Skip to main content

Scent Over-Marking

How Do Hamsters Know Whose Scent Is on Top and Why Should It Matter?

  • Chapter
Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates

Abstract

Scent over-marking is a specialized type of marking behavior in which one individual places its scent so that it covers or partially covers previously deposited scents of conspecifics. In this chapter I first review our research that shows that golden hamsters have amazing abilities to analyze such over-marks to determine which individual’s scent is on top. Next I present experiments in which we examine how they do this. Finally, I briefly discuss the functions of over-marking and of the abilities to determine the top-scent individual.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ewer, R. F. 1968. Ethology of Mammals. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferkin M. H., Burda J., O’Connor, M. P. & Lee, C. J. 1995a. Persistence of the attractiveness of two sex-specific scents in meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Ethology, 101, 228–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferkin M. H., Dunsavage J. & Johnston, R. E. 1998. What kind of information do meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, use to distinguish between the top and bottom scent of an over-mark? Anim. Behav., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferkin, M. H. & Johnston, R. E. 1994. Meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, use multiple sources of scent for sex recognition. Anim. Behav, 49, 37–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferkin, M. H. & Johnston, R. E. 1995. Effects of pregnancy, lactation, and post-partum oestrus on odour signals and the attraction to odours in female meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. Anim. Behav., 49, 1211–1217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferkin, M.H. & Seamon, J.O. 1987. Odor preference and social behavior in meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus: seasonal differences. Can. J. Zool, 65, 2931–2937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferkin M. H., Sorokin, E. S. & Johnston, R. E. 1995b. Seasonal changes in scents and responses to them in meadow voles: evidence for the co-evolution of signals and response mechanisms. Ethology, 100, 89–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferkin M. H., Sorokin E. S., Johnston, R. E. & Lee, C. J. 1997. Attractiveness of scents varies with protein content of the diet of meadow voles. Anim. Behav., 53, 133–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferkin M. H., Sorokin E. S., Renfroe, M. W. & Johnston, R. E. 1994. Attractiveness of male odors to females varies directly with plasma testosterone concentration in meadow voles. Physiol. Behav., 55, 347–353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halpin, Z.T. 1986. Individual odors among mammals: Origins and functions. Adv. Study Behav., 16, 39–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huck U. W., Lisk, R.E., & Gore, A.C. 1985. Scent marking and mate choice in the golden hamster. Physiol. Behav., 35, 389–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, J. L. 1987. The functions of urine marking in a free-living population of house mice, Mus domesticus Rutty. Anim. Behav., 35, 1433–1442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, J. L. 1990. Urine marking in populations of wild house mice Mus domesticus Rutty. I. Communication between males. Anim. Behav., 40, 209–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurst, J. L. 1993. The priming effects of urine substrate marks on interactions between male house mice, Mus musculus domesticus Schwarz & Schwarz. Anim. Behav., 45, 55–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. P. 1973. Scent marking in mammals. Anim. Behav, 21, 521–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. E. 1975a. Scent marking by male hamsters I. Effects of odors and social encounters. Z Tierpsychol, 37, 75–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. E. 1975b. Scent marking by male hamsters II. The role of flank gland odor in the causation of marking. Z TierpsychoL, 37, 138–144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. E. 1975c. Scent marking by male hamsters III. Behavior in a semi-natural environment. Z TierpsychoL, 37, 213–221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. E. 1977a. The causation of two scent marking behaviour patterns in female golden hamsters. Anim. Behav, 25, 317–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. E. 1990. Chemical communication in golden hamsters: from behavior to molecules and neural mechanisms. In: Contemporary Issues in Comparative Psychology (Ed. by D. A. Dewsbury), 381–409. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. E. 1993. Memory for individual scent in hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as assessed by habituation methods. J. Comp. Psychol, 107, 201–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. E. & Bhorade, A. 1998. Perception of scent over-marks: novel mechanisms for determining which individual’s mark is on top. J. Comp. Psychol, 112, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston R. E., Chiang G. & Tung, C. 1994. The information in scent over-marks of golden hamsters. Anim. Behav., 48, 323–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. E. & Lee, N. A. 1976. Persistence of the odor deposited by two functionally distinct scent marking behaviors of golden hamsters. Behav Biol, 16, 199–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston R. E., Munver R. & Tung, C. 1995. Scent counter marks: selective memory for the top scent by golden hamsters. Anim. Behav, 49, 1435–1442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, R. E. & Schmidt, T. 1979. Responses of hamsters to scent marks of different ages. Behav. Neural Biol, 26, 64–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston R. E., Sorokin, E. S. & Ferkin, M. H. 1997a. Scent counter-marking by male meadow voles: females prefer the top-scent male. Ethology, 103, 443–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston R. E., Sorokin, E. S. & Ferkin, M. H. 1997b. Female voles discriminate males’ over-marks and prefer top-scent males. Anim. Behav, 54, 679–690.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kellman, P.J., & Spelke, E.S. 1983. Perception of partly occluded objects in infancy. Cog. Psychol, 15, 483–524.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madison, D.M. & McShea, W.J. 1987. Seasonal changes in reproductive tolerance, spacing and social organization in meadow voles: a microtine model. Am. Zool, 27, 899–908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, M.R. 1977. Intraspecific sexual preferences of female hamsters. J. comp. physiol Psychol, 1337–1346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralls, K. 1971. Mammalian scent marking. Science, 171, 443–449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seyfarth R. & Cheyney, D. 1990. The assessment by vervet monkeys of their own and another species’ alarm calls. Anim. Behav, 40, 754–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steen, J. B. & Wilsson, E. 1990. How do dogs determine the direction of tracks? Acta Physiol. Scand., 139, 531–534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarin, R.H. 1985. Biology of New World Microtus.. American Society of Mammalogists.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiessen D. & Rice, M. 1976. Mammalian scent gland marking and social behavior. Psych. Bull, 83, 505–539.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellington J. L., Beauchamp, G. K. & Smith, A. B. 1981. Stability of chemical communicants of gender in guinea pig urine. Behav Neural Biol, 32, 364–375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, R. M. & Johnston, R. E. 1995. Scent counter marks: Specialized mechanisms of perception and response to individual odors in golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus. J. Comp. Psychol, 109, 349–356.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynne-Edwards, K.E., Surov, A.V. & Telitzina, A.Yu. 1992. Field studies of chemical signaling: Direct observations of dwarf hamsters (Phodopus) in Soviet Asia. In: Chemical Signals in Vertebrates VI (Ed. by R.L. Doty & D. Müller-Schwarze), 485–491. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Johnston, R.E. (1999). Scent Over-Marking. In: Johnston, R.E., Müller-Schwarze, D., Sorensen, P.W. (eds) Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4733-4_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4733-4_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7145-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-4733-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics