14–56 (April 1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Ming-Chih Yew and D. E. McCullock, Small electric vehicle considerations in view of performance and energy usage, in Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, September 12–17, 1976, AIChE, New York (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  27. R. F. Stebar and F. B. Parks, Emission control with lean operation using hydrogen-supplemented fuel, SAE Publication 740187, Detroit, Michigan, February 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  28. A. W. Liles and G. P. Fetterman Jr., Selection of driving cycles for electric vehicles of the 1990’s, in Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, September 12–17, 1976, AIChE, New York (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  29. M. Klein, An analysis of electric vehicle mission, design, energy impact and cost, in Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1, September 12–17, 1976, AIChE, New York (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  30. E. J. Cairns and J. McBreen, Ind. Res., 56 (June 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  31. R. S. McKee, B. Borisoff, F. Lawn, and J. F. Norberg, Sundancer: A test bed electric vehicle, SAE Publication 720188, Detroit, Michigan, January 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  32. S. F. Powel III, N. Rosenburg, The advisability of regulating electric vehicles for energy conservation, transportation systems center, National Technology Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, Report No. DOT-TSC-OST-76–37, pp. 4–46.

    Google Scholar 

  33. E. Hines, M. S. Mashikian, and L. J. Van Tuyl, Effect of electric vehicles on the power industry, SAE Publication 690441, Chicago, Illinois, May 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Recommended performance standards for electric vehicles, Arthur D. Little, Inc., SAN/1335–1, prepared for the Energy Research and Development Administration, final report on work performed under Contract No. EY-76-C-03–1335, C-79954, October 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  35. State-of-the-art assessment of electric and hybrid vehicles, HCP/M1011–01, UC-96, February 1978, prepared by National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of Congress, Springfield, Virginia, sponsored by U.S. Dept. of Energy under Interagency Agreement EC-77-A-31–1011.

    Google Scholar 

  36. D. K. Miner, M. A. Pocobello, and D. A. Armstrong, The copper electric Runabout, in Fifth International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Publication 784103(E), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  37. J. R. Pierson, Road and range testing of high voltage lead-acid powered electric vehicles, in Fifth International Electric Vehicle Symposium Publication 783303(E), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  38. J. L. Hartman, E. J. Cairns, and E. H. Hietbrink, Electric vehicles challenge battery technology, in Proceedings of the Fifth Energy Technology Conference, Washington, D.C., February 27, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fiat electric vehicles, Electric Vehicle Brochure, Fiat Public Relations Dept., International Electric Vehicle Exposition and Conference, McCormick Place, Chicago, Illinois, April 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  40. J. T. Brown, Westinghouse E-180 nickel-iron oxide vehicle battery, brochure and data sheets, Westinghouse Research and Development Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, January 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  41. S. Matsumoto, The status of electric vehicles in Japan, The International Electric Vehicle Exposition and Conference, McCormick Place, Chicago, Illinois, April 26–29, 1977, paper No. 7748.

    Google Scholar 

  42. C. Badar and W. Stephan, Electric vehicles in Germany—present and future, SAE Publication 780087, Detroit, Michigan, February 27-March 3, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  43. F. T. Thompson, Advanced electronic control systems for electric vehicles, in Proceedings of International Conference on Automotive Electronics and Electric Vehicles, September 20–22, 1976, Dearborn, Michigan, SAE Catalog No. P-68, IEEE Catalog No. 76CH1146-OVT.

    Google Scholar 

  44. D. K. Miner, Range improvement from regenerative braking on the copper electric Town Car, The International Electric Vehicle Exposition and Conference, McCormick Place, Chicago, Illinois, April 26–29, 1977, paper No. 7756.

    Google Scholar 

  45. A. M. Bueche, Advanced motor developments, in Proceedings of International Conference on Automotive Electronics and Electric Vehicles, September 20–22, 1976, Dearborn, Michigan, SAE Catalog No. P-68, IEEE Catalog No. 76CH1146-OVT.

    Google Scholar 

  46. D. Pohl and H. Ch. Skudelny, Induction motor drives for electric vehicles—an alternative to usual d.c. drives?, in The Fifth International Electric Vehicle Symposium Publication 782104(E), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 2–5, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  47. P. Campbell, The permanent magnet disc armature motor—an evaluation of its advantages compared with conventional electric vehicle drives, in The Fifth International Electric Vehicle Symposium Publication 782102(E), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 2–5, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  48. The second annual report to Congress for fiscal year 1978, Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program, U.S. Dept. of Energy, DOE/CS-0068, January 1979, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Electric vehicle test procedure, SAE J227a, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  50. J. Brennand, R. Curtis, H. Fox, and W. Hamilton, Electric and hybrid vehicle performance and design goal determination study, ERDA Contract No. EY-76-C-03–1215, General Research Corp., GRC Publication No. CR-1–734, SAN/1215–1, Santa Barbara, California, August 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  51. D. P. Crane and J. R. Bowman, United States Postal Service electric vehicle program, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Düsseldorf, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  52. G.G. Harding, High performance electric commercial vehicles for city use, SAE Publication 760073, Detroit, Michigan, February 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  53. P. O. Larsen, Commercial electric vehicle program at General Motors, presentation to Battery Council International, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  54. M. Klein, A. Charkey, H. Vaidyanathan, and S. Viswanathan, Performance characteristics of nickel-zinc electric vehicle battery, in 14th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, August 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  55. C. Marks, E. A. Rishavy, and F. A. Wyczalek, Electrorian—a fuel cell powered vehicle, SAE Publication 670176, Detroit, Michigan, January 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  56. H. Hagen and R. Zelinka, The M.A.N. Elektrobus experience gained in large-scale tests, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Düsseldorf, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  57. D. M. Tenniswood and H. A. Graetzel, Minimum road load for electric cars, SAE Publication 670177, Detroit, Michigan, January 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  58. M. L. Kyle, H. Shimotake, R. K. Steunenberg, F. J. Martino, R. Rubischko, and E. J. Cairns, Lithium/sulfur batteries for electric vehicle propulsion, in 1971 Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, August 3–5, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  59. L. E. Unnewehr, Electric vehicle systems study, in Proceedings of the Third International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Washington, D.C., February 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  60. E. J. Cairns and R. R. Witherspoon, Batteries, primary-fuel cells, Kirk/Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, September 26, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  61. K. V. Kordesch, J. Electrochem. Soc. 118, 815 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. N. E. Bagshaw, K. P. Bromelow, and J. Eaton, The effect of grid conductivity on the performance of tall lead-acid cells, in Power Sources 6, D. H. Collins, ed., Academic Press, New York (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  63. W. Tiedemann, J. Newman, and F. DeSua, Potential distribution in the lead-acid battery grid, Power Sources 6, D.H. Collins, ed., Academic Press, New York (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  64. A. C. Simon and S. M. Caulder, in Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop on Advanced Battery Research and Design, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, March 1976, ANL 76–8.

    Google Scholar 

  65. N. J. Maskalick, J. T. Brown and G. A. Monito, in Proceedings of the 10th IECEC, IEEE, New York (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  66. D. L. Douglas, Proceedings of the Symposium on Power Systems for Electric Vehicles, Columbia University, New York, April 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  67. T. A. Edison, German Patent 157,290 (1901); U.S. Patent 678,722 (1901).

    Google Scholar 

  68. S. U. Falk and A. J. Salkind, Alkaline Storage Batteries, sponsored by the Electrochemical Society, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Power Source 5, Research and development in non-mechanical electrical power sources, in Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium held at Brighton, September 1974, sponsored by the Joint Services Electrical Power Sources Committee, D. H. Collins, ed., 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  70. J. D. Birge, J. T. Brown, W. Feduska, C. C. Hardman, W. Pollack, R. Rosey, and J. Seidel, Performance characteristics of a new iron-nickel cell and battery for electric vehicles, Power Sources 6, D. H. Collins, ed., Academic Press, New York (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  71. R. E. Vaill and R. Rosey, Applications and developments of W iron-nickel battery systems, presented at MIDCON/77 Electrical and Electronics Exhibition, November 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  72. R. Rosey, Westinghouse iron-nickel battery development, presented at the Joint ACS/CSJ Chemical Congress, Honolulu, April 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  73. S. U. Falk and A. J. Salkind, Alkaline Storage Batteries, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  74. E. Buzzelli, in Proceedings of the Electrochemical Society Meeting, Dallas, Texas, October 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  75. E. Buzzelli, private communication, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  76. E. J. Cairns, Zinc/nickel oxide cells: Status and projections, Extended Abstracts of the Electrochemical Society Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, October 1977, Vol. 77–2, The Electrochemical Society, Princeton, New Jersey (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  77. J. McBreen and E. J. Cairns, The zinc electrode, Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Vol. 11, H. Genscher and C. W. Tobias, eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  78. E. J. Cairns, Zinc/nickel oxide cells, presented at International Society Electrochemical Meeting, Budapest, August 1978, Extended Abstracts, p. 1190.

    Google Scholar 

  79. O. Von Krusenstierna, High energy, long life-zinc battery for electric vehicles, in Power Sources 6, D. H. Collins, ed., Academic Press, New York (1977), p. 303.

    Google Scholar 

  80. A. Charkey, in Proceedings of the 10th IECEC, IEEE, New York (1975), p. 1126.

    Google Scholar 

  81. F. P. Kober and A. Charkey, Power Sources 3, D. H. Collins, ed., Oriel Press, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  82. R. G. Günther, presented at the Electrochemical Society Meeting, Washington, D.C., May 1976, Abstract No. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  83. C. J. Warde, P. C. Symons, C. C. Whittlesey, and H. A. Catherino, 100 MWh zinc-chlorine peak-shaving battery plants, in Proceedings of the 13th IECEC, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania (1978), p. 755.

    Google Scholar 

  84. C. H. Chi, P. Carr, and P. C. Symons, Modeling of zinc-chloride batteries for electric vehicles, in Proceedings of the 14th IECEC, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1979), p. 692.

    Google Scholar 

  85. P. C. Symons and M. J. Hammond, Evaluation of a 1 kWh zinc-chloride battery system, Energy Development Associates Report to EPRI, EM-249, September 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  86. F. G. Will, The zinc-bromine battery: Possible candidate for electric vehicles and load leveling, in Proceedings of the 12th IECEC, ANS, Hinsdale, Illinois, 1977, p. 250.

    Google Scholar 

  87. P. C. Symons, Preprint No. 730253, Society of Automotive Engineers, New York, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  88. P. C. Symons and H. K. Björkman Jr., presented at AIChE Meeting, Detroit, Michigan, June 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  89. P. C. Symons, presented at the Society for Electrochemistry Meeting, Brighton, England, December 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  90. P. C. Symons, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Electric Vehicle Symposium, Washington, D.C, February 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  91. R. A. Putt, A zinc-bromine battery for energy storage, in Proceedings of the 14th IECEC, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1979), p. 683.

    Google Scholar 

  92. G. Clerici, M. de Rossi, and M. Marchetto, Zn/Br2 battery, in Power Sources 5, D. H. Collins, ed., Academic Press, New York (1975), p. 167.

    Google Scholar 

  93. O. Lindstrom, in Power Sources 5, D. H. Collins, ed., Academic Press, New York (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  94. H. Cnoblock, D. Groppel, D. Kükl, W. Nippe, and G. Siemsen, Power Sources 5, D. H. Collins, ed., Academic Press, New York (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  95. E. S. Buzzelli, C. T. Liu, and W. A. Bryant, Iron-air batteries for electric vehicles, in Proceedings of the 13th IECEC, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania (1978), p. 745.

    Google Scholar 

  96. A. J. Appleby, J. P. Pompon, and M. Jacquier, Proceedings of the 10th IECEC, IEEE, New York (1975), p. 811.

    Google Scholar 

  97. A. J. Appleby, J. Jacquelin, and J. P. Pompon, SAE Publication No. 770381, February 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  98. N. P. Yao, in Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop on Advanced Battery Research and Design, Report No. ANL-76–8, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, March 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  99. A. J. Appleby and J. P. Gabano, Current status and prospects of the Zn-air and Na-S batteries in France, in Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop on Advanced Battery Research and Design, Report No. ANL-76–8, Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois, March 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  100. H. Baba, SAE Transactions, Paper No. 710237, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  101. A. R. Despic, D. M. Dracic, S. K. Zecevic, and T. D. Grozdic, Problems in the use of high-energy-density aluminum-air batteries for traction, in Power Sources 6, D. H. Collins, ed., Academic Press, New York (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  102. J. F. Cooper and E. L. Littauer, Mechanically rechargeable metal-air batteries for automotive propulsion, in Proceedings of the 13th IECEC, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania (1978), p. 738.

    Google Scholar 

  103. L. H. Gaines, R. W. Francis, G. H. Newman, and B. M. L. Rao, Ambient temperature electric vehicle batteries based on lithium and titanium disulfide, in Proceedings of the 11th IECEC, AIChE, New York (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  104. E. J. Cairns and H. Shimotake, High-temperature batteries, Science 164, 1347 (1969).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. F. J. Martino, T. W. Olszanski, L. G. Bartholme, E. C. Gay, and H. Shimotake, Advances in the development of Li-Al/FeS cells for electric automobile batteries, in Proceedings of the 14th IECEC, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1978), p. 660.

    Google Scholar 

  106. E. J. Zeitner and J. S. Dunning, High performance lithium/iron disulfide cells, in Proceedings of the 13th IECEC, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania (1978), p. 697.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Argonne National Laboratory, Proceedings of the Annual Department of Energy Review of the Lithium Metal Sulfide Battery Program, June 20–21, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  108. T. G. Bradley, Bipolar lithium/iron disulfide cells, in Proceedings of the 13th IECEC, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania (1978), p. 717.

    Google Scholar 

  109. E. J. Cairns and J. S. Dunning, High-temperature batteries, in Proceedings of the Symposium and Workshop on Advanced Battery Research and Design, Argonne National Laboratory Report ANL-76–8, March 1976, p. A-81.

    Google Scholar 

  110. General Electric, Review of the advanced battery development program for electric utility application, May 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  111. D.W. Bridges, R. W. Minck, and D. G. Paquette, Reproducibility and performance of large prototype Na/S cells, in Proceedings of the 14th IECEC, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1979), p. 703.

    Google Scholar 

  112. I. W. Jones, Recent advances in the development of sodium-sulfur batteries for load leveling and motive power applications, Electrochtm. Acta 11, 681 (1977).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. R. M. Dell, J. L. Sudworth, and I. W. Jones, Sodium/sulfur battery development in the United Kingdom, in Proceedings of the 11th IECEC, AIChE, New York (1976), p. 503.

    Google Scholar 

  114. J. M. Bird, A. R. Tilley, and J. L. Sudworth, Sodium/sulfur cell designed for quantity production, in Proceedings of the 13th IECEC, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania (1978), p. 685.

    Google Scholar 

  115. M. Mikkor, R. W. Minck, and L. E. Unnewehr, Pulse characteristics of sodium/sulfur cells for electric vehicle propulsion, in Proceedings of the 13th IECEC, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania (1978), p. 662.

    Google Scholar 

  116. W. Fischer, H. B. Gels, F. Gross, K. Liemort, and H. Meinhold, Sodium/sulfur batteries for peak power generation, in Proceedings of the 14th IECEC, ACS, Washington, D.C. (1979), p. 710.

    Google Scholar 

  117. H. Y.-P. Hong, New lithium solid electrolyte, Electrochemical Society Extended Abstracts, Vol. 77–1, Electrochemical Society, Princeton, New Jersey (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  118. Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Proceedings of the Fuel Cell in Transportation Applications Workshop, Report No. LA-7270-C, July 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  119. W. H. Johnson, Phosphoric acid fuel cell technology improvement program, in Abstracts of the National Fuel Cell Seminar, Courtesy Associates, Washington, D.C., June 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  120. A. Kaufman, Phosphoric acid fuel cell stock development, in Abstracts of the National Fuel Cell Seminar, Courtesy Associates, Washington, D.C., June 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  121. H. C. Marv, L. G. Christner, S. G. Abens, and B. S. Baker, Phosphoric acid fuel cell stock and technology programs, in Abstracts of the National Fuel Cell Seminar, Courtesy Associates, Washington, D.C., June 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  122. P. R. Prokopius, M. Warshay, S. M. Simons, and R. B. King, Commercial phosphoric acid fuel cell system technology development, in Proceedings of the 14th IECEC, ACS, Washington, D.C. (1979), p. 538.

    Google Scholar 

  123. L. B. Welsh, R. W. Leyerle, and D. S. Scarlata, Stability of Kocite electrocatalysts in phosphoric acid cathodes, in Abstracts of the National Fuel Cell Seminar, Courtesy Associates, Washington, D.C, June 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  124. H. Shimotake, Lead-acid batteries, ANL Office for Electrochemical Project Management (OEPM), presented at the DOE/TEC Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Program Contractors’ Coordination Meeting, Reston, Virginia, December 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  125. R. C. Elliott, Nickel/iron batteries, ANL Office for Electrochemical Project Management (OEPM), presented at the DOE/TEC Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Program Contractors’ Coordination Meeting, Reston, Virginia, December 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  126. W. J. Walsh, Nickel/zinc batteries, ANL Office for Electrochemical Project Management (OEPM), presented at the DOE/TEC Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Program Contractors’ Coordination Meeting, Reston, Virginia, December 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Electric vehicle systems, FY1978, Environmental Development Plan, EDP/C-01(77), Energy Research & Development Administration, August 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  128. L. H. Gaines, private communication, Exxon Research and Engineering, January 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  129. E. J. Cairns and J. S. Dunning, High-temperature batteries, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, Michigan, GMR Publication 2065, January 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  130. J. F. Norberg, private communication, Automotive Division of ESB Incorporated, May 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Zinc/nickel oxide brochure and data sheets, Energy Research Corporation, Third International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition, Washington, D.C, February 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Nickel-zinc secondary batteries, Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc., Joplin, Missouri, January 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  133. J. R. Kettler, Batteries for the hybrid heat engine/electric vehicle, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Batteries for Traction and Propulsion, Columbus Section of the Electrochemical Society, March 1972, p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  134. C. A. Levine, Sodium-sulfur batteries, in Proceedings of the 25th Power Sources Symposium, May 1972, PSC Publications Committee, Red Bank, New Jersey (1972), pp. 75–77.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy and Environment Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA

    Elton J. Cairns (Head)

  2. Electrochemistry Department, General Motors Research Laboratories, GM Technical Center, Warren, Michigan, 48090, USA

    Earl H. Hietbrink

Authors
  1. Elton J. Cairns
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Earl H. Hietbrink
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA

    J. O’M. Bockris  & Ralph E. White  & 

  2. University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

    Brian E. Conway

  3. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Ernest Yeager

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cairns, E.J., Hietbrink, E.H. (1981). Electrochemical Power for Transportation. In: Bockris, J.O., Conway, B.E., Yeager, E., White, R.E. (eds) Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6687-8_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6687-8_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6689-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6687-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation