Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Canola Fatty Acids—An Ideal Mixture for Health, Nutrition, and Food Use

  • Chapter
Canola and Rapeseed

Abstract

The historical development as well as the industrial and other applications of the Brassica rapeseed and/or mustard seed oils have been more than adequately treated in other chapters and elsewhere in the literature (Appleqvist and Ohlson 1972; Kramer et al. 1983). The nutritional qualities of fatty acids of such oils are of paramount concern in contemporary society, especially now that canola oil has been accorded GRAS status in the United States and must compete with other edible oils, some of which have achieved considerable status in health oriented circles during the three decades since it was concluded that polyunsaturated fatty acids are good and saturated fatty acids are bad (Keys et al. 1959; American Heart Association 1978).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ackman, R. G. 1983. Chemical composition of rapeseed oil, in High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils, eds. J. K. G. Kramer, F. D. Sauer, and W. J. Pigden. Toronto: Academic Press Canada. 85–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackman, R. G. 1988. Some possible effects on lipid biochemistry of differences in the distribution on glycerol of long-chain n-3 fatty acids in the fats of marine fish and marine mammals. Atherosclerosis 70: 171–173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ackman, R. G. 1986. WCOT (capillary) gas-liquid chromatography, in Analysis of Oils and Fats, eds. R. G. Hamilton and J. B. Rossell. London: Elsevier Applied Science Publ. 137–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ackman, R. G.; Barlow, S. M.; Duthie, I. F.; and Smith, G. L. 1983. Two methods for determining erucic acid in edible fats and oils: Results from a collaborative study on a rapid, open-tubular (capillary) GLC method and comparison with an isolation TLC procedure. J. Chromatog. Sci. 21: 87–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ackman, R. G.; Eaton, C. A.; Sipos, J. C.; and Crewe, N. F. 1981. Origin of cis-9 trans-11–and trans-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acids in the depot fat of primates fed a diet rich in lard and corn oil and implications for the human diet. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol. J. 14: 103–107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ackman, R. G.; Hooper, S. N.; and Hooper, D. L. 1974. Linolenic acid artifacts from the deodorization of oils. J. Amer. Oil. Chem. Soc. 51: 42–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ackman, R. G., and Sebedio, J-L. 1981. Fatty acids and sterols in oils from canola screenings. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 58: 594–598.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Heart Association. 1978. Report of Nutrition Committee, “The Value and Safety of Diet Modification to Control Hyperlipidemia in Childhood and Adolescence,” Circulation 58: 381A.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1985. Erucic acid content of LEAR oil limited to 2%. Food Chemical News. Feb. 4: 20–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1987. M axepa gets a product licence for hyperlipidaemia. The Pharmaceutical Journal. May 9: 587.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1990. Nutrition Recommendations. The Report of the Scientific Review Committee, 1990. Can Gov. Pub. Ctr., Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa. Cat. No. H49–42/1990E. 70 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appleqvist, L-A., and Ohlson, R., eds. 1972. Rapeseed. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Applewhite, T. H. 1981. Nutritional effects of hydrogenated soya oil. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 58:260–269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bang, H. O., and Dyerberg, J. 1980. Lipid metabolism and ischemic heart disease in Greenland Eskimos. Adv. Nutr. Res. 3: 1–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, S. M., and Stansby, M. E., eds. 1982. Nutritional Evaluation of Long Chain Fatty Acids in Fish Oils. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, D.; Bateman, L.; Cole, E. R.; and Cunneen, J. I. 1958. Sulphoxides and thiolsulphinates as inhibitors of autoxidation and other free radical reactions. Chem. Ind. (London) July 918–919.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beare-Rogers, J. 1988. Nutritional attributes of fatty acids. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 65: 91–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerve, K. S. 1989. n-3 Fatty acid deficiency in man. J. Int. Med. 225 (suppl. 1):171–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerve, K. S.; Fischer, S.; and Alme, K. 1987. Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in man: effect of ethyl linolenate on plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid composition and biosynthesis of prostanoids. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 46: 570–576.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerve, K. S.; Fischer, S.; Wammer, F.; and Egeland, T. 1989a. α-linolenic acid and long-chain ω-3 fatty acid supplementation in three patients with ω-3-fatty acid deficiency: effect on lymphocyte function, plasma and red cell lipids, and prostanoid formation. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 49:290–303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerve, K. S.; Fougner, K. J.; Midthjell, K.; and Bonaa, K. 1989b. n-3 Fatty acids in old age. J. Int. Med. 225 (suppl. 1):191–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjerve, K. S.; Thoresen, L.; and Borsting, S. 1989c. Linseed and cod liver oil induce rapid growth in a 7-year-old girl with n-3 fatty acid deficiency. J. Par. Ent. Nutr. 12: 521–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorneboe, A. E.; Soyland, G-E.; Bjorneboe, A.; Rajka, G.; and Drevon, C. A. 1989. Effect of n-3 fatty acid supplement to patients with atopic dermatitis. J. bu. Med. 225 (suppl. 1): 233–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brumley, W. C.; Sheppard, A. J.; Rudolf, T. S.; Shen, C-S. J.; Yasaei, P.; and Sphon, J. A. 1985. Mass spectrometry and identification of sterols in vegetable oilds as butyryl esters and relative quantitation by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 68: 701–709.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budowski, P., and Sklan, D. 1989. Vitamins E and A, in The Role ofFats inHumanNutrition, eds. A. J. Vergroesen and M. Crawford. London: Academic Press. 363–406.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, J. L. 1989. Dietary fatty acids and inflammatory skin disease. Lancet Jan. 27–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canola Council of Canada. Canola Digest (published monthly). 301–433 Main Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3B 1B3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, E. N.; Thomassen, M. S.; Christiansen, R. Z.; Osmundsen, H.; and Norum, K. R. 1979. Metabolism of erucic acid in perfused rat liver: increased chain shortening after feeding partially hydrogenated marine oil and rapeseed oil. Lipids 14: 829–835.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, R. Z.; Christiansen, E. N.; and Bremer, J. 1979. The stimulation of erucate metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes by rapeseed oil-and hydrogenated marine oil-containing diets. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 573: 417–429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, R. K. 1979. Breeding for quality, in Proc. 5th Int. Rapeseed Conf., Malmo, Sweden, June 12–16, 1978. Vol. 1: 106–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driss, F., and Darcet, P. 1988. Effects of fish oils rich in n-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors. Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 35: 7–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyerberg, J. 1986. Linolenate-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids and prevention of atherosclerosis. Nutr. Res. 44: 125–134.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmadfa, I., and Sobirey, M. 1988. Influence of n-3 fatty acids on mitochondria) function and stability of erythrocyte membrane of rats in long-term experiments with cod liver oil. Fat Sci. Tech. 90: 481–487.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evershed, R. P.; Male, V. L.; and Goad, L. J. 1987. Strategy for the analysis of steryl esters from plant and animal tissues. J. Chromatogr. 400: 187–205.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gertz, C. 1988. Untersuchung and lebensmittelrechtliche beurteilung von raffinierten and nicht raffinierten pflanzlichen speiseolen and fetten. (Investigation and legal food estimation of refined and nonrefined vegetable oils and fats.) Fat Sci. Technol. 90: 45–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodnight, S. H.; Harris, W. S.; Connor, W. E.; andIllingworth, D. R. 1982. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, hyperlipidemia, and thrombosis. Arteriosclerosis. 2: 87–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grandgirard, A.; Piconneaux, A.; Sebedio, J-L.; O’Keefe, S. F.; Semon, E.; and Le Quere, J-L. 1989. Occurrence of geometrical isomers of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in liver lipids of rats fed heated linseed oil. Lipids 24: 799–804.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grandgirard, A.; Sebedio, J-L.; and Fleury, J. 1984. Geometrical isomerization of linolenic acid during heat treatment of vegetable oils. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 61:1, 563–1, 568.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadorn, H., and Zurcher, K. 1967. Gas chromatographic study of fats and oils, III. Fatty acid distribution in plant oils and fats. Mitt. Geb. Lebensmittelunters. Hyg. 58: 351–384.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartog, J. M.; Lamers, J. M. J.; Montfoort, A.; Becker, A. E.; Klompe, M.; Morse, H.; ten Cate, F. J.; van der Werf, L.; Hulsmann, W. C.; Hugenholtz, P. G.; and Verdouw, P. D. 1987. Comparison of mackerel-oil and lard-fat enriched diets on plasma lipids, cardiac membrane phospholipids, cardiovascular performance, and morphology in young pigs. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 466: 258–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holman, R. T. 1986. Nutritional and biochemical evidences of acyl interaction with respect to essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prog. Lip. Res. 25: 29–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homberg; E., and Bielefeld, B. 1989. Sterinzusammensetzung and steringehalt in 41 verschiedenen pflanzlichen and tierischen fetten. (Composition and content of sterols in 41 different vegetable and animals fats.) Fat Sci. Technol. 91: 23–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. E. 1987. n-3 Fatty acids from vegetable oils. n-3 News H, Issue No. 1:1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Itoh, T.; Komagata, H.; Tamura, T.; and Matsumoto, T. 1981. Trans-22-dehydrocholesterol and stigmasta-5,25-dienol in Brassica napus seed oil. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 83: 123–125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keys, A.; Anderson, J. T.; and Grande, F. 1959. Serum cholesterol in man; diet fat and intrinsic responsiveness. Circulation 19: 201–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Komfeldt, A., and Croon, L-B. 1981. 4-Demethyl-, 4-monomethyl-, and 4,4-dimethylsterols in some vegetable oils. Lipids. 16:306–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, J. K. G.; Farnsworth, E. R.; Thompson, B. K.; and Corner, A. H. 1988. Testing a short-term feeding trial to assess compositional and histopathological changes in hearts of rats fed vegetable oils. Lipids. 23: 199–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, J. K. G.; Sauer, F. D.; and Pigden, W. J.; eds. 1983. High and Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed Oils. Toronto: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laakso, I.; Seppanen-Laakso, T.; Vanhanen, M. D. H.; and Viikari, M. D. J. 1989. Effects of partial rapeseed oil substitution on serum cholesterol. Abstract in Fat Sci. Technol. 91: 434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lands, W. E. M. 1986. Renewed questions about polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutr. Revs. 44: 189–195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leaf, A., and Weber, P. C. 1988. Cardiovascular effects of n-3 fatty acids. N. Engl. J. Med. 318: 549–557.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, G. B. Jan. 1990. The great cholesterol hoax. American Laboratory 22: 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manandhar, P. P.; Nagao, A.; and Yamazaki, M. 1986. Detection and estimation for composition of linseed oil in edible rapeseed oil. Yukagaku 35: 359–366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mariani, C., and Fedeli, E. 1982. Metodi rapidi per l’analisi degli oli vegetali. Nota 1: determinazione contemporanea di steroli e tocoferoli. (Rapid methods for the analysis of vegetable oils. Note 1: Simultaneous determination of sterols and tocopherols.) Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse. 59: 557–565.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meneghetti, O.; Amelotti, G.; and Griffini, A. 1987. Identificazione di steroli da oli vegetali grezzi e raffmati mediante gascromatografia-spettrometria di massa in ionizzazione elettronica. (Identification of sterols in vegetable crude and refined oils by electronic ionization GC-MS.) Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse. 64: 461–468.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mertens, W. G.; Mag, T. K.; and Teasdale, B. F. 1970. The utilization of rapeseed oil as salad oil, in Proc. Int. Rapeseed Conf., St. Adele, Quebec. 213–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, T. G. 1989. Heart Failure. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mordret, F.; Ajana, H.; and Gauchet, C. 1985. Fractionnement de l’insaponifiable par CLHP isolement de la fraction sterolique. (Fractionation of unsaponifiables by HPLC: Isolation of the sterolic fraction.) Rev. Franc. Corps Gras. 32: 305–309.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller-Mulot, W.; Rohrer, G.; and Medweth, R. 1976. A rapid method for the quantitative determination of individual tocopherols in oils and fats. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 78: 257–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nestel, P. J. 1987. Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 45:1,161–1,167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuringer, M., and Connor, W. E. 1986. n-3 fatty acids in the brain and retina: evidence for their essentiality. Nutr. Revs. 44:285–294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, A.; Prydz, K.; Rortveit, T.; and Christiansen, E. N. 1987. Studies on the interrelated stimulation of microsomal co-oxidation and peroxisomal n-oxidation in rat liver with a partially hydrogenated fish oil diet. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 920: 114–119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piconneaux, A.; Grandgirard, A.; and Sebedio, J-L. 1985. Identification of an unusual polyunsaturated fatty acid in liver of rats fed with heated linseed oil. C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. III, 8, 300: 353–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prevot, A.; Perrin, J. L.; Laclaverie, G.; Auge, P.; and Coustille, J. L. 1990. A new variety of low-linolenic rapeseed oil: Characteristics and room-odor test. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 67: 161–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakow, G., and McGregor, D. I. 1973. Opportunities and problems in modification of levels of rapeseed C18 unsaturated fatty acids. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 50: 400–403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, J. B., and Weihrauch, J. L. 1979. “Composition of Foods,” USDA Agriculture Handbook, No. 8–4. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronneberg, R.; Holmer, G.; and Lambertsen, G. 1987. Comparative metabolism of erucic and oleic acid in hepatocytes from rats fed partially hydrogenated marine oils or palm oil. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 31: 160–169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiter, A.; Jongbloed, A. W.; van Gent, C. M.; Danse, L. H. J. C.; and Metz, S. H. M. 1978. The influence of dietary mackerel oil on the condition of organs and on blood lipid composition in the young growing pig. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 31:2, 159–2, 166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sebedio, J-L., and Ackman, R. G. 1979. Some minor fatty acids of rapeseed oils. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 56: 15–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sebedio, J-L., and Ackman, R. G. 1981. Fatty acids of canola Brassica campestris var. Candle seed and oils at various stages of refining. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 58: 972–973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sebedio, J-L.; Langman, M. F.; Eaton, C. A.; and Ackman, R. G. 1981. Alteration of long-chain fatty acids of herring oil during hydrogenation on nickel catalyst. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 58: 41–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simopoulos, A. P. 1989. Summary of the NATO advanced research workshop on dietary ω3 and ω6 fatty acids: biological effects and nutritional essentiality. J. Nutr. 119: 521–528.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strocchi, A. 1987. Oli vegetali e corrispondenti grassi idrogenati: variazioni quali-quantitative delle composizioni degli steroli, dei 4a-metil steroli e dei 4,4’-dimetil steroli. (Vegetable oils and corresponding hydrogenated fats: Comparison of sterol, 4-a-methyl sterol and 4,4’-dimethyl sterol composition.) Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse. 64: 401–409.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomassen, M. S.; Norseth, J.; and Christiansen, E. N 1985. Long-term effects of high-fat diets on peroxisomal 13-oxidation in male and female rats. Lipids 20: 668–674.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tinoco, J. 1982. Dietary requirements and functions of a-linolenic acid in animals. Prog. Lipid Res. 21: 1–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toronto Globe and Mail. Dec. 29, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaisey-Genser, M., and Eskin, N. A. M. 1987. Canola Oil, Properties and Performance. Publication 60. Canola Council of Canada, Winnipeg.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Schacky, C., and Weber, P. C. 1985. Metabolism and effects on platelet function of the purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 76:2, 446–2, 450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weaver, B. J.; Corner, E. J.; Bruce, V. M.; McDonald, B. E.; and Holub, B. J. 1990. Dietary canola oil: Effect on the accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid in the alkenylacyl fraction of human platelet ethanolamine phosphoglyceride. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 594–598.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wijesundera, R. C., and Ackman, R. G. 1988. Evidence for the probable presence of sulfur-containing fatty acids as minor constituents in canola oil. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 65: 959–963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wijesundera, R. C.; Ackman, R. G.; Abraham, V.; and deMan, J. M. 1988. Determination of sulfur contents of vegetable and marine oils by ion chromatography and indirect ultraviolet photometry of their combustion products. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 65: 1,526–1,530.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, N.; Saitoh, M.; Moriuchi, A.; Nomura, M.; and Okuyama, H. 1987. Effect of dietary a-linolenate/linoleate balance on brain lipid compositions and learning ability of rats. J. Lipid Res. 28: 144–151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. G. Ackman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Food Science Program, Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada

    Fereidoon Shahidi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ackman, R.G. (1990). Canola Fatty Acids—An Ideal Mixture for Health, Nutrition, and Food Use. In: Shahidi, F. (eds) Canola and Rapeseed. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3912-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3912-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6744-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3912-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation