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In Vivo Metabolism and Genotoxic Effects of the Air Pollutant and Marker for Nitro-Pah’s, 2-Nitrofluorene

  • Chapter
Nitroarenes

Part of the book series: Environmental Science Research ((ESRH,volume 40))

Abstract

During incomplete combustion of organic matter there is a formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which can react with oxides of nitrogen, with the formation of nitro-PAH’s as a result, a reaction which is catalyzed by a low pH. 2-Nitrofluorene (NF), a marker for nitro-PAH, is in vivo metabolized via two different routes. After inhalation there is a formation of potent mutagenic metabolites, ON-NF’s, which are distributed in the body. After oral administration, NF is reduced to the amine, a reaction mediated by the intestinal microflora, and further acetylated to 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), a potent carcinogen. Further ringhydroxylation of AAF leads to detoxification and excretion.

Induction of cytochrome P450 c,d affects the metabolism in that more OH-NF’s are formed. As a consequence, more mutagenic metabolites are found in the circulation. The liver excretes OH-NF’s as, in terms of mutagenicity, totally harmless glucuronide conjugates. When these conjugates are excreted via the bile, intestinal beta-glucuronidase can liberate direct-acting mutagens in the intestine. Thus, inhalation of NF can lead to formation of potent mutagens in the intestine.

NF induces DNA-repair, in vivo, and is an initiatior and a weak promotor, measured as formation of preneoplastic lesions in the liver. Risk estimates, by two different methods, indicate that nitro-PAH’s extrapolated from the marker NF, can expose humans to a cancer risk on a non-neglectable level.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Medical Nutrition, Medical Microbial Ecology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

    L. Möller, J. Rafter, S. Törnquist, L. Eriksson, B. Beije, R. Toftgård, T. Midvedt, M. Corrie & J-Å Gustafsson

  2. Department of Genetic and Cellular Toxicology, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden

    L. Möller, J. Rafter, S. Törnquist, L. Eriksson, B. Beije, R. Toftgård, T. Midvedt, M. Corrie & J-Å Gustafsson

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  1. Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Paul C. Howard

  2. American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York, USA

    Stephen S. Hecht

  3. National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA

    Frederick A. Beland

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© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Möller, L. et al. (1990). In Vivo Metabolism and Genotoxic Effects of the Air Pollutant and Marker for Nitro-Pah’s, 2-Nitrofluorene. In: Howard, P.C., Hecht, S.S., Beland, F.A. (eds) Nitroarenes. Environmental Science Research, vol 40. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3800-4_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3800-4_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6694-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3800-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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