Abstract
Arenavirus infections are virtually without pathophysiology in the naturally infected rodent host. The animal normally experiences silent but persistent and lifelong infection, the viruses being adapted to this highly successful ecological niche by asymptomatic horizontal or vertical transmission at or near birth (Traub, 1935; McCormick, 1990). In adult rodents, however, infection does induce pathology and an acute self-limiting disease, ending in death or recovery, with virus clearance depending on the dose and route of inoculation and the genetic background of the rodent. Arenavirus infections in humans takes an altogether different course. Infections range from a febrile disease with aseptic meningitis with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) (Armstrong and Sweet, 1939), to total collapse and death with circulatory and respiratory failure with the hemorrhagic fever viruses: Lassa fever (Rose, 1956; Buckley et al., 1970; Frame et al., 1970), Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF) (Ruggiero et al., 1964a; Maiztegui, 1975), and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF) (Aribalzaga, 1955; MacKenzie at al., 1964; Johnson at al., 1965). A meningoencephalitis is characteristic of LCMV in humans, but most infections are apparently mild and self-limiting. In contrast, the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers are often severe, generalized febrile diseases with multiorgan involvement and case/fatality rates of about 16% in untreated hospitalized patients. The hemostatic defect, which is their hallmark, is characterized by platelet dysfunction rather than coagulation cascade activation, with little evidence of major hepatorenal failure or organ destruction by direct viral replication. Tissue and pulmonary edema with hypovolemic shock and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are prominent in severe disease, and nervous system involvement is a feature of both acute and convalescent stages of these infections.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Hemorrhagic Fever
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
- Lassa Fever
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
- Lassa Virus
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Ahmed, R., Jamieson, B. D., and Porter, D. D., 1987, Immune therapy of a persistent and disseminated viral infection, J. Virol. 61:3920.
Allan, J. E., Dixon, J. E., and Doherty, P. C., 1987, Arenaviruses: Biology and immunotherapy, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 134:131.
Aribalzaga, R. A., 1955, Una nueva enfermedad epidemica a germen desconocido: Hipertermia nefrotoxica, leucopenica y enantematica, Dia. Med. 27:1204.
Armstrong, C., and Sweet, L. K., 1939, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Public Health Rep. 54:673.
Avila, M. M., Samoilovich, S. R., Laguens, R. P., Merani, M. S., and Weissenbacher, M. C., 1987, Protection of Junin virus infected marmosets by passive administration of immune serum: Association with late neurologic signs, J. Med. Virol. 21:67.
Biquard, H. A., Figini, D. A., Monteverde, M. J., Somoza, S., and Alvarez, F., 1977, Manifestaciones neurologies de la fiebre hemorragica Argentine, Medicina (Buenos Aires) 37:193.
Buckley, S. M., Casals, J., and Downs, W. G., 1970, Isolation and antigenic characterization of Lassa virus, Nature 227:174.
Callis, R. T., Jahrling, P. B., and DePaoli, A., 1982, Pathology of Lassa virus infection in the rhesus monkey, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31:1038.
Casals, J., 1977, Serological reactions with arenaviruses, Medicina (Buenas Aires) 37:59.
Cole, G. A., and Johnson, E. D., 1975, Immune responses to LCM virus infection in vivo and in vitro, Bull. WHO 52:465.
Cole, G. A., Gilden, D. H., Monjan, A. A., and Nathansen, N., 1971, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Pathogenesis of acute central nervous system disease, Fed. Proc. 30:1831.
Cole, G. A., Nathanson, N., and Prendergast, R. A., 1972, Requirement for theta-bearing cells in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced central nervous system disease, Nature 238:335.
Contigiani, M. S., and Sabattini, M. S., 1977, Virulencia diferencial de cepas de virus Junin por marcadores biologicos en ratones y cobayos, Medicine (Buenos Aires) 37:244.
Cossio, P. M., Laguens, R. P., Arana, R. M., Segal, A., and Maiztegui, J. I., 1975, Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of the human kidney in Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Virchows. Arch. 368:1.
Cummins, D., Fisher-Hoch, S. P., Walshe, K. J., Mackie, I. J., McCormick, J. B., Bennett, D., Perez, G., Farrar, B., and Machin, S. J., 1989a, A plasma inhibitor of platelet aggregation in patients with Lassa fever, Br. J. Hematol. 72:543.
Cummins, D., Bennett, D., Fisher-Hoch, S. P., Farrar, B., and McCormick, J. B., 1989b, Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with Lassa fever, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92:1.
Cummins, D., McCormick, J. B., Bennett, D., Samba, J. A., Farrar, B., Machin, S. J., and Fisher-Hoch, S. P., 1990a, Acute sensory neural deafness in Lassa fever, J. AMA 264: 2093.
Cummins, D., Molinas, F. C., Lerer, G., Maiztegui, J. I., Faint, R., and Machin, S. J., 1990, A plasma inhibitor of platelet aggregation in patients with Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 42:470–475.
De Bracco, M. M., Rimoldi, M. T., Cossio, P. M., Rabinovich, A., Maiztegui, J. I., Carballal, G., and Arana, R. M., 1978, Argentine hemorrhagic fever: Alterations of the complement system and anti-Junin virus humoral response, New Engl. J. Med. 299:216.
Deibel, R., Woodall, J. P., Decher, W. J., and Schryver, G. D., 1975, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in man. Serologic evidence of association with pet hamsters, J. AMA 232:501.
Dykewicz, C. A., Dato, V. M., Fisher-Hoch, S. P., Howarth, M. P., Perez-Oronoz, G. I., Ostroff, S. M., Gary, H., Schonberger, L. B., McCormick, J. B., 1992, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis outbreak associated with nude mice in a cancer research institute, J AMA 267:1349–1353.
Eddy, G. A., Scott, S. K., Wagner, F. S., and Brand, O. M., 1975a, Pathogenesis of Machupo virus infection in primates, Bull. WHO 52:517.
Eddy, G. A., Wagner, F. S., Scott, S. K., and Mahlaudt, B. J., 1975b, Protection of monkeys against Machupo virus by the passive administration of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever immunoglobulin (human origin), Bull. WHO 52:723.
Edington, G. M., and White, H. A., 1972, The pathology of Lassa fever, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66:381.
Enria, D., Briggiler, A. M., Fernandez, J. H., Levis, S. C., and Maiztegui, J. I., 1984, Importance of dose of neutralizing antibodies in treatment of Argentine haemorrhagic fever with immune plasma, Lancet 2:255.
Enria, D. A., de Damilano, A. J., Briggiler, A. M., Ambrosio, A. M., Fernandez, N. J., Feuillade, M. R., and Maiztegui, J. I., 1986, Sindrome neurologico tardio en enfermos de fiebre hemorragica Argentina tratados con plasma immune, Medicine (Buenos Aires) 45:615.
Farmer, T. W., and Janeway, C. A., 1942, Infections with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Medicine 21:1.
Fisher-Hoch, S. P., Price, M. J., Craven, R. B., Price, F., Forthal, D. N. F., Sasso, D., Scott, S. M., Elliott, L. E., and McCormick, J. B., 1985, Safe intensive care management of a severe case of Lassa fever using simple barrier nursing techniques, Lancet 2:1227.
Fisher-Hoch, S. P., Mitchell, S. W., Sasso, D. R., Lange, J. V., Ramsey, R., and McCormick, J. B., 1987, Physiologic and immunologic disturbances associated with shock in Lassa fever in a primate model, J. Infect. Dis. 155:465.
Fisher-Hoch, S. P., McCormick, J. B., Sasso, D., and Craven, R. B., 1988, Hematologic dysfunction in Lassa fever, J. Med Virol. 26:127.
Fisher-Hoch, S. P., McCormick, J. B., Auperin, D., Brown, B. G., Castor, M., Perez, G., Ruo, S., Conaty, A., Brammer, L., and Bauer, S., 1989, Protection of rhesus monkeys from fatal Lassa fever by vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the Lassa virus glycoprotein gene, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:317.
Frame, J. D., Baldwin, M. N., Gocke, D. J., and Troup, J. M., 1970, Lassa fever: A new virus disease of man from West Africa. 1. Clinical description and pathological findings, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 19:670.
Frei, K., Leist, T. P., Meager, A., Gallo, P., Leppert, D., Zinkernagel, R. M., and Fontana, A., 1988, Production of a B cell stimulatory factor-2 and interferon gamma in the central nervous system during viral meningitis and encephalitis. Evaluation of a murine model infection and in patients, J. Exp. Med. 168:449.
Gonzalez, P. H., Ponzinibbio, C., and Laguens, R. P., 1987, Effect of polymorphonuclear depletion on experimental Argentine hemorrhagic fever in guinea pigs, J. Med. Virol. 22:289.
Hinman, A. R., Fraser, D. W., Douglas, R. G., Bowen, G. S., Kraus, A. L., Winkler, W. G., and Rhodes, W. W., 1975, Outbreak of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections in medical center personnel, Am. J. Epidemiol. 101:103.
Hirabayashi, Y., Oka, S., Goto, H., Shimada, K., Kurata, T., Fisher-Hoch, S. P., and McCormick, J. B., 1988, An imported case of Lassa fever with late appearance of polyserositis, J. Infect. Dis. 158:872.
Hotchin, J., Kinch, W., and Sikora, E., 1975, Some observations on hamster-derived human infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Bull. WHO 52:561.
Jahrling, P. B., Hesse, R. A., Eddy, G. A., Johnson, K. M., Callis, R. T., and Stephen, E. L., 1980, Lassa virus infection of rhesus monkeys: Pathogenesis and treatment with ribavirin, J. Infect. Dis. 141:580.
Jahrling, P. B., Smith, S., Hesse, R. A., and Rhoderick, J. B., 1982, Pathogenesis of Lassa virus infection in guinea pigs, Infect. Immun. 37:771.
Johnson, K. M., Wiebenga, N. H., Mackenzie, R. B., Juns, M. L., Tauraso, N. M., Shelokov, A., Webb, P. A., Justines, G., and Beye, H. K., 1965, Virus isolations from human cases of hemorrhagic fever in Bolivia, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 118:113.
Johnson, K. M., McCormick, J. B., Webb, P. A., Smith, E., Elliott, L. H., and King, I. J., 1987, Lassa fever in Sierra Leone: Clinical virology in hospitalized patients, J. Infect. Dis. 155:456.
Kastello, M. D., Eddy, G. A., and Kuehne, R. W., 1976, A rhesus monkey model for the study of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, J. Infect. Dis. 133:57.
Kenyon, R. H., Green, D. E., Eddy, G. A., and Peters, C. J., 1986, Treatment of Junin virus-infected guinea pigs with immune serum: Development of late neurological disease, J. Med. Virol. 20:207.
Kenyon, R. H., Green, D. E., Maiztegui, J. I., and Peters, C. J., 1988, Viral strain dependent differences in experimental Argentine hemorrhagic fever (Junin virus) infection of guinea pigs, Intervirology 29:133.
Klavinskis, L. S., and Oldstone, M. B. A., 1989, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus selectively alters differentiated but not housekeeping function: Block in expression of growth hormone gene is at the level of transcriptional initiation, Virology 168:232.
Lange, J. V., Mitchell, S. W., McCormick, J. B., Walker, D. H., Evatt, B. L., and Ramsey, R. R., 1985, Kinetic study of platelets and fibrinogen in Lassa virus-infected monkeys and early pathologic events in Mopeia virus-infected monkeys, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34:999.
Levis, S. C., Saavedra, M. C., Ceccoli, C., Falcoff, E., Feullade, M. R., Enria, D. A. M., Maiztegui, J. I., and Falcoff, R., 1984, Endogenous interferon in Argentine hemorrhagic fever, J. Infect. Dis. 149:428.
Levis, S. C., Saavedra, M. C., Ceccoli, C., Feuillade, M. R., Enria, D. A., Maiztegui, J. I., and Falcoff, R., 1985, Correlation between endogenous interferon and the clinical evolution of patients with Argentine hemorrhagic fever, J. Interferon Res. 5:383.
Lewis, R. M., Cosgriff, T. M., Griffin, B. Y., Rhoderick, J., and Jahrling, P. B., 1988, Immune serum increases arenavirus replication in monocytes, J. Gen. Virol. 69:1375.
Lukashevich, I. S., 1985, Lassa virus lethality for inbred mice, Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 65:207.
MacKenzie, R. B., Beye, H. K., Valverde, C. L., and Garron, H., 1964. Epidemic hemorrhagic fever in Bolivia. 1. A preliminary report of the epidemiologic and clinical findings in a new epidemic area in South America, Am. J. Trop. Med, Hyg. 13:620.
Maiztegui, J. I., 1975, Clinical and epidemiological patterns of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Bull. WHO 52:567.
Maiztegui, J. I., Laguens, R. P., Cossio, P. M., Casanova, M. B., de la Vega, M. T., Ritacco, V., Segal, A., Fernandez, M. J., and Arana, R. M., 1975, Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies in five cases of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, J. Infect. Dis. 132:35.
Maiztegui, J. I., Fernandez, N. H., and Damilano, A. J., 1979, Efficacy of immune plasma in treatment of Argentine hemorrhagic fever and association between treatment and a late neurological syndrome, Lancet 8:1216.
Marker, O., and Volkert, M., 1973, Studies on cell-mediated immunity to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in mice, J. Exp. Med. 137:1511.
McCormick, J. B., 1990, Arenaviridae, in: Virology (B. N. Fields and D. M. Knipe, eds.), pp. 1245–1267, Raven Press, New York.
McCormick, J. B., King, I. J., Webb, P. A., Schribner, C. L., Craven, R. B., Johnson, K. M., Elliott, L. H., and Williams, B. 1986a, Lassa fever: Effective therapy with ribavirin, N. Engl. J. Med. 314:20.
McCormick, J. B., Walker, D., King, I. J., Webb, P. A., Elliott, L. H., Whitfield, S. G., and Johnson, K. M., 1986b, Lassa virus hepatitis: A study of fatal Lassa fever in humans, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 35:401.
McCormick, J. B., Webb, P. A., Krebbs, J. W., Johnson, K. M., and Smith, E. S., 1987a, A prospective study of the epidemiology and ecology of Lassa fever, J. Infect. Dis. 155:437.
McCormick, J. B., King, I. J., Webb, P. A., Johnson, K. M., O’Sullivan, R., Smith, E. S., and Trippel, S., 1987b, Lassa fever: A case-control study of the clinical diagnosis and course, J. Infect. Dis. 155:445.
McKee, K. T., Mahlandt, B. G., Maiztegui, J. E., Eddy, G. A., and Peters, C. J., 1985, Experimental Argentine hemorrhagic fever in rhesus macaques: Virus strain-dependent clinical response, J. Infect. Dis. 152:218.
McLeod, C. G., Stookey, J. C., Eddy, G. A, and Scott, S. K., 1976, Pathology of chronic Bolivian hemorrhagic fever in the rhesus monkey, Am. J. Pathol. 84:211.
Melcon, M. O., and Herskovits, E., 1981, Late neurological complications of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Medicina—Buenos Aires 41:137.
Meyer, Jr., H. M., Johnson, R. T., Crawford, I. P., Dascomb, H. E., and Rogers, N. G., 1960, Central nervous system syndromes of “viral” etiology, Am. J. Med. 29:334.
Molinas, F C., and Maiztegui, J. I., 1981, Factor VIII:C and factor VIII R:Ag in Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Thromb. Haemost. 46:525.
Molinas, F. C., Paz, R. A., Rimoldi, M. T., and de Bracco, M. M. E., 1978, Studies of blood coagulation and pathology in experimental infection of guinea pigs with Junin virus, J. Infect. Dis. 137:740.
Molinas, F. C., Giavedoni, E., Frigerio, M. J., Calello, M. A., Barcat, J. A., and Weissenbacher, M. C., 1983, Alteration of blood coagulation and complement system in neotropical primates infected with Junin virus, J. Med Virol. 12:281.
Monjan, A. A., Bohl, L. S., and Hudgens, G. A., 1975, Neurobiology of LCM virus infection in rodents, Bull. WHO 52:487.
Monson, M. H., Cole, A. D., Frame, J. D., Serwint, J. R., Alexander, S., and Jahrling, P. B., 1987, Pediatric Lassa fever: A review of 33 Liberian cases, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 36:408.
Oldstone, M. B. A., 1987, Immunotherapy for virus infection, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 134:212.
Oldstone, M. B., Rodriguez, M., Daughaday, W. H., and Lampert, P. W., 1984a, Viral perturbation of endocrine function: Disordered cell function leads to disturbed homeostasis and disease, Nature 307:278.
Oldstone, M. B., Southern, P., Rodriguez, M., and Lampert, P., 1984b, Virus persists in beta cells of islets of Langerhans and is associated with chemical manifestations of diabetes, Science 224:1440.
Oldstone, M. B. A., Blount, P., Southern, P. J., and Lampert, P. W., 1986, Cytoimmunotherapy for persistent virus infection: Unique clearance pattern from the central nervous system, Nature 321:239.
Oldstone, M. B. A., Salvato, M. S., and Ahmed, R., 1991, Viruses as therapeutic agents. II. Viral reassortants map prevention of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus to the small RNA of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, J. Exp. Med. 171:2091.
Ormay, I., and Kovacs, P., 1989, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis causing unilateral deafness [in Hungarian], Or. Hetil. 130:789.
Oubina, J. R., Carballal, G., Videla, C. M., and Cossio, P. M., 1984, The guinea pig model for Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33:1251.
Parker, J. C., Igel, H. J., Reynolds, R. K., Lewis, A. M., and Rowe, W. P., 1976, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in fetal, newborn and young adult Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), Infect. Immun. 13:967.
Peters, C. J., Kuehne, R. W., Mercado, R. R., Le Bow, R. H., Spertzel, R. O., and Webb, P. A., 1974, Hemorrhagic fever in Cochabamba, Bolivia, 1971, Am. J. Epidemiol. 99:425.
Peters, C. J., Jahrling, P. B., Liu, C. T., Kenyon, R. H., McKee, K. T., and Barrera Oro, J. G., 1987, Experimental studies of arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 134:5.
Price, M. E., Fisher-Hoch, S. P., Craven, R. B., and McCormick, J. B., 1988, Lassa fever in pregnancy, Br. Med. J. 297:584.
Riviere, Y., Ahmed, R., Southern, P., Buchmeier, M. J., and Oldstone, M. B. A., 1985a, Genetic mapping of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus pathogenicity: Virulence in guinea pigs is associated with the L RNA segment, J. Virol. 55:704.
Riviere, Y., Ahmed, R., Southern, P., and Oldstone, M. B. A., 1985b, Perturbation of differentiated functions during viral infection in vivo. II. Viral reassortants map growth hormone defect to the S RNA of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus genome, Virology 142:175.
Roberts, P. J., Cummins, D., Bainton, A. L., Walshe, K., Fisher-Hoch, S. P., McCormick, J. B., Gribben, J. G., Machin, S. J., and Linch, D. C., 1989, Plasma from patients with severe Lassa fever profoundly modulates f-Met-Leu-Phe-induced superoxide generation in neutrophils, Br. J. Haematol. 73:152.
Rodriguez, M., Buchmeier, M. H., Oldstone, M. B. A., and Lampert, P. W., 1983, Ultra-structural localization of viral antigens in the CNS of mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Am. J. Pathol. 110:95.
Rose, J. R., 1956, A new clinical entity? Lancet 2:197.
Ruggiero, H. R., Cintora, A., Libonatti, E., Magnoni, C., Castiglione, E., and Locisera, R., 1960, Formas nerviosas de la fiebre hemorragica epidemica, Prensa Med. Argent. 47:1845.
Ruggiero, H. R., Parodi, A. S., Ruggiero, H. G., Mettler, N., Boxaca, M., de Guerrero, A. L., Cintora, A., Magnoni, C., Milani, H., Maglio, F., Gonzalez-Cambaceres, C., Astarloa, L., Squassi, G., Fernandez, D., and Giacosa, A., 1964a, Fiebre hemorragica Argentina. I. Periodo de incubacion e invasion, Rev. Asoc. Med. Argent. 78:221.
Ruggiero, H., Cintora, F. A., Magnoni, C., Ruggiero, H., Gonzalez-Cambaceres, C., Maglio, F., Astarloa, L., Squassi, A., and Fernandez, D., 1964b, Fiebre hemorragica Argentina. III. Aparat cardiovascular, Rev. Asoc. Med. Argent. 78:360–371.
Ruggiero, H. R., Cintora, F. A., Magnoni, C., Ruggiero, H., Gonzalez-Cambaceres, C., Maglio, F., Astarloa, L., Squassi, A., and Fernandez, D., 1964c, Fiebre hemorragica Argentina. IV. Formas clinicas, Rev. Asoc. Med. Argent. 78:500.
Sabattini, M. S., de Rios, L. E. G., Diaz, G., and Vega, V. R., 1977, Natural and experimental infection of rodents with Junin virus, Medicina (Buenos Aires) 37:149.
Sangiorgio, P., and Weissenbacher, M. C., 1983, Congenital and perinatal infection with Junin virus in guinea pigs, J. Med Virol. 11:161.
Scott, S. K., Hockman, R. L., Lang, C. M., Eddy, G. A., Hilmas, D. E., and Spertzel, R. W., 1978, Studies of the coagulation system and blood pressure during experimental Bolivian hemorrhagic fever in rhesus monkeys, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27:1232.
Sheinbergas, M. M., 1975, Antibody to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in children with congenital hydrocephalus, Acta Virol. 19:165.
Smadel, J. E., Green, R. H., Paltauf, R. M., and Gonzales, T. A., 1942, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: Two human fatalities following an unusual febrile illness, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 49:683.
Southern, P. J., Blount, P., and Oldstone, M. B. A., 1984, Analysis of persistent virus infections by in situ hybridization to whole-mouse sections, Nature 312:555.
Terrell, T. G., Stookey, J. L., Eddy, G. A., and Kastello, M. D., 1973, Pathology of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever in the rhesus monkey, Am. J. Pathol. 73:477.
Tkachenko, E. A., Dekonenko, E. P., Ivanov, A. P., Korolev, M. B., and Rezapkin, G. V., 1984, Results of a serological examination of amyotropic lateral sclerosis patients, Vopr. Virusol. 29:191.
Traub, E., 1935, A filterable virus recovered from white mice, Science 81:298.
Vanzee, B. E., Douglas Jr., R. G., Betts, R. F., Bauman, A. W., Frazer, D. W., and Hinman, A. R., 1975, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in university hospital personnel: Clinical features, Am. J. Med. 58:803.
Walker, D. H., Wolff, H., Lange, J. V., and Murphy, F. A., 1975, Comparative pathology of Lassa virus infection in monkeys, guinea pigs and Mastomys natalensis, Bull. WHO 52:523.
Walker, D. H., Johnson, K. M., Lange, J. V., Gardner, J. J., Kiley, M. P., and McCormick, J. B., 1982a, Experimental infection of rhesus monkeys with Lassa virus and a closely related arenavirus, Mozambique virus, J. Infect. Dis. 146:360.
Walker, D. H., McCormick, J. B., Johnson, K. M., Webb, P. A., Komba-Kono, G., Elliott, L. H., and Gardner, J. J., 1982b, Pathologic and virologic study of fatal Lassa fever in man, Am. J. Pathol. 107:349.
Warkel, R. L., Rinaldi, D. F., Bancroft, W. H., Cardiff, R. D., Holmes, G. E., and Wilsnack, R. E., 1973, Fatal acute meningoencephalitis due to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Neurology 23:198.
Webb, P. A., Justines, G., and Johnson, K. M., 1975, Infection of wild and laboratory animals with Machupo and Latino viruses, Bull. WHO 52:493.
Weissenbacher, M. C., de Guerrero, L. B., and Boxaca, M. C., 1975, Experimental biology and pathogenesis of Junin virus infection in animals and man, Bull. WHO 52:507–515.
Weissenbacher, M. C., Calello, M. A., Collas, D. J., Golfera, H., and Frigerio, M. H., 1979, Argentine hemorrhagic fever: A primate model, Intervirology 11:363.
Weissenbacher, M. C., Laguens, R. P., and Coto, C. E., 1987, Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 133:79.
Winn, W. C., Monath, T. P., Murphy, F. A., and Whitfield, S. G., 1975, Lassa virus hepatitis: Observations on a fatal case from the 1972 Sierra Leone epidemic, Arch. Pathol. 99:599.
Wulff, H., and Lange, J. V., 1975, Indirect immunofluoresence for the diagnosis of Lassa fever infection, Bull. WHO 52:429.
Wulff, H., McIntosh, B. M., Hamner, D. B., and Johnson, K. M., 1977, Isolation of an arenavirus closely related to Lassa virus from Mastomys natalensis in south-east Africa, Bull. WHO 55:441.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fisher-Hoch, S.P. (1993). Arenavirus Pathophysiology. In: Salvato, M.S. (eds) The Arenaviridae. The Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3028-2_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3028-2_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6320-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-3028-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive