Skip to main content

Choosing an Approach and an Appropriate Gene for Phylogenetic Analysis

  • Chapter
Molecular Systematics of Plants II

Abstract

A diverse array of molecular approaches is now available to the plant systematist for use in phylogenetic inference, including restriction site analysis, comparative sequencing, analysis of DNA rearrangements (e.g., inversions) and gene and intron loss, and various PCR-based techniques. Although these various methodologies present systematists with unparalleled opportunities for elucidating relationships and evolutionary processes, the sheer number of molecular approaches available, as well as the number of proven DNA regions for use in comparative sequencing, may seem overwhelming to those new to the field of molecular systematics. This chapter provides a general review of the various molecular techniques currently available to the plant systematist. Our primary goal is to review the types of molecular data sets that can presently be obtained; we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each and the most appropriate approach for studying a given taxonomic level or type of evolutionary question. Given the current emphasis on DNA sequence data for phylogeny estimation, we then concentrate on the choice of an appropriate gene for comparative sequencing and also briefly discuss the pros and cons of manual versus automated sequencing. A description of selected PCR- mediated techniques for systematic and population-level studies is presented in Chapter 2.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literature Cited

  • Adachi, J., K. Kosuge, T. Denda, and K. Watanabe. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of the Berberidaceae based on partial sequences of the gapA gene. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 9(Suppl.):351–353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert, V. A., A. Backlund, K. Bremer, M. W. Chase, J. R. Manhart, B. D. Mishler, and K. D. Nixon. 1994. Functional constraints and rbcL evidence for land plant phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botantical Garden 81:534–567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appels, R., and J. Dvorak. 1982. The wheat ribosomal DNA spacer region: its structure and variation in populations among species. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 63:337–348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appels, R., and R. L. Honeycutt. 1986. rDNA: evolution over a billion years. In DNA Systematics, Vol. II, Plants, ed. S. K. Dutta, pp. 81–135. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnheim, N. 1983. Concerted evolution of multigene families. In Evolution of Genes and Gene Proteins, eds. M. Nei and R. K. Koehn, pp. 38–61. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnheim, N., M. Krystal, R. Schmickel, G. Wilson, O. Ryder, and E. Zimmer. 1980. Molecular evidence for genetic exchanges among ribosomal genes on nonhomologous chromosomes in man and apes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 77:7323–7327.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avise, J. C. 1986. Mitochondrial DNA and the evolutionary genetics of higher animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 312:325–342.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avise, J. C. 1994. Molecular Markers, Natural History, and Evolution. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avise, J. C., J. Arnold, R. M. Ball, E. Berminham, T. Lamb, J. E. Neigel, C. A. Reeb, and N. C. Saunders. 1987. Intraspecific phylogeography: the mitochondrial DNA bridge between population genetics and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:489–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, F. T., J. L. Olsen, W. T. Stam, and C. Van Den Hoek. 1994. The Cladophora complex (Chlorophyta): new views based on 18S rDNA gene sequences. Molecular Phylogentics and Evolution 3:365–382.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, F. T., J. L. Olsen, and W. T. Stam. 1995. Evolution of nuclear rDNA ITS sequences in the Cladophora albida/sericea clade (Chlorophyta). Journal of Molecular Evolution 40:640–651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldauf, S. L., and J. D. Palmer. 1990. Evolutionary transfer of the chloroplast tuf A gene to the nucleus. Nature 344:262–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, B. G. 1992. Phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in plants: an example from the Compositae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1:3–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, B. G., M. J. Sanderson, J. M. Porter, M. F. Wojciechowski, C. S. Campbell, and M. J. Donoghue. 1995. The ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA: a valuable source of evidence on angiosperm phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botantical Garden 82:247–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, B. R., and R. Appels. 1992. Evolutionary change at the 55 Dna loci of species in the Triticeae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 183:195–208.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bechmann, B., W. Luke, and G. Hunsmann. 1990. Improvement of PCR amplified DNA sequencing with the aid of detergents. Nucleic Acids Research 18:1309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, D., and L. Medlin. 1995. The phylogeny of plastids: a review based on comparisons of small-subunit ribosomal RNA coding regions. Journal Phycology 31:489–498.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bobola, M. S., D. E. Smith, and A. S. Klein. 1992. Five major nuclear ribosomal repeats represent a large and variable fraction of the genomic DNA of Picea rubens and P. Mariana. Molecular Biology and Evolution 9:125–137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borisjuk, N., and V. Hemleben. 1993. Nucleotide sequence of the potato rDNA intergenic spacer. Plant Molecular Biology 21:381–384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bousquet, J., S. H. Strauss, A. D. Doerksen, and R. A. Price. 1992. Extensive variation in evolutionary rate of rbcL gene sequences among seed plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 89:7844–7848.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowe, L. M., and C. W. dePamphilis. 1996. Effects of RNA editing and gene processing on phylogenetic reconstruction. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13:1159–1166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. D., P. C. Wensink, and E. Jordan. 1972. Comparison of the ribosomal DNAs of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus mulleri: the evolution of tandem genes. Journal of Molecular Biology 63:57–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruneau, A., J. J. Doyle, and J. D. Palmer. 1990. A chloroplast DNA structural mutation as a subtribal character in the Phaseoleae (Leguminosae). Systematic Botany 15:378–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunsfeld, S. J., P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn, D. D. Strenge, and T. A. Ranker. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae: evidence from rbcL sequences. Systematic Botany 19:253–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchheim, M. A., and R. L. Chapman. 1991. Phylogeny of the colonial green flagellates: a study of 18S and 26S rRNA sequence data. BioSystems 25:85–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchheim, M. A., and R. L. Chapman. 1992. Phylogeny of Carteria (Chlorophyceae) inferred from molecular and organismal data. Journal of Phycology 28:362–374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchheim, M. A., M. Tunnel, E. A. Zimmer, and R. L. Chapman. 1990. Phylogeny of Chlamydomonas (Chlorophyta) based on cladistic analysis of nuclear 18S rRNA sequence data. Journal of Phycology 26:689–699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckler, E. S., IV and T. P. Holtsford. 1996a. Zea ribosomal repeat evolution and substitution patterns. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13:623–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckler, E. S., IV and T. P. Holtsford. 1996b. Zea systematics: ribosomal ITS evidence. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13:612–622.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckler, E. S., IV, A. Ippolito, and T. P. Holtsford. 1997. Evolution of plant ribosomal DNA: pseudogenes, recombination, and phylogenetic implications. Genetics, 145:821–832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bult, C. J., and E. A. Zimmer. 1993. Nuclear ribosomal RNA sequences for inferring tribal relationships within Onagraceae. Systematic Botany 18:48–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bult, C. J., M. Kallersjo, and Y. Suh. 1992. Amplification and sequencing of 16/18S rDNA from gel-purified total plant DNA. Plant Molecular Biology Report 10:273–284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bult, C. J., J. A. Sweere, and E. A. Zimmer. 1995. Cryptic sequence simplicity, nucleotide composition bias, and molecular coevolution in the large subunit of ribosomal DNA in plants: implications for phylogenetic analyses. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:235–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, B. C., J. D. Steffen-Campbell, and J. H. Werren. 1993. Phylogeny of Nasonia species complex (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) inferred from an internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and 28S rDNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology 2:225–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cano, R. J., and H. N. Poinar. 1993. Rapid isolation of DNA from fossil and museum specimes suitable for PCR. Biotechnology 15:432–435.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capesius, I. 1995. A molecular phylogeny of bryophytes based on the nuclear encoded 18S rRNA genes. Journal of Plant Physiology 146:59–63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carranza, S., G. Giribet, C. Ribera, J. Baguna and M. Riutort. 1996. Evidence that two types of 18S rDNA coexist in the genome of Dugesia (Schmidtea) mediterranea (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Tricladid). Molecular Biology and Evolution 13:824–832.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catalan, M. P., E. A. Kellogg, and R. G. Olmstead. 1997. Phylogeny of Poaceae subfamily Pooideae based on chloroplast ndhF gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 8:150–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cavalier-Smith, T., M. T. E. P. Allsopp, and E. E. Chao. 1994. Chimeric conundra: are nucleomorphs and chromists monophyletic or polyphyletic? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 91:11368–11372.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapela, I. H., S. A. Rehner, T. R. Schultz, and U. G. Mueller. 1994. Evolutionary history of the symbiosis between fungus-growing ants and their fungi. Science 266:1691–1694.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. L., and M. Buchheim. 1991. Ribosomal RNA gene sequences: analysis and significance in the phylogeny and taxonomy of green algae. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 10:343–368.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W., and H. H. Hills. 1991. Silica gel: an ideal material for field preservation of leaf samples for DNA studies. Taxon 40:215–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, M. W., D. E. Soltis, R. G. Olmstead, D. Morgan, D. H. Les, B. D. Mishler, M. R. Duvall, R. A. Price, H. G. Hills, Y.-L. Qiu, K. A. Kron, J. H. Rettig, E. Conti, J. D. Palmer, J. R. Manhart, K. J. Sytsma, H. J. Michaels, W. J. Kress, K. G. Karol, W. D. Clark, M. Hedrén, B. S. Gaut, R. K. Jansen, K.J. Kim, C. F. Wimpee, J. F. Smith, G. R. Furnier, S. H. Strauss, Q.-Y. Xiang, G. M. Plunkett, P. S. Soltis, S. M. Swensen, S. E. Williams, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn, L. E. Eguiarte, E. Golenberg, G. H. Learn, Jr., S. W. Graham, S. C. H. Barrett, S. Dayanandan, and V. A. Albert. 1993. Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80:528–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaw, S.-M., H. Long, B.-S. Wang, A. Zharkikh, and W.-H. Li. 1993. The phylogenetic position of Taxaceae based on 18S rRNA sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37:624–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaw, S.-M., H.-M. Sung, H. Long, A. Zharkikh, and W.-H. Li. 1995. The phylogenetic positions of the conifer genera Amentotaxus, Phyllocladus, and Nageia inferred from 18S rRNA sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 41:224–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaw, S.-M., Sung, H.-M., H. Long, A. Zharkikh, W.-H. Li and T. C. Lau. 1997. Molecular phylogeny of gymnosperms and seed plant evolution: analysis of 18S rRNA sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 14:56–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, G. B., B. W. Tague, V. C. Ware, and S. A. Gerbi. 1984. Xenopus laevis 28S ribosomal RNA: a secondary structure and its evolutionary and functional implications. Nucleic Acids Research 12:6197–6220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, L. G., W. Zhang, and J. F. Wendel. 1995. A phylogeny of the grass family (Poaceae) based on ndhF sequence data. Systematic Botany 20:436–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clegg, M. T. 1993. Chloroplast gene sequences and the study of plant evolution. Procedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 90:363–367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, A. W., A. Suarez, and L. J. Goff. 1994. Molecular delineation of species and syngens in volvocacean green algae (Chlorophyta). Journal of Molecular Evolution 30:80–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conti, E., A. Fischbach, and K. J. Sytsma. 1993. Tribal relationships in Onagraceae: implications from rbcL sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80:672–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordesse, F., R. Cooke, D. Tremousaygue, F. Grellet, and M. Delseny. 1993. Fine structure and evolution of the rDNA intergenic spacer in rice and other cereals. Journal of Molecular Evolution 36:369–379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cronn, R. C., X. Zhao, A. H. Patterson, and J. F. Wendel. 1996. Polymorphism and concerted evolution in a multigene family: 5S ribosomal DNA in diploid and allopolyploid cottoms. Journal of Molecular Evolution 42:685–705.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullings, K. W. 1992. Design and testing of a plant-specific PCR primer for ecological and evolutionary studies. Molecular Ecology 1:233–240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delwiche, C. F, M. Kuhsel, and J. D. Palmer. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of tufA sequences indicates a cyanobacterial origin of all plastids. Molecular Phylo-genetics Evolution 4:110–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis, E. S., W. L. Gerlach, A. J. Pryor, J. L. Bennetzen, A. Inglis, D. Llewellyn, M. M. Sachs, R. J. Ferl, and W.J. Peacock. 1984. Alcohol dehydrogenase (adhl) gene of maize. Nucleic Acids Research 12:3983–4000.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denton, A. L., and B. D. Hall. 1996. Evolution of RNA polmerase II intron sequences in Rhododendron and the Ericaceae. American Journal of Botany (suppl.) 83:150.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Pamphilis, C. W., N. D. Young, and A. D. Wolfe. 1997. Evolution of plastic gene rps2 in a lineage of hemiparasitic and holoparasitic plants: many losses of photosynthesis and complex patterns of rate variation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 94:7367–7372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, M. T., and Hillis, D. M. 1993. Ribosomal RNA secondary structure—compensatory mutations and impli cations for phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:256–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doebley, J. F., M. Durbin, E. M. Golenberg, M. T. Clegg, and D. P. Ma. 1990. Evolutionary analysis of the large subunit of carboxylase (rbcL) nucleotide sequence among the grasses (Gramineae). Evolution 44:1097–1108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dover, G. A. 1982. Molecular drive: a cohesive mode of species evolution. Nature 299:111–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Downie, S. R., and J. D. Palmer. 1992a. Use of chloroplast DNA rearrangements in reconstructing plant phylogeny. In Molecular Systematics of Plants, eds. P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle, pp. 14–35. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downie, S. R., and J. D. Palmer. 1992b. Restriction site mapping of the chloroplast DNA inverted repeat: a molecular phylogeny of the Asteridae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79:266–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downie, S. R., and J. D. Palmer. 1994. A chloroplast DNA phylogeny of the Caryophyllales based on structural and inverted repeat restriction site variation. Systematic Botany 19:236–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downie, S. R., R. G. Olmstead, G. Zurawski, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, J. C. Watson, and J. D. Palmer. 1991. Six independent losses of the chloroplast DNA rpl2 intron in dicotyledons: molecular and phylogenetic implications. Evolution 45:1245–1259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J. 1991. Evolution of higher plant glutamine synthetase genes: tissue specificity as a criterion for predicting orthology. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8:366–377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J. 1992. Gene trees and species trees: molecular systematics as one-character taxonomy. Systematic Botany 17:144–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J. 1993. DNA, phylogeny, and the flowering of plant systematics. BioScience 43:380–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J., and R. N. Beachy. 1985. Ribosomal gene variation in soybean (Glycine max) and its relatives. Theoretical Applied Genetics 70:369–376.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J., and J. L. Doyle. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bulletin 19:11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J., and J. L. Doyle 1990. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus 12:13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J., M. Lavin, and A. Bruneau. 1992a. Contributions of molecular data to papilionoid legume systematics. In Molecular Systematics of Plants, eds. P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle, pp. 223–251. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J., J. I. Davis, R. J. Soreng, D. Garvin, and M. J. Anderson. 1992b. Chloroplast DNA inversions and the origin of the grass family (Poaceae). Proceedings National Academy of Science U.S.A. 89:7722–7726.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J., J. L. Doyle, and J. D. Palmer. 1995. Multiple independent losses of two genes and one intron from legume chloroplast genomes. Systematic Botany 20:272–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J., J. L. Doyle, J. A. Ballenger, and J. D. Palmer. 1996a. The distribution and phylogenetic significance of a 50-kb chloroplast DNA inversion in the flowering plant family Leguminosae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5:429–438.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J. J., V. Kanazin, and R. C. Shoemaker. 1996b. Phylogenetic utility of histone H3 sequences in the perennial relatives of soybean (Glycine: Leguminosae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 6:438–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Embley, M. T., R. P. Hirt, and D. M. Williams. 1994. Biodiversity at the molecular level: the domains, kingdoms and phyla of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 345:21–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fay, M. F., W. S. Davis, L. Hufford, and M. W. Chase. 1996. A combined cladistic analysis of Themidaceae. American Journal of Botany (suppl.) 83:155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferris, C., R. P. Oliver, A. J. Davy, and G. M. Hewitt. 1993. Native oak chloroplast reveal an ancient divide across Europe. Molecular Ecology 2:337–344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field, K. G., G. J. Olsen, D. J. Lane, S. J. Giovannoni, M. T. Ghiselin, E. C. Raff, N. R. Pace, and R. A. Raff. 1988. Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom. Science 239:748–753.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Förster, H., M. D. Coffey, H. Elwood, and M. L. Sogin. 1990. Sequence analysis of the small subunit ribosomal RNAs of three zoosporic fungi and implications for fungal evolution. Mycologia 82:306–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freshwater, D. W., S. Fredericq, B. S. Butler, M. H. Hommersand, and M. W. Chase. 1994. A gene phylogeny of the red algae (Rhodophyta) based on plastic rbcL Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 91:7281–7285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freshwater, D. W., and J. Rueness. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of some European Gelidium (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) species, based on rbcL nucleotide sequence analysis. Phycologia 33:187–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, G. N., J. Conn, A. Cockburn, and J. Seawright. 1994. Sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 from populations of Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera: Culidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution 11:406–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gadek, P., and C. J. Quinn. 1993. An analysis of relationships within the Cupressaceae sensu stricto based on rbcL sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80:581–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gargas, A., P. T. De Priest, M. Grube, and A. Tehler. 1995. Multiple origins of lichen symbioses in fungi suggested by SSU rDNA phylogeny. Science 268:1492–1495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatenby, A. A., S. J. Rothstein, and M. Nomura. 1989. Translational coupling of the maize chloroplast atpB and atpE genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 86:4066–4070.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaut, B. S., and M. T. Clegg. 1993. Molecular evolution of the Adh\ locus in the genus Zea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 90:5095–5099.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gielly, L., and P. Taberlet. 1994. The use of chloroplast DNA to resolve plant phylogenies: non-coding versus rbcL sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11:769–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gielly, L., and P. Taberlet. 1996. A phylogeny of the European gentians inferred from chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron sequences. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 120:57–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giovannoni, S. J., S. Turner, G. J. Olsen, S. Barns, D. J. Lane, and N. R. Pace. 1988. Evolutionary relationships among cyanobacteria and green chloroplasts. Journal of Bacteriology 170:3584–3592.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldblatt, P., P. C. Hoch, and L. M. McCook. 1992. Documenting scientific data: the need for voucher specimens. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79:969–970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golenberg, E. M. 1991. Amplification and analysis of Miocene plant fossil DNA. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 333:419–427.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golenberg, E. M., D. E. Giannasi, M. T. Clegg, C. J. Smiley, M. Durbin, D. Henderson and G. Zurawski. 1990. Chloroplast DNA sequence from a Miocene Magnolia species. Nature 344:656–658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golenberg, E. M., M. T. Clegg, M. L. Durbin, J. Doebley, and D. P. Ma. 1993. Evolution of a noncoding region of the chloroplast genome. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2:52–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goremykin, V., V. Bobrova, J. Pahnke, A. Troitsky, A. Antonov and W. Martin. 1996. Noncoding sequences from the slowly evolving chloroplast inverted repeat in addition to rbcL data do not support Gnetalean affinities of angiosperms. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13:383–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, L. D., and V. S. Ford. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships among the sections of Clarkia (Onagraceae) inferred from the nucleotide sequences of PgiC. Systematic Botany 21:45–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Govindaraju, D. R., and C. A. Culli. 1992. Ribosomal DNA variation among populations of a Pinus rigida Mill, (pitch pine) ecosystem: I. Distribution of copy numbers. Heredity 69:133–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruendler, P., I. Unfried, K. Pascher, and D. Schweizer. 1991. rDNA intergenic region from Arabidopsis thaliana: structural analysis, intraspecific variation and functional implications. Journal of Molecular Biology 221:1209–1222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutell, R. R. 1993. Collection of small subunit (16S-and 16S-like) ribosomal RNA structures. Nucleic Acids Research 21:3051–3054.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutell, R. R., M. W. Gray, and M. Schnare. 1993. A comilation of large subunit (23S and 23S-like) ribosomal RNA structures. Nucleic Acids Research 21:3055–3074.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halanych, K. M. 1991. 5S ribosomal RNA sequences inappropriate for phylogenetic reconstruction. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8:249–253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamby, K. R., and E. A. Zimmer. 1988. Ribosomal RNA sequences for inferring phylogeny within the grass family (Poaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 160:29–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamby, K. R., and E. A. Zimmer. 1992. Ribosomal RNA as a phylogenetic tool in plant systematics. In Molecular Systematics of Plants, eds. P. Soltis, D. Soltis and J. Doyle, pp. 50–91. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, J. M., and G. A. Dover. 1988. Molecular coevolution among cryptically simple expansion segments of eukaryotic 26S/28S rRNAs. Molecular Biology and Evolution 5:377–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, S. A., and R. Ingram. 1991. Chloroplast DNA and biosystematics: the effects of intraspecific diversity and plastid transmission. Taxon 40:393–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. G. 1989. Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4:6–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasebe, M., M. Ito, R. Kofuji, K. Ueda, and K. Iwatsuki. 1993. Phylogenetic relationships of ferns deduced from rbcL gene sequence. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37:476–482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasebe, M., P. G. Wolf, K. M. Pryer, K. Ueda, M. Ito, R. Sano, G. J. Gastony, J. Yokoyama, R. J. Manhart, N. Murakami, E. H. Crane, C. H. Haufler and W. D. Hauk. 1995. Fern phylogeny based on rbcL nucleotide sequences. American Fern Journal 85:134–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassouna, N., B. Michot, and J. Bachellerie. 1984. The complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 28S rRNA gene: implications for the process of size increase of the large subunit rRNA in higher eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Research 12:3563–3574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haufler, C. H., T. A. Ranker, and L. Jianwei. 1996. Using rbcL sequences to test hypotheses of phylogenetic relationship in the fern families Polypodiaceae and Grammitidaceae. American Journal of Botany (suppl) 83:126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauk, W. D., C. R. Parks, and M. W. Chase. 1996. A comparison between trnL-F intergenic spacer and rbcL DNA sequence data: an example from Ophioglossaceae. American Journal of Botany (suppl.) 83:126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedderson, T. A., R. L. Chapman, and W. L. Rootes. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of bryophytes inferred from nuclear-encoded rRNA gene sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 200:213–224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemleben, V., M. Ganal, J. Gerstner, K. Schiebel, and R. A. Torres. 1988. Organization and length heterogeneity of plant ribosomal RNA genes. In Architecture of Eukaryotic Genes, ed. G. Kahl, pp. 371–383. VCH, Wein-heim, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henriks, L., R. Debaere, Y. Van De Peer, J. Neefs, A. Goris, and R. De Wachter. 1991. The evolutionary position of the rhodophyte Porphyra umbilicalis and the basidiomycete Leucosporidium scottii among other eukaryotes as deduced from complete sequences of small ribosomal subunit RNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution 32:167–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershkovitz, M. A., and L. A. Lewis. 1996. Deep level diagnostic value of the rDNA-ITS region: the case of an algal interloper. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13:1276–1295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hershkovitz, M. A., and E. A. Zimmer. 1996. Conservation patterns in angiosperm rDNA-ITS2 sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 24:2857–2867.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis, D. M. 1996. Inferring complex phylogenies. Nature 383:130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis, D. M., and M. T. Dixon. 1991. Ribosomal DNA: molecular evolution and phylogenetic inference. Quartarly Review Biology 66:411–453.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis, D. M., C. Moritz, and B. K. Mable. 1996. Molecular Systematics, second edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinkle, G., J. K. Wetterer, T. R. Schultz, and M. L. Sogin. 1994. Phylogeny of the attine ant fungi based on analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Science 266:1695–1697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hommersand, M. H., S. Fredericq, and D. W. Freshwater. 1994. Observations on the systematics and biogeography of the Gigartinaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) based on rbcL sequence analysis. Botanica Marina 73:192–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood, L., J. H. Campbell, and S. C. R. Elgin. 1975. The organization, expression, and evolution of antibody genes and other multigene families. Annual Review of Genetics 9:305–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoot, S. B., and J. D. Palmer. 1994. Structural rearrangements, including parallel inversions, within the chloroplast genomes of Anemone and related genera. Journal of Molecular Evolution 38:274–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoot, S. B., A. Culham, and P. R. Crane. 1995a. The utility of atpB gene sequences in resolving phylogenetic relationships: Comparison with rbcL and 18S ribosomal DNA sequences in the Lardizabalaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:194–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoot, S. B., A. Culham, and P. R. Crane. 1995b. Phylogenetic relationships of the Lardizabalaceae and Sargentodoxaceae: chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence evidence. Plant Systematics and Evolution 9:195–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori, H., and S. Osawa. 1987. Origin and evolution of organisms as deduced from SS ribosomal RNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 4:445–472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huss, V. A. R., and M. L. Sogin. 1990. Phylogenetic position of some Chlorella species within the Chlorococcales based upon complete small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 31:432–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jack, T., L. L. Brockman, and E. M. Meyerowitz. 1992. The homeotic gene APETALA3 of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a MADS Box and is expressed in petals and stamens. Cell 68:683–697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, R. K., and J. D. Palmer. 1987a. Chloroplast DNA from lettuce and Barnadesia (Asteraceae): structure, gene localization, and characterization of a large inversion. Current Genetics 11:553–564.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, R. K., and J. D. Palmer. 1987b. A chloroplast DNA inversion marks an ancient evolutionary split in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 84:5818–5822.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, R. K., and J. D. Palmer. 1988. Phylogenetic implications of chloroplast DNA restriction site variation in the Mutisieae (Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany 75:753–766.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. A., and D. E. Soltis. 1994. matK DNA sequences and phylogenetic reconstruction in Saxifragaceae s. s. Systematic Botany 19:143–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. A., and D. E. Soltis. 1995. Phylogenetic inference in Saxifragaceae sensu stricto and Gilia (Polemoniaceae) using matK sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:149–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. A., J. L. Schultz, D. E. Soltis, and P. S. Soltis. 1996. Monophyly and generic relationships of Polemoniaceae based on matK sequences. American Journal of Botany 83:1207–1224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, R. A., and P. D. Cluster. 1988. Modes and tempos in the evolution of nuclear ribosomal DNA: new characters for evolutionary studies and new markers for genetic and population studies. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75:1238–1247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantz, T. S., E. C. Theriot, E. A. Zimmer, and R. L. Chapman. 1990. The Pleurastrophyceae and Micromonadophyceae: a cladistic analysis of nuclear rRNA sequence data. Journal of Phycology 26:711–721.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellogg, E. A., and R. Appels. 1995. Intraspecific and interspecific variation in 5S RNA genes are decoupled in diploid wheat relatives. Genetics 140:325–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K.-J., and R. K. Jansen. 1994. Comparisons of phylogenetic hypotheses among different data sets in dwarf dandelions (Krigia): additional information from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190:157–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K.-J., and R. K. Jansen. 1995. ndhF sequence evolution and the major clades in the sunflower family. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 92:10379–10383.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, Y.-D., and R. K. Jansen. 1996. Phylogenetic implications of rbcL and ITS sequences variation in the Berberidaceae. Systematic Botany, 21:381–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, K., R. A. Torres, U. Zentgraf, and V. Hemleben. 1993. Molecular evolution of the intergenic spacer in the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes of Cucurbitaceae. Journal of Molecular Evolution 36:144–152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knox, E. B., S. R. Downie, and J. D. Palmer. 1993. Chloroplast genome rearrangements and the evolution of giant lobelias from herbaceous ancestors. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:414–430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosuge, K., K. Swada, T. Denda, J. Adachi, and K. Watanabe. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of some genera in the Ranunculaceae based on alcohol dehydrogenase genes. Plant Systematics and Evolution, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranz, H. D., and V. A. R. Huss. 1996. Molecular evolution of pteridophytes and their relationship to seed plants: evidence from gene sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 202:1–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz, H. D., D. Miks, M.-L. Siegler, I. Capesius, C. W. Sensen, and V. A. Huss. 1995. The origin of land plants: phylogenetic relationships between Charophytes, Bryophytes, and vascular plants inferred from complete small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 41:74–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kron, K. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of Empetraceae, Epacridaceae, and Ericaceae: evidence form nuclear ribosomal 18S sequence data. Annals of Botany 77:293–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kron, K. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of Rododendroideae (Ericaceae). Systematic Botany, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzoff, R. K., J. A. Sweere, D. E. Soltis, and E. A. Zimmer. 1997. The phylogenetic potential of entire 26S rDNA sequences in plants. Molecular Biology and Evolution, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labhart, P., and R. H. Reeder. 1987. DNA sequences for typical ribosomal gene spacers from Xenopus laevis and Xenopus borealis. Nucleic Acids Research 15:3623–3624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, D. J., B. Pace, G. J. Olsen, D. A. Stahl, M. L. Sogin, and N. R. Pace. 1985. Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 82:6955–6959.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lassner, M., O. Anderson, and J. Dvorak. 1987. Hypervariation associated with a 12 nucleotide direct repeat and inferences on intergenomic homogenization of ribosomal RNA gene spacers based on the sequence of a clone from the wheat nor-d3 locus. Genome 29:770–777.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavin, M., J. J. Doyle, and J. D. Palmer. 1990. Systematic and evolutionary significance of the loss of the large chloroplast DNA inverted repeat in the family Leguminosae. Evolution 44:390–402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavin, M., S. Mathews, and C. Hughes. 1992. Chloroplast DNA variation in Gliricidia sepium (Leguminosae): intraspecific phylogeny and tokogeny. American Journal of Botany 78:1576–1585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Les, D. H., D. K. Garvin, and C. F. Wimpee. 1991. Molecular evolutionary history of ancient aquatic angiosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 88:10119–10123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. A., L. W. Wilcox, P. A. Fuerst, and G. L. Floyd. 1992. Concordance of molecular and ultrastructural data in the study of zoosporic chlorococcalean green algae. Journal of Phycology 28:375–380.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindahl, T. 1993. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature 362:709–715.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liston, A., L. H. Rieseberg, and M. A. Hanson. 1992. Geographic partitioning of chloroplast DNA variation in the genus Datisca (Datiscaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 181:121–132.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liston, A., W. A. Robinson, J. M. Oliphant, and E. R. Alvarez-Buylla. 1996. Length variation in the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region of non-flowering seed plants. Systematic Botany 21:109–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, E. O., and I. B. Dawid. 1980. Repeated genes in eukarytes. Annual Review of Biochemistry 49:727–764.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loockerman, D. J., and R. K. Jansen. 1995. The use of herbarium material for DNA studies. In Sampling the Green World, eds. T. F. Stuessy and S. H. Sohmer, pp. 205–219. Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malek, O., K. Lattig, R. Hiesel, A. Brennicke, and V. Knoop. 1996. RNA editing in bryophytes and a molecular phylogeny of land plants. EMBO Journal 15:1403–1411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manen, J.-F, V. Savolainen, and P. Simon. 1994a. The aipB and rbcL promoters in plastid DNAs of a wide dicot range. Journal of Molecular Evolution 38:577–582.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manen, J.-F., A. Natali, and F. Ehrendorfer. 1994b. Phylogeny of Rubiaceae-Rubieae inferred from the sequence of a cpDNA intergene region. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190:195–211.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manen, J.-F., V. Savolainen, S. De Marchi, and B. Rion. 1995. Chloroplast DNA sequences from a Miocene diatomite deposit in Ardeche (France) Comptes Rendu Academy of Science Paris 318:971–975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manhart, J. R. 1994. Phylogenetic analysis of green plant rbcL sequences. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 3:114–127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manhart, J. R. 1995. Chloroplast 16S rDNA sequences and phylogenetic relationships of fern allies and ferns. American Fern Journal 85:182–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W., D. Lydiate, H. Brinkmann, G. Forkmann, H. Saedler, and R. Cerff. 1993. Molecular phylogenies in angiosperm evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:140–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason-Gamer, R. J., and E. A. Kellogg. 1996. Potential utility of the nuclear gene waxy for plant phylogenetic analysis. American Journal of Botany (suppl.) 83:178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, S., M. Lavin, and R. A. Sharrock. 1995. Evolution of the phytochrome gene family and its utility for phylogenetic analyses of angiosperms. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:296–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCourt, R. M., K. G. Karol, S. Kaplan, and R. W. Hoshaw. 1995. Using rbcL sequences to test hypotheses of chloroplast and thallus evolution in conjugating green algae (Zygnematales, Charophyceae). Journal of Phycology 31:989–995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCourt, R. M., K. G. Karol, M. Guerlesquin, and M. Feist. 1996. Phylogeny of extant genera in the family Characeae (Charales, Charophyceae) based on rbcL sequences and morphology. American Journal of Botany 83:125–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Medlin, L. K., W. H. C. F. Kooistra, R. Gersonde, and U. Wellbrock. 1996. Evolution of the diatoms (Bacillariophyta). II. Nuclear-encoded small-subunit rRNA sequence comparisons confirm a paraphyletic origin for the centric diatoms. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13:67–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michaels, H. J., K. M. Scott, R. G. Olmstead, T. Szaro, R. K. Jansen, and J. D. Palmer. 1993. Interfamilial relationships of the Asteraceae: insights from rbcL sequence variation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80:742–765.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milligan, B.G., J. N. Hampton, and J. D. Palmer. 1989. Dispersed repeats and structural reorganization in subclover chloroplast DNA. Molecular Biology and Evolution 6:355–368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mindell, D. P., and R. L. Honeycutt. 1990. Ribosomal RNA in vertebrates: evolution and phylogenetic applications. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 21:541–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishler, B. D., K. Bremer, C. J. Humphries, and S. R. Churchill. 1988. The use of nucleic acid sequence data in phylogenetic reconstruction. Taxon 37:391–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishler, B. D., P. H. Thrall, J. S. Hopple Jr., E. De Luna, and R. Vilgalys. 1992. A molecular approach to the phylogeny of bryophytes: cladistic analysis of chloroplastencoded 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA genes. Bryologist 95:172–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishler, B. D., L. A. Lewis, M. A. Buchheim, K. S. Renzaglia, D. J. Garbary, C. F. Delwiche, F. W. Zechman, T. S. Kantz, and R. L. Chapman. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of the “green algae” and “bryophytes”. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 81:451–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitton, J. B. 1994. Molecular approaches to population biology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25.:45–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, D. R., D. E. Soltis, and K. R. Robertson. 1994. Genetic variation within and among populations of the narrow endemic, Delphinium viridescens. American Journal of Botany 81:890–903.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moritz, C., T. E. Dowling, and W. M. Brown. 1987. Evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA: relevance for populational biology and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18:269–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadot, S., R. Bajon, and B. Lejeune. 1994. The chloroplast gene rps4 as a tool for the study of Poaceae phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 191:27–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadot, S., G. Bittar, L. Carter, R. Lacroix, and B. Lejeune. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of Monocotyledons based on the chloroplast gene rps4 using parsimony and a new numerical phenetics method. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4:257–282.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Natali, A., J.-F. Manen, and F. Ehrendorfer. 1995. Phylogeny of the Rubiaceae-Rubioideae, in particular the tribe Rubieae: evidence from a non-coding chloroplast DNA sequence. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:428–439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neefs, J.-M., Y. Van de Peer, P. De Rijk, S. Chapelle, and R. De Wachter. 1993. Compilation of small subunit RNA structures. Nucleic Acids Research 21:3025–3049.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhaus, H., and G. Link. 1987. The chloroplast tRNA (UUU) gene from mustard (Sinapsis alba) contains a class II intron potentially coding for a maturase-related polypeptide. Current Genetics 11:251–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neyland, R., and L. E. Urbatsch. 1996. Phylogeny of subfamily Epidendroideae (Orchidaceae) inferred from ndhF chloroplast gene sequences. American Journal of Botany 83:1195–1206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickrent, D. L., and D. E. Soltis. 1995. A comparison of angiosperm phylogenies from nuclear 18S rDNA and rbcL sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:208–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickrent, D. L., and E. M. Starr. 1994. High rates of nucleotide substitution in nuclear small-subunit (18S) rDNA from holoparasitic flowering plants. Journal of Molecular Evolution 39:62–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nickrent, D. L., K. Schuette, and E. Starr. 1994. A molecular phylogeny of Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. American Journal of Botany 81:1149–1160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohyama, K., H. Fukuzawa, T. Kohchi, H. Shirai, T. Sano, S. Sano, K. Umesono, Y. Shiki, M. Takeuchi, Z. Chang, S. Aota, H. Inokuchi, and H. Ozeki. 1986. Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA. Nature 322:572–574.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olmstead, R. G., and J. D. Palmer. 1994. Chloroplast DNA systematics: a review of methods and data analysis. American Journal of Botany 81:1205–1224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olmstead, R. G., and P. A. Reeves. 1995. Evidence for the polyphyly of the Scrophulariaceae based on chloroplast rbcL and ndhF sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:176–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olmstead, R. G., and J. A. Sweere. 1994. Combining data in phylogenetic systematics: an empirical approach using three molecular data sets in the Solanaceae. Systematic Biology 43:467–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olmstead, R. G., H. J. Michaels, K. M. Scott, and J. D. Palmer. 1992. Monophyly of the Asteridae and identification of their major lineages inferred from DNA sequences of rbcL. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79:249–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, G. J. 1987. Earliest phylogenetic branchings: comparing rRNA-based evolutionary trees inferred with various techniques. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium Quantative Biology 52:825–837.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paabo, S. 1989. Ancient DNA: extraction, characterization, molecular cloning, and enzymatic amplification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 86:1939–1943.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pace, N. R., G. J. Olsen, and C. R. Woese. 1986. Ribosomal RNA phylogeny and the primary lines of evolutionary descent. Cell 45:325–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D. 1985a. Evolution of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA in plants and algae. In Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, ed. R. J. Maclntyre, pp. 131–240. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D. 1985b. Comparative organization of chloroplast genomes. Annual Review of Genetics 19:325–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D. 1986. Isolation and structural analysis of chloroplast DNA. Methods in Enzymology 188:167–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D. 1987. Chloroplast DNA evolution and biosystematic uses of chloroplast DNA variation. American Naturalist 130:S6–S29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D. 1991. Plastid chromosomes: structure and evolution. In Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics in Plants, Vol. 7, The Molecular Biology of Plastids, eds. L. Bogorad and I. K. Vasil, pp. 5–53. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D. 1992. Mitochondrial DNA in plant systematics: applications and limitations. In Molecular Systematics of Plants, eds. P. S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle, pp. 36–49. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D., and L. A. Herbon. 1988. Plant mitochondrial DNA evolves rapidly in structure, but slowly in sequence. Journal of Molecular Evolution 28:87–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D., B. Osorio, J. Aldrich, and W. F. Thompson. 1987. Chloroplast DNA evolution among legumes: loss of a large inverted repeat occurred prior to other sequence rearrangements. Current Genetics 11:275–286.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D., B. Osorio, and W. F. Thompson. 1988b. Evolutionary significance of inversions in legume chloroplast DNAs. Current Genetics 14:65–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D., R. K. Jansen, H. J. Michaels, M. W. Chase, and J. R. Manhart. 1988a. Chloroplast DNA variation and plant phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75:1180–1206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pamilo, P., and M. Nei. 1988. Relationships between gene trees and species trees. Molecular Biology and Evolution 5:568–583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pawlowski, J., I. Bolivar, J. F. Fahrni, T. Cavalier-Smith, and M. Gouy. 1996. Early origin of foraminifera suggested by SSU rRNA gene sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13:445–450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plunkett, G. M., D. E. Soltis, and P. S. Soltis. 1997a. Evolutionary patterns in Apiaceae: Inferences based on matK sequence data. Systematic Botany 21:477–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plunkett, G.M., D. E. Soltis, and P. S. Soltis. 1997b. Clarification of the relationship between Apiaceae and Araliaceae based on matK and rbcL sequence data. American Journal of Botany 84:565–580.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polanco, C., and M. Perez De La Vega. 1994. The structure of the rDNA intergenic spacer of Avena sativa L.: a comparative study. Plant Molecular Biology 25:751–756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purugganan, M. D., S. D. Rounsley, R. J. Schmidt, and M. F. Yanofsky. 1995. Molecular evolution of flower development: diversification of the plant MADS-box regulatory gene family. Genetics 140:354–356.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raubeson, L. A., and R. K. Jansen. 1992a. Chloroplast DNA evidence on the ancient evolutionary split in vascular land plants. Science 255:1697–1699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raubeson, L. A., and R. K. Jansen. 1992b. A rare chloroplast DNA structural mutation is shared by all conifers. Biochemistry and Systematic Ecology 20:17–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieseberg, L. H. 1995. The role of hybridization in evolution: old wine in new skins. American Journal of Botany 82:944–953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieseberg, L. H., and S. J. Brunsfeld. 1992. Molecular evidence and plant introgression. In Molecular Systematics of Plants., eds. P. S. Soltis. D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle, pp. 151–176. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieseberg, L. H., and D. E. Soltis. 1991. Phylogenetic consequences of cytoplasmic gene flow in plants. Evolutionary Trends in Plants 5:65–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritland, K., and M. T. Clegg. 1987. Evolutionary analysis of plant DNA sequences. American Naturalist 130:S74–S100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritland, C. E., and N. A. Straus. 1993. High evolutionary divergence of the 5.8S ribosomal DNA in Mimulus glaucescens (Scrophulariaceae). Plant Molecular Biology 22:691–696.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritland, C. E., K. Ritland, and N. A. Straus. 1993. Variation in the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) among eight taxa of the Mimulus guttatus species complex. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10:1273–1278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riven, C. J., C. A. Cullis, and V. Walbot. 1986. Evaluating quantitative variation in the genome of Zea mays. Genetics 113:1009–1019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, S. O., and A. J. Bendich. 1987. Ribosomal RNA genes in plants: variability in copy number and in the intergenic spacer. Plant Molecular Biology 9:509–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodman, J. E., P.S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, and K. J. Sytsma. 1998. Parallel evolution of glucosinolate biosynthesis inferred from congruent nuclear and plastid gene phylogenies. American Journal of Botany, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saghai-Maroof, M. A., K. M. Soliman, R. A. Jorgensen and R. W. Allard. 1984. Ribosomal DNA spacer-length polymorphism in barley: Mendelian inheritance, chro mosomal location, and population dynamics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 81:8014–8018.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, M. J., and J. J. Doyle. 1992. Reconstruction of organismal gene phylogenies from data on multigene families: concerted evolution, homoplasy, and confidence. Systematic Biology 41:4–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sang, T., D. J. Crawford, and T. F. Stuessy. 1995. Documentation of reticulate evolution in peonies (Paeonia) using internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA: Implications for biogeography and concerted evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 92:6813–6817.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savolainen, V., J.-F. Manen, E. Douzery, and R. Spichiger. 1994. Molecular phylogeny of families related to Celastrales based on rbcL 5 ‘flanking sequences’. Molecular Phylogentics and Evolution 3:27–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savolainen, V., R. Corbaz, C. Moncousin, R. Spichiger, and J.-F. Manen. 1995a. Chloroplast DNA variation and parentage analysis in 55 apples. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 90:1138–1141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savolainen, V., P. Cuenoud, R. Spichiger, M. D. P. Martinez, M. Crevecoeur, and J.-F. Manen. 1995b. The use of herbarium specimens in DNA phylogenetics: evaluation and improvement. Plant Systematics and Evolution 197:87–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savolainen, V., C. M. Morton, S. B. Hoot, and M. W. Chase. 1996. An examination of phylogenetic patterns of plastid atpB gene sequences among eudicots. American Journal of Botany (suppl.) 83:541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaal, B. A., and G. H. Learn, Jr. 1988. Ribosomal DNA variation within and among plant populations. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 75:1207–1216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlegel, M., H. J. Elwood, and M. L. Sogin. 1991. Molecular evolution in hypotrichous ciliates: sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes from Onychodromus quadricornutus and Oxytricha granulifera (Oxytrichidae, Hypotrichida, Ciliophora). Journal of Molecular Evolution 32:64–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlötterer, C., M.-T. Hauser, A. Von Haesleler, and D. Tautz. 1994. Comparative evolutionary analysis of rDNA ITS regions in Drosophila. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11:513–522.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneeberger, R. G., and C. A. Cullis, 1992. Intraspecific 5S rRNA gene variation in flax, Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 183:265–280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scoles, G. J., B. S. Gill, Z.-Y. Xin, B. C. Clarke, C. L. McIntyre, C. Chapman, and R. Appels. 1988. Frequent duplication and deletion events in the 5S RNA genes and the associated spacer regions of the Triticeae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 160:105–122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scotland, R. W., J. A. Sweere, P. A. Reeves, and R. G. Olmstead. 1995. Higher-level systematics of Acanthaceae determined by chloroplast DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 82:266–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, M. M., C. R. Parks, and M. W. Chase. 1996. Intraspecific chloroplast DNA variation and biogeography of North American Liriodendron L. (Magnoliaceae). Evolution 50:1147–1154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shih, N.-C., P. Heinrich, and H. M. Goodman. 1991. Cloning and chromosomal mapping of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast and cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 104:133–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simeone, A., A. La Volpe, and E. Boncinelli. 1985. Nucleotide sequence of a complete ribosomal spacer of D. Melanogaster. Nucleic Acids Research 13:1089–1102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. E., and A. S. Klein. 1994. Phylogenetic inferences on the relationship of North American and European Picea species based on nuclear ribosomal 18S sequences and the internal transcribed spacer 1 region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3:17–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sogin, M. L., H. J. Elwood, and J. H. Gunderson. 1986. Evolutionary diversity of eukaryotic small-subunit rRNA genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 83:1383–1387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., and R. K. Kuzoff. 1995. Discordance between molecular and chloroplast phylogenies in the Heuchera group (Saxifragaceae). Evolution 49:727–742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., and P. S. Soltis. 1989. Polyploidy, breeding systems, and genetic differentiation in homosporous pteridophytes. In Isozymes in Plant Biology, eds. D. E. Soltis and P. S. Soltis, pp. 241–258. Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., and P. S. Soltis. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships among Saxifragaceae sensu lato: a comparison of topologies based on 18S rDNA and rbcL sequences. American Journal of Botany 84:504–522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, T. A. Ranker, and B. D. Ness. 1989. Chloroplast DNA variation in a wild plant, Tolmiea menziesii. Genetics 121:819–826.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, M. T. Clegg, and M. Durbin. 1990. rbcL sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships in Saxifragaceae sensu lato. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 87:4640–4644.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., M. Mayer, P. S. Soltis, and M. Edgerton. 1991. Chloroplast-DNA variation in Tellima grandiflora (Saxifragaceae). American Journal of Botany 78:1379–1390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, and B. Milligan. 1992. Intraspecific chloroplast DNA variation. In Molecular Systematics of Plants, eds. P.S. Soltis, D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle, pp. 177–201. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., D. R. Morgan, A. Grable, P. S. Soltis, and R. Kuzoff. 1993. Molecular systematics of Saxifragaceae sensu stricto. American Journal of Botany 80:1056–1081.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., R. K Kuzoff, E. Conti, R. Gornall, and K. Ferguson. 1996. matK and rbcL gene sequence data indicate that Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae) is polyphyletic. American Journal of Botany 83:371–382.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., M. A. Gitzendanner, D. D. Strenge, and P. S. Soltis. 1997a. Chloroplast DNA intraspecific phylogeography of plants from the Pacific Northwest of North America. Plant Systematics and Evolution 206:353–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., C. Hibsch-Jetter, P. S. Soltis, M. W. Chase, and J. S. Farris. 1997b. Molecular phylogenetic relation-ships among angiosperms: an overview based on rbcL and 18S rDNA sequences. Journal of Plant Research, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, D. E., P. S. Soltis, D. L. Nickrent, L. A. Johnson, W. J. Hahn, S. B. Hoot, J. A. Sweere, R. K. Kuzoff, K. A. Kron, M. W. Chase, S. M. Swensen, E. A. Zimmer, S.M. Chaw, L. J. Gillespie, W. J. Kress, and K. J. Sytsma. 1997. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 84:1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, P. S., and D. E. Soltis. 1993. Ancient DNA: prospects and limitations. New Zealand Journal of Botany 31:203–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, P. S., and D. E. Soltis. 1995a. Plant molecular systematics: inferences of phylogeny and evolutionary processes. Evolutionary Biology 28:139–194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, P. S., and D. E. Soltis. 1995b. Alternative genes for phylogentic reconstruction in plants: introduction. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:147–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle, eds. 1992a. Molecular Systematics of Plants. Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, and C. J. Smiley. 1992b. An rbcL sequence from a Miocene Taxodium (Bald Cypress). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 89:449–451.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, S. J. Novak, J. L. Schultz, and R. K. Kuzoff. 1995. Fossil DNA: Its potential for biosystematics. In Experimental and Molecular Approaches to Pant Biosystematics, eds. P. C. Hoch and A. G. Stephenson pp. 1–14. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele, K. P., and R. Vilgalys. 1994. Phylogenetic analyses of Polemoniaceae using nucleotide sequences of the plastic gene matK. Systematic Botany 19:126–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steele, K. P., K. E. Holsinger, R. K. Jansen, and D. W. Taylor. 1991. Assessing the reliability of SS rRNA sequence data for phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8:240–248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D. B., D. S. Conant, M. E. Ahearn, E. T. Jordan, S. A. Kirch, M. Hasebe, K. Iwatsuki, M. K. Tan, and J. A. Thomson. 1992. Structural rearrangements of the chloroplast genome provide and important phylogenetic link in ferns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 89:1856–1860.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, S. H., J. D. Palmer, G. T. Howe, and A. H. Doerksen. 1988. Chloroplast genomes of two conifers lack a large inverted repeat and are extensively rearranged. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 85:3898–3902.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suh, Y., L. B. Thien, H. E. Reeve, and E. A. Zimmer. 1993. Molecular evolution and phylogenetic implications of internal transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal DNA in Winteraceae. American Journal of Botany 80:1042–1055.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swann, E. C., and J. W. Taylor. 1993. Higher taxa of Basidiomycetes: an 18S rRNA gene perspective. Mycologia 85:923–936.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sytsma, K. J., and W. J. Hahn. 1994. Molecular systematics: 1991–1993. Progress in Botany 55:307–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sytsma, K. J., and W. J. Hahn. 1996. Molecular systematics: 1994–1995. Progress in Botany 58:470–499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sytsma, K. J., and B. A. Schaal. 1985. Phylogenetics of the Lisianthius skinneri (Gentianaceae) species complex in Panama utilizing DNA restriction fragment analysis. Evolution 39:594–608.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taberlet, P., L. Gielly, G. Pautou, and J. Bouvet. 1991. Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology 17:1105–1109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takaiwa, F., K. Ooono, and M. Sugiura. 1985. Nucleotide sequence of the 17S-25S spacer region from rice rDNA. Plant Molecular Biology 4:355–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, Y, T. A. Dyer, and G. G. Brownlee. 1980. An improved direct RNA sequence method: its application to Vicia faba 5.8S ribosomal RNA. Nucleic Acids Research 8:1259–1272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tautz, D., M. Trick, and G. A. Dover. 1986. Cryptic simplicity in DNA is a major source of genetic variation. Nature 322:652–656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tautz, D., J. M. Hancock, D. A. Webb, and G. A. Dover. 1988. Complete sequences of the rRNA genes of Drosophila melanogaster. Molecular Biology and Evolution 5:366–376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J. W., and E. C. Swann. 1994. DNA from herbarium specimens. In Ancient DNA, eds. B. Hermann and S. Hummel, pp. 167–181. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, W. F., and R. B. Flavell. 1988. DNase I sensitivity of ribosomal RNA genes in chromatin and nucleolar dominance in wheat. Journal of Molecular Biology 204:535–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tishler, E., S. Dassarma, and H. M. Goodman. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of an alfalfa Medicago sativa glutamine synthetase gene. Molecular and General Genetics 203:221–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Ruiz, R. A., and V. Hemleben. 1994. Pattern and degree of methylation in ribosomal RNA genes of Cucurbita pepo L. Plant Molecular Biology 26:1167–1179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troitsky, A. V., and V. K. Bobrova. 1986. 23S rRNA-derived small ribosomal RNAs: their structure and evolution with references to plant phylogeny. In DNA Systematics, Vol. 2: Plants, ed. S. K. Dutta, pp. 137–170. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Troitsky, A. V, Y F. Melekhovets, G. M. Rakhimova, V. K. Bobrova, K. M. Valiejo-Roman, and A. S. Antonov. 1991. Angiosperm origins and early stages of seed plant evolution deduced from rRNA sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 32:253–261.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umthun, A. R., Z. Hou, Z. A. Sibenaller, W.-L. Shaiu, and D. L. Dobbs. 1994. Identification of DNA-binding proteins that recognize a conserved Type I repeat sequence in the replication origin region of Tetrahymena rDNA. Nucleic Acids Research 22:4432–4440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urbach, E., D. L. Robertson, and S. W. Chisholm. 1992. Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes within the cyanobacterial radiation. Nature 355:267–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vilgalys, R., and B. L. Sun. 1994. Ancient and recent patterns of geographic speciation in the oyster mushroom Pleurotus revealed by phylogenetic analysis of riboso mal DNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 91:4599–4603.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogler, A. P., and R. DeSalle. 1994. Evolution and phylogenetic information content of the ITS-1 region in the tiger beetle Cicindela dorsalis. Molecular Biology and Evolution 11:393–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volkov, R., S. Kostishin, F. Ehrendorfer, and D. Schweizer. 1996. Molecular organization and evolution of the external transcribed rDNA spacer region in two diploid relatives of Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 20:117–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wada, H., and N. Satoh. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among extant classes of echinoderms, as inferred from sequences of 18S rDNA, coincide with relationships deduced from the fossil record. Journal of Molecular Evolution 38:41–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakasugi, T., J. Tsudzuki, S. Ito, M. Shibata, and M. Sugiura. 1996. A physical map and clone bank of the black pine (Pinus thunbergii) chloroplast genome. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 12:227–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, E. R. 1995. An evaluation of the usefulness of the small heat shock genes for phylogenetic analysis in plants. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82:278–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen, J. and E. A. Zimmer. 1996. Phylogeny of Panax L. (the ginseng genus, Araliaceae): inference from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 6:167–177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wendel, J. F., A. Schnabel, and T. Seelanan. 1995. Bidirectional interlocus conceited evolution following al-lopolyploid speciation in cotton (Gossypium). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 92:280–284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, W. C., and R. L. Honeycutt. 1988. Paired sequence difference in ribosomal RNAs: evolutionary and phylogenetic implications. Molecular Biology and Evolution 5:90–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, T. J., T. Bruns, S. Lee, and J. Taylor. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, eds. M. Innis, D. Gelfand, J. Sninsky, and T. White, pp. 315–322. Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitfeld, P. R., and W. Bottomley. 1983. Organization and structure of chloroplast genes. Annual Review Plant Physiology 34:279–310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitten, W. M., M. W. Chase and W. L. Stern. 1996. Molecular systematics of Stanhopeinae (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany (suppl.) 83:201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, L. W., L. A. Lewis, P. A. Fuerst, and G. L. Floyd. 1992. Assessing the relationships of autosporic and zoosporic chlorococcalean green algae with 18S rDNA sequence data. Journal of Phycology 28:381–386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S. E., V. A. Albert, and M. W. Chase. 1994. Relationships of Droseraceae: a cladisitic analysis of rbcL sequence and morphological data. American Journal of Botany 81:1027–1037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winship, P. R. 1989. An improved method for direct sequencing PCR amplified material using dimethyl sulphoxide. Nucleic Acids Research 17:1266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woese, C. R. 1987. Bacterial evolution. Microbiology Review 51:221–271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, P. G. 1995. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL and nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences in Dennstaedtiaceae. American Fern Journal 85:306–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, P. G. 1996. Nucleotide sequences from atpB provide useful data for fern systematists. American Journal of Botany (suppl.) 83:133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, P. G., P. S. Soltis, and D. E. Soltis. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships of dennstaedtioid ferns: evidence from rbcL, sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3:383–392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, K. H. 1991. Protein-coding genes in chloroplast DNA: compilation of nucleotide sequences, data base entries and rates of molecular evolution. In Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, Vol. 7BI, ed. K. Vasil, pp. 467–482. Academic Press, San Diego.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, K. H., C. W. Morden, and J. D. Palmer. 1992. Function and evolution of a minimal plastid genome from a nonphotosynthetic parasitic plant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 89: 10648–10652.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolters, J., and V. A. Erdmann. 1986. Cladistic analysis of SS rRNA and 16S rRNA secondary and primary structure—the evolution of eukaryotes and their relation to Archaebacteria. Journal of Molecular Evolution 24:152–166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, Q.-Y., D. E. Soltis, D. R. Morgan, and P. S. Soltis. 1993. Phylogenetic relationhips of Cornus s. 1. and putative relatives inferred from rbcL sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80:723–734.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, Q.-Y., D. E. Soltis, and P. S. Soltis. Su. 1998. Phylogenetic relationships of Cornaceae and close relatives inferred from matK and rbcL sequences. American Journal of Botany, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakura, K., A. Kato, and S. Tanifuji. 1984. Length heterogeneity of the large spacer of Vicia faba is due to the differing number of a 325 bp repetitive sequence element. Molecular and General Genetics 193:400–405.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Q., M. G. Zwick, and M. R. Paule. 1994. Sequence organization of the Acanthamoeba rRNA intergenic spacer: identification of transcriptional enhancers. Nucleic Acids Research 22:4798–4805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, L.-C., and J. C. Lee. 1991. Higher-order structure of the 5.8S rRNA sequence within the yeast precursor ribosomal RNA synthesized in vitro. Journal of Molecular Biology 217:649–659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, W., C. Reading, and A. B. Deisseroth. 1992. Improved PCR sequencing with formamide. Trends in Genetics 8:332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, E. A., R. K. Hamby, M. L. Arnold, D. A. LeBlanc, and E. E. Theriot. 1989. Ribosomal RNA phylogenies and flowering plant evolution. In The Hierarchy of Life, eds. B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, and J. Jörnvall, pp. 205–214. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, E. A., S. L. Martin, S. M. Beverley, Y. W. Kan, and A. C. Wilson. 1980. Rapid duplication and loss of genes coding for the a chains of hemoglobin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 77:2158–2162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurawski, G., and M. Clegg. 1987. Evolution of higher plant chloroplast DNA-coded genes: implications for structure-function and phylogenetic studies. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 38:391–418.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurawski, G., W. Bottomley, and P. R. Whitfeld. 1984. Junctions of the large single copy region of the inverted repeats in Spinacia oleracea and Nicotiana debneyi chloroplast DNA: sequence of the genes for tRNAHIS and the ribosomal proteins S19 and L2. Nucleic Acids Research 12:6547–6558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurawski, G., B. Perrot, W. Bottomley, and P. R. Whitfeld. 1981. The structure of the gene for the large subunit of ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase from spinach chloroplast DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 9:3251–3270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurawski, G., B. Perrot, W. Bottomley, and P. R. Whitfeld. 1982. Structures of the genes for the B and E subunits of spinach chloroplast ATPase indicate a dicistronic mRNA and an overlapping translation stop/start signal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 79:6260–6264.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurawski, G., P. R. Whitfeld, and W. Bottomley. 1986. Sequence of the gene for the large subunit of ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase from pea chloroplasts. Nucleic Acids Research 14:3975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S. (1998). Choosing an Approach and an Appropriate Gene for Phylogenetic Analysis. In: Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S., Doyle, J.J. (eds) Molecular Systematics of Plants II. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5419-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5419-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-11131-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5419-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics