Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Salmonellosis: Nontyphoidal

  • Chapter
Bacterial Infections of Humans

Abstract

Nontyphoidal salmonellosis refers to disease caused by any serotype of organisms in the genus Salmonella, other than Salmonella Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever (see Chapter 42). The most common manifestation of nontyphoidal salmonellosis is acute enterocolitis, but the organism can cause focal infection, bacteremia, meningitis, as well as “enteric fever” that may be clinically indistinguishable from that caused by S. Typhi. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is a disease of considerable clinical and public health importance. An estimated 2 to 4 million cases of salmonellosis occur each year in the United States, of which a small fraction are cultured and reported. The direct patient care costs alone have been estimated to exceed $2 billion annually, but when one considers the added costs of plant closings, product recalls, and losses of food production, the true economic impact of salmonellosis is likely to be substantially greater.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

References

  1. Cohen, M. L., Fontaine, R. E., Pollard, R. A., et al., An assessment of patient-related economic costs in an outbreak of salmonellosis, N. Engl. J. Med. 299:459–460 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. McWhorter-Murlin, A. C., and Hickman-Brenner, F. W., Identification and Serotyping of Salmonella and an Update of the Kauffmann-White Scheme,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Martin, S. M., Hargrett-Bean, N., and Tauxe, R. V., An Atlas of Salmonella in the United States: Serotype-Specific Surveillance 1968–1986,Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, 1989. National Technical Information Service, catalogue number PB89–213441-AS.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Salmon, D. E., and Smith, T., Report on Swine Plague, US Bureau of Animal Industry, 2nd Annual Report, 1885.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Karlinski, J., Zur kenntnis des Bacillus enteritidis gaertner, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. 6:289–292 (1889).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kauffmann, F., Die Bakteriologie der Salmonella-gruppe,Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Loeffler, F., Ueber Epidemieen unter den im hygienischen Institute zu Greifswald gehaltenen maeusen und ueber die Bekaempfung der Feldmausplage, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. 12: 1–17 (1892).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Anonymous, Eggs and Salmonella infections, Br. Med. J. 2:760–761 (1944).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. MacCready, R. A., Reardon, J. P., and Saphra, I., Salmonellosis in Massachusetts. A sixteen-year experience, N. Engl. J. Med. 256: 1121–1127 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Saphra, I., and Winter, J. W., Clinical manifestations of salmonellosis in man: An evaluation of 7779 human infections identified at the New York Salmonella Center, N. Engl. J. Med. 256: 1128–1134 (1957).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bean, N. H., and Griffin, P. M., Foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1973–1987: Pathogens, vehicles and trends, J. Food Protection 53:804–817 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Summary of notifiable diseases, United States, 1993, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 42(53) (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bean, N. H., Morris, S. M., and Bradford, H., PHLIS: An electronic system for reporting public health data from remote sites, Am. J. Public Health 82:1273–1276 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Aserkoff, B., Schroeder, S. A., and Brachman, P. S., Salmonellosis in the United States-A five-year review, Am. J. Epidemiol. 92:13–24 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Chalker, R. B., and Blaser, M. J., A review of human salmo-nellosis: III. Magnitude of Salmonella infection in the United States, Rev. Infect. Dis. 9:111–124 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Riley, L. W., Cohen, M. L., Seals, J. E., et al., Importance of host factors in human salmonellosis caused by multiresistant strains of Salmonella, J. Infect. Dis. 149:878–883 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. MacDonald, K. L., Cohen, M. L., Hargrett-Bean, N. T., et al., Changes in antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from humans in the United States, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 258:1496–1499 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lee, L. A., Puhr, N. D., Maloney, K., et al., Increase in antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infections in the United States, 19891990, J. Infect. Dis. 170:128–134 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wachsmuth, K., Molecular epidemiology of bacterial infections: Examples of methodology and investigations of outbreaks, Rev. Infect. Dis. 8:682–692 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cohen, M. L., Potter, M. E., Pollard, R., and Feldman, R. A., Turtle-associated salmonellosis in the United States: Effect of public health action, 1970–1976, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 243:1247–1249 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pacer, R. E., Spika, J. S., Thurmond, M. C., et al., Prevalence of Salmonella and multiple antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in California dairies, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 195:59–63 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Farmer, J. J., Wells, J. G., Griffin, P. M., and Wachsmuth, I. K., Enterobacteriaceae infections, in: Diagnostic Procedures for Bacterial, Mycotic and Parasitic Infections,7th ed. (B. Wentworth, ed.), pp. 233–296, American Public Health Association, Baltimore, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Holmberg, S. D., Osterholm, M. T., Senger, K. A., and Cohen, M. L., Drug-resistant Salmonella from animals fed antimicrobials, N. Engl. J. Med. 311:617–622.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Riley, L. W., DiFerdinando, G. T., DeMelfi, T. M., and Cohen, M. L., Evaluation of isolated cases of salmonellosis by plasmid profile analysis: Introduction and transmission of a bacterial clone by precooked roast beef, J. Infect. Dis. 148:12–14 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Spika, J. S., Waterman, S. H., Soo Hoo, G. W., et al., Chloramphenicol-resistant Salmonella newport traced through hamburger to dairy farms, N. Engl. J. Med. 316:565–570 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Taylor, D. N., Wachsmuth, I. K., Schangkuan, Y.-H., et al., Salmonellosis associated with marijuana: A multistate outbreak traced by plasmid finger-printing, N. Engl. J. Med. 306:1249–1253 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Rodrigue, D. C., Cameron, D. N., Puhr, N. D., et al., Comparison of plasmid profiles, phage types, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enteritidis isolates in the United States, J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:854–857 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sack, R. B., Serologic tests for the diagnosis of enterobacterial infections, in: Manual of Clinical Laboratory Immunology (N. Rose, ed.), pp. 359–362, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mitscherlich, E., and Martin, E. H., Microbial Survival in the Environment,Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  30. Aserkoff, B., and Bennett, J. V., Effect of therapy in acute salmonellosis on Salmonellae in feces, N. Engl. J. Med. 281:3–7 (1969).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ryan, C. A., Nickels, M. K., Hargrett-Bean, N. T., et al., Massive outbreak of antimicrobial-resistant salmonellosis traced to pasteurized milk, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 258:3269–3274 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Cohen, M. L., and Tauxe, R. V., Drug-resistant Salmonella in the United States: An epidemiologic perspective, Science 234:964–969 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lee, L. A., Threatt, V. L., Puhr, N. D., et al., Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp isolated from healthy broiler chickens after slaughter, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 202:752–755 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. MacDonald, K. L., O’Leary, M. J., Norris, P., et al., Escherichia coli 0157:H7, an emerging population-based study, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 259:3567–3570 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. St. Louis, M. E., Morse, D. L., Potter, M. E., et al., The emergence of grade A eggs as a major source of Salmonella enteritidis infections. New implications for the control of salmonellosis, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 259:2103–2107 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Rodrigue, D. C., Tauxe, R. V., and Rowe, B., International increase in Salmonella enteritidis: A new pandemic? Epidemiol. Infect. 105:21–27 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Mishu, B., Koehler, J. E., Lee, L. A., et al., Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis infections in the United States, 1985–1991, J. Infect. Dis. 169:547–552 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Hedberg, C. W., David, M. J., White, K. E., et al., Role of egg consumption in sporadic Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium infections in Minnesota, J. Infect. Dis. 167:107–111 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Salmonella surveillance-Annual Summary-1992, Atlanta, GA, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Black, P. H., Kunz, L. J., and Swartz, M. N., Salmonellosis-A review of some unusual aspects, N. Engl. J. Med. 262:811–816, 846–870, 921–927 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Craven, P. C., Mackel, D. C., Baine, W. B., et al., International outbreak of Salmonella eastbourne infection traced to contaminated chocolate, Lancet 1:788–793 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Collins, R. N., Treger, M. D., Goldsby, J. B., et al., Interstate outbreak of Salmonella new-brunswick infection traced to powdered milk, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 203:838–844 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Wilson, R., Feldman, R. A., Davis, J., and LaVenture, M., Salmonellosis in infants: The importance of intrafamilial transmission, Pediatrics 69:436–438 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rowe, B., Salmonella surveillance: Reports received from centers participating with WHO Programme, 1981, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  45. United Nations, Demographic Yearbook, United Nations, New York, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ryder, R. W., Merson, M. H., Pollard, R. A., Jr., and Gangarosa, E. J., Salmonellosis in the United States, 1968–1974, J. Infect. Dis. 133:483–486 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cruickshank, J. G., and Humphrey, T. J., The carrier food-handler and non-typhoid salmonellosis, Epidemiol. Infect. 98:223–230 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Ryan, C. A., Hargrett-Bean, N. T., and Blake, P. A., Salmonella typhi infections in the United States, 1975–1984: Increasing role of foreign travel, Rev. Infect. Dis. 11:1–8 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Baine, W. B., Gangarosa, E. J., Bennett, J. V., and Barker, W. H., Jr., Institutional salmonellosis, J. Infect. Dis. 128:357–360 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Weickel, C. S., and Guerrant, R. L., Nosocomial salmonellosis, Infect. Control 6:218–220 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Levine, W. C., Smart, J. F., Archer, D. L., et al., Foodborne disease outbreaks in nursing homes, 1975–1987, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 266:2105–2109 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tauxe, R. V., Hassan, L. F., Findeisen, K.O., et al., Salmonellosis in nurses: Lack of transmission to patients, J. Infect. Dis. 157:370–373 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Celum, C. L., Chaisson, R. E., Rutherford, G. W., et al., Incidence of salmonellosis in patients with AIDS, J. Infect. Dis. 156:998–1002 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Wolfe, M. S., Armstrong, D., Louria, D. B., and Blevins, A., Salmonellosis in patients with neoplastic disease. A review of 100 episodes at Memorial Cancer Center over a 13-year period, Arch. Intern. Med. 128:546–554 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Barrett-Connor, E., Bacterial infection and sickle cell anemia: An analysis of 250 infections in 166 patients and a review of the literature, Medicine 50:97–112 (1971).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Jacobs, J. L., Gold, M. W., Murray, H.W., et al., Salmonella infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Ann. Intern. Med. 103:186–188 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Levine, W. C., Buehler, J. W., Bean, N. H., and Tauxe, R. V., Epidemiology of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia during the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, J. Infect. Dis. 164: 81–87 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gruenewald, R., Blum, S., and Chan, J., Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus infection and salmonellosis in 20- to 59-year-old residents of New York City, Clin. Infect. Dis. 18:358–363 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Taylor, D. N., Bied, J. M., Munro, J. S., and Feldman, R. A., Salmonella dublin infections in the United States, 1979–1980, J. Infect. Dis. 146:322–327 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Clark, G. M., Kaufmann, A. F., Gangarosa, E. J., and Thompson, M. A., Epidemiology of an international outbreak of Salmonella agona, Lancet 2:1–10 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Multistate outbreak of Salmonella poona infections-United States and Canada, 1991, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 40:550–552 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Anonymous, A waterborne epidemic of salmonellosis in Riverside, California, 1965: Epidemiologic aspects, Am. J. Epidemiol. 93:33–48 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Lamm, S. H., Taylor, A., Gangarosa, E. J., et al., Turtle-associated salmonellosis. 1. An estimation of the magnitude of the problem in the United States, 1970–1971, Am. J. Epidemiol. 95:511–517 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Iguana-associated salmonellosis-Selected States, 1994–1995, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 44:347–350 (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Chiodini, R. J., and Sundberg, J. P., Salmonellosis in reptiles: A review, Am. J. Epidemiol. 113:494–499 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Trust, T. J., and Bartlett, K. H., Aquarium pets as a source of antibiotic-resistant salmonellae, Can. J. Microbiol. 25:535–541(1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lang, D. J., Kunz, L. J., Martin, A. R., et al., Carmine as a source of nosocomial salmonellosis, N. Engl. J. Med. 276:829–832 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Riley, K. B., Antoniskis, D., Maris, R., and Leedom, J. M., Rattlesnake capsule-associated Salmonella arizona infections, Arch. Intern. Med. 148:1207–1210 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Ryder, R. W., Crosbie-Ritchie, A., McDonough, B., and Hall, W. J., Human milk contaminated with Salmonella kottbus: A cause of nosocomial illness in infants, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 238:1533–1534 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Rhame, F. S., Raat, R. K., MacLowry, J. D., et al., Salmonella septicemia from platelet transfusions: Study of an outbreak traced to a hematogenous carrier of Salmonella cholerae-suis,Ann. Intern. Med. 78:633–641 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Standaert, S. M., Hutcheson, R. H., and Schaffner, W., Nosocomial Transmission of Salmonella gastroenteritis to laundry workers in a nursing home, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 15:22–26 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Lepage, P., Bogaerts, J., Nsengumuremyi, F., et al., Severe multi-resistant Salmonella typhimurium systemic infections in central Africa-Clinical features and treatment in a pediatric department, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 14(Suppl. B):153–159 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Riley, L. W., Ceballos, B. S., Trabulsi, L. R., et al., The significance of hospitals as reservoirs for endemic multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium causing infection in urban Brazilian children, J. Infect. Dis. 150:236–241 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Vugia, D. J., Kiehlbauch, J. A., Yeboue, K., et al., Pathogens and predictors of fatal septicemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Ivory Coast, West Africa, J. Infect. Dis. 168:564–570 (1993).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Roantree, R. J., Salmonella O antigens and virulence, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 21:443–466 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Murray, M. J., Salmonella: Virulence factors and enteric salmonellosis, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 189:145–147 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Jones, G. W., and Richardson, L. A., The attachment to, and invasion of HeLa cells by Salmonella typhimurium: The contribution of mannose-sensitive and mannose-resistant haemagglutinating activities, J. Gen. Microbiol. 127:361–370 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Finlay, B. B., Gumbiner, B., and Falkow, S., Penetration of Salmonella through a polarized MDCK epithelial cell monolayer, J. Cell. Biol. 107:221–230 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Giannella, R. A., Importance of intestinal inflammatory reaction in Salmonella-mediated intestinal secretion, Infect. Immun. 23: 140–145 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Alpuche-Aranda, C. M., Swanson, J. A., Loomis, W. P., et al., Salmonella typhimurium activates virulence gene transcription within acidified macrophage phagosomes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10079–10083 (1992).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gulig, P. A., and Curtiss, R., Plasmid-associated virulence of Salmonella typhimurium, Infect. Immun. 55:2891–2901 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Weinstein, D. L., Carsiotis, M., Lissner, C. R., and O’Brien, A. D., Flagella help Salmonella typhimurium survive within murine macrophages, Infect. Immun. 46:819–825 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Blaser, M. J., and Newman, L. S., A review of human salmonellosis: I. Infective dose, Rev. Infect. Dis. 34:1096–1106 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Bohnhoff, M., Miller, C. P., and Martin, W. R., Resistance of the mouse’s intestinal tract to experimental Salmonella infection. II. Factors responsible for its loss following streptomycin treatment, J. Exp. Med. 120:817–828 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Pavia, A. T., Shipman, L. D., Wells, J. G., et al.,Epidemiologic evidence that prior antimicrobial exposure decreases resistance to infection by antimicrobial-sensitive Salmonella, J. Infect. Dis. 161:255–260 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Taylor, D. N., Bopp, C., Birkness, K., and Cohen, M. L., An outbreak of salmonellosis associated with a fatality in a healthy child: A large dose and severe illness, Am. J. Epidemiol. 119:907–912 (1984).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Cohen, J. I., Bartlett, J. A., and Corey, G. F., Extra-intestinal manifestations of Salmonella infections, Medicine 66:349–388 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. McCullough, N. B., and Eisele, C. W., Experimental human salmonellosis. II. Immunity studies following experimental illness with Salmonella meleagridis and Salmonella anatum, J. Immunol. 66:595–608 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Kramer, T. T., Roof, M. B., and Matheson, R. R., Safety and efficacy of attenuated strain of Salmonella choleraeusis for vaccination of swine, Am. J. Vet. Res. 53:444–448 (1992).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Gotoff, S. P., Lepper, M. K., and Fiedler, M. A., Immunologic studies in an epidemic of Salmonella infections, Am. J. Med. Sci. 251:61–66 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  91. Hook, E. W., Salmonellosis: Certain factors influencing the interaction of Salmonella and the human host, Bull. NY Acad. Med. 37: 499–512 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Buchwald, D. S., and Blaser, M. J., A review of human salmonellosis: II. Duration of excretion following infection with nontyphi Salmonella, Rev. Infect. Dis. 16:345–356 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Neill, M. A., Opal, S. M., Heelan, J., et al., Failure of ciprofloxacin to eradicate convalescent fecal excretion after acute salmo-nellosis: Experience during an outbreak in health care workers, Ann. Intern. Med. 114:195–199 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Swerdlow, D. L., Lee, L. A., Tauxe, R. V., et al., Reactive arthropathy following a multistate outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infections (Abstract 916), 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, October 21–24, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Blaser, M. J., and Feldman, R. A., Salmonella bacteremia: Reports to the Centers for Disease Control, 1968–1979, J. Infect. Dis. 143:743–746 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Wilson, R., and Feldman, R. A., Reported isolates of Salmonella from cerebrospinal fluid in the United States, 1968–1979, J. Infect. Dis. 143:504–506 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Mintz, E. D., Cartter, M. L., Hadler, J. L., et al., Dose-response effects in an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis, Epidemiol. Infect. 112:13–23 (1994).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Torrey, S., Fleisher, G., and Jaffe, D., Incidence of Salmonella bacteremia in infants with Salmonella gastroenteritis, J. Pediatr. 108:718–721 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Nurmi, E., Use of competitive exclusion in prevention of salmonellae and other enteropathogenic bacteria infections in poultry, in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Salmonella,New Orleans, July 1984 (G. H. Snoeyenbos, ed.), pp. 64–73, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Anonymous, The national poultry improvement plan and auxiliary provisions, Animal Science Research Division, Agriculture Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  101. National Research Council, Poultry Inspection: The Basis for a Risk-Assessment Approach, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Parham, G. L., Salmonellae in cooked beef products, in: Proceed ings of the International Symposium on Salmonella, New University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Roberts, T., Microbial pathogens in raw pork, chicken and beef: Benefit estimates for control using irradiation, Am. J. Agric. Econ. 67:957–965 (1985).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Suggested Reading

  • Hargrett-Bean, N., Pavia, A. T., and Tauxe, R. V., Salmonella isolates from humans in the United States, 1984–1986, in CDC Surveillance Summaries, June 1988, Morbid. Mortal. Week. Rep. 37(No. 55–2): 25–31 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hook, E. W., Salmonella species (including typhoid fever), in: Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 3rd ed. (G. L. Mandell, R. G. Douglas, and J. E. Bennett, eds.), pp. 1700–1716, New York: Wiley, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelterbom, E., Salmonella Species: First Isolations, Names, and Occurrence, The Hague, Junk, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council, Poultry Inspection: The Basis for a Risk-Management Approach, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S. M., Hargrett-Bean, N., and Tauxe, R. V., An atlas of Salmonella in the United States: Serotype-specific surveillance 1968–1986. Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, 1989. National Technical Information Service, catelogue number PB89–213441-AS.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCapes, R. H., Osburn, B. I., and Riemann, H., Safety of foods of animal origin: Model for elimination of Salmonella contamination of turkey meat, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 199:875–880 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tauxe, R. V., Salmonella: A post-modern pathogen, J. Food Protection 54:563–568 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30333, USA

    Robert V. Tauxe

  2. Department of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Utah Medical Center, Salt Lake, Utah, 84132, USA

    Andrew T. Pavia

Authors
  1. Robert V. Tauxe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrew T. Pavia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Late of Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    Alfred S. Evans

  2. The Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    Philip S. Brachman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tauxe, R.V., Pavia, A.T. (1998). Salmonellosis: Nontyphoidal. In: Evans, A.S., Brachman, P.S. (eds) Bacterial Infections of Humans. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5327-4_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5327-4_32

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-45323-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5327-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation