Abstract
This chapter will summarize primarily the use of antidepressants and lithium in children and adolescents. Other antimanic drugs such as carbamazepine, valproate, and clonazepam, which are all used as antiepileptics (anticonvulsants), are also discussed but further details on these drugs will be found in Chapter 12. Here, much of the discussion on the use of antidepressants will focus on their use in mood disorders (for which they were originally introduced) and on extensions of their use to anxiety disorders, attention-deficit disorders, and enuresis.1-7
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Quinn PO, Rapoport JL: One-year follow-up of hyperactive boys treated with imipramine or methylphenidate. Am J Psychiatry 132: 241–245, 1975.
Rapoport JL, Quinn PO, Bradbard G, et al: Imipramine and methylphenidate treatments of hyperactive boys: A double-blind comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 30: 789–793, 1974.
Werry JS, Aman MG, Diamond E: Imipramine and methylphenidate in hyperactive children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 21: 27–35, 1980.
Pliszka SR: Antidepressants in the treatment of child and adolescent psychopathology. J Clin Child Psychol 20: 313–320, 1991.
Pliszka SR: Review article — Tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of children with attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26: 127–132, 1987.
Werry JS, Dowrick PW, Lampen EL, et al: Imipramine in enuresis — Psychological and physiological effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 16: 289–299, 1975.
Blackwell B, Currah J: The psychopharmacology of nocturnal enuresis, in Kolvin I, McKeith RC, Meadows SR (eds): Bladder Control and Enuresis. London, Heinemann, 1973, pp 231–257.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 3 rev. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1987.
Geller B, Cooper TB, Graham DL, et al: Double-blind placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline in depressed adolescents using a “fixed plasma level” design. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 85–90, 1990.
Kashani JH, Sherman DD: Childhood depression: Epidemiology, etiological models, and treatment implications. Integrative Psychiatry 6: 1–21, 1988.
Ryan ND: Heterocyclic antidepressants in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1: 21–31, 1990.
Baldessarini RJ, Cole JO: Chemotherapy, in Nicholi AM (ed): The New Harvard Guide to Psychiatry. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press, 1988, pp 481–533.
Morselli PL: Drug Disposition during Development. Jamaica, NY, Spectrum Publications, 1977.
Jatlow PI: Psychotropic drug disposition during development. In Popper C (ed): Psychiatric Pharmacoscience of Children and Adolescents. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1989, pp 29–44.
Briant RH: An introduction to clinical pharmacology, in Werry JS (ed): Pediatric Psychopharmacology: The Use of Behavior Modifying Drugs in Children. New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1978, pp 3–82.
American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information 91. Bethesda, American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, 1991.
Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, Facts and Comparisons, 1985.
Physicians Desk Reference. Oradell, NJ: Medical Economics Data, 1991.
Geller B, Cooper TB, Schluchter MD, et al: Child and adolescent nortriptyline single dose pharmacokinetic parameters: Final report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7: 321–323, 1987.
Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, et al: A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: I. Efficacy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28: 777–784, 1989.
Geller G, Cooper TB, Chestnut EC, et al: Preliminary data on the relationship between nortriptyline plasma level and response in depressed children. Am J Psychiatry 143: 123–126, 1986.
Gelenberg AJ, Schoonover SC: Depression, in Gelenberg AJ, Bassuk EL, Schoonover SC (eds): The Practitioner’s Guide to Psychoactive Drugs, ed 3. New York, Plenum Press, 1991, pp 23–89.
Preskorn SH, Bupp SJ, Weller EB, et al: Plasma levels of imipramine and metabolites in 68 hospitalized children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28: 373–375, 1989.
Bernstein JG: Handbook of Drug Therapy in Psychiatry, ed 2. Boston, PSG Publishing Co, 1988.
Hollister LE: Antidepressant drugs, in Dukes MNG (ed): Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs, VIII. New York, American Elsevier Publishing, 1975, pp 31–46.
Klein DF, Gittleman R, Quitkin F, et al: Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Adults and Children. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1980.
Klein RG, Koplewicz HS, Kanner A: Imipramine treatment of children with separation anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 21–28, 1992.
Gualtieri CT: Imipramine and children: A review and some speculations about the mechanism of drug action. Dis Nerv Syst 38: 368–375, 1977.
Casat CD, Pleasants DZ, Schroeder DH, et al: Buproprion in children with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 25: 198–201, 1989.
Aman MG: Psychotropic drugs and learning problems — A selective review. J Learn Disabil 13: 87–97,1980.
Preskorn SH, Weller EB, Weller RA, et al: Plasma levels of imipramine and adverse effects in children. Am J Psychiatry 140: 1332–1335, 1983.
Jackson WK, Roose SP, Glassman AH: Cardiovascular toxicity of antidepressant medications. Psychopathology 20: 64–71, 1987.
Biederman J: Sudden death in children treated with a tricyclic antidepressant. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30: 495–498, 1991.
Blackwell B: Adverse effects of antidepressant drugs. Part I: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclics. Drugs 21: 201–219, 1981.
Sovner R, DiMascio A: Extrapyramidal syndromes and other neurological side effects of psychotropic drugs, in Lipton MA, DiMascio A, Killam DF (eds): Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress. New York, Raven Press, 1978, pp 1021–1032.
Petti TA, Law W: Abrupt cessation of high-dose imipramine treatment in children JAMA 246: 768–769, 1981.
Preskorn SH, Weller EB, Hughes CW, et al: Depression in prepubertal children: Dexamethasone non-suppression predicts differential response to imipramine vs placebo. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 128–133, 1987.
Puig-Antich J, Perel JM, Lupatkin W, et al: Imipramine in prepubertal major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 81–89, 1987.
Geller B, Cooper TB, Graham DL, et al: Pharmacokinetically-designed double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline in 6-12 year olds with major depressive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 34–44, 1992.
Puig-Antich J, Perel JM, Lupatkin W, et al: Plasma levels of imipramine (IMI) and desmethylimipramine (DMI), and clinical response in prepubertal major depressive disorder. A preliminary report. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 18: 616–627, 1979.
Petti TH, Conners CK: Changes in behavioral ratings of depressed children treated with imipramine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22: 355–360, 1983.
Kashani JH, Shekim WO, Reid JC: Amitriptyline in children with major depressive disorder: A double-blind crossover pilot study. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 23: 348–351, 1984.
Ryan ND, Puig-Antich J, Cooper T, et al: Imipramine in adolescent major depression: Plasma level and clinical response. Acta Psychiatr Scand 73: 275–288, 1986.
Robbins DR, Alessi NE, Colfer MV: Treatment of adolescents with major depression: Implications of the DST and the melancholic clinical subtype. J Affect Disord 17: 99–104, 1989.
Strober M, Freeman R, Rigali J: The pharmacotherapy of depressive illness in adolescence, I: An open label trial of imipramine. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 80–84, 1990.
Barrickman L, Noyes R, Kuperman S, et al: Treatment of ADHD with fluoxetine: A preliminary trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30: 762–767, 1991.
Riddle MA, Nelson JG, Kleinman CS, et al: Sudden death in children receiving Norpramin: A review of three reported cases and commentary. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30: 104–108, 1991.
Kaplan SL, Breit M, Gauthier B, et al: A comparison of three nocturnal enuresis treatment methods. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28: 282–286, 1989.
Berney T, Kolvin I, Bhate SR, et al: School phobia: A therapeutic trial with clomipramine and shortterm outcome. Br J Psychiatry 138: 110–118, 1981.
Bernstein GA, Garfinkel BD, Borchardt CM: Comparative studies of pharmacotherapy for school refusal. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29: 773–781, 1990.
Flament MF, Rapoport JL, Berg CJ, et al: Clomipramine treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatr 42: 977–983, 1985.
Leonard HL, Swedo SE, Rapoport JL, et al: Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: A double-blind crossover comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 1088–1092, 1989.
DeVeaugh J, Moroz G, Biederman J, et al: Clomipramine in child and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder — A multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 45–49, 1992.
Riddle MA, Hardin MT, King R, et al: Fluoxetine treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette’s and obsessive compulsive disorders: Preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29: 45–48, 1990.
Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Rapoport JL, et al: A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling). N Engl J Med 321: 497–501, 1989.
Weller EB, Weller RA, Carr S: Case study — Imipramine treatment of trichotillomania and coexisting depression in a seven-year-old. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28: 952–953, 1989.
Ponto LB, Perry PJ, Liskow BI, et al: Tricyclic antidepressant and monoamine oxidase inhibitor combination therapy. Am J Hosp Pharm 34: 954–961, 1977.
Briant RH, Reid JL, Dollery CT: Interaction between clonidine and desipramine in man. Br Med J 1: 522–523, 1973.
Mitchel L Jr, Arias L, Oates JA: Antagonism of hypertensive action of guanethidine sulfate by desipramine hydrochloride. JAMA 202: 973–976, 1967.
Gram LF: Effects of perphenazine on imipramine metabolism in man. Psychopharmacol Commun 1: 165–175, 1975.
Perucca E, Richens A: Interactions between phenytoin and imipramine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 4: 485–486, 1977.
Ballinger BR, Presly A, Reid AH: The effects of hypnotics on imipramine treatment. Psychopharmacologia 39: 267–274, 1974.
Wharton RN, Perel JM, Dayton PG, et al: A potential clinical use of methylphenidate with tricyclic antidepressants. Am J Psychiatry 127: 1619–1625, 1971.
Puig-Antich J, Ryan ND, Rabinovich H: Affective disorders in childhood and adolescence, in Wiener J (ed): Diagnosis and Psychopharmacology of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
Baldessarini RJ: Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders, in Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, et al (eds): Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, ed 8. New York, Pergamon Press, 1990, pp 418–422.
Green WH: Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychopharmacology. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1991, pp 134–137.
Akiskal HS: Mood disturbances, in Winokur G, Clayton P (eds): The Medical Basis of Psychiatry. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1986.
Ryan N, Puig-Antich J, Rabinovich H, et al: MAOIs in adolescent major depression unresponsive to tricyclic antidepressants. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27: 755–758, 1988.
Zametkin AJ, Rapoport JL: Noradrenergic hypothesis of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: A critical review, in Meltzer HY (ed): Psychopharmacology: The Third Generation of Progress. New York, Raven Press, 1987.
Zametkin A, Rapoport JL, Murphy DL, et al: Treatment of hyperactive children with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: I. Clinical efficacy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 962–966, 1985.
Weller EB, Weller RA: Mood disorders, in Lewis M (ed): Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 56: 646–664, 1991.
Varanka TM, Weller RA, Weller EB, et al: Lithium treatment of manic episodes with psychotic features in prepubertal children. Am J Psychiatry 145: 1557–1559, 1988.
Weller RA, Weller EB, Tucker SG, et al: Mania in prepubertal children: Has it been underdiagnosed? J Affect Dis 11: 151–154, 1986.
Goodwin FK, Jamison KR: Manic-Depressive Illness. New York, Oxford University Press, 1990.
Carlson GA, Kashani JH: Manic symptoms in a non-referred adolescent population. J Affect Dis 15: 219–226, 1988.
Robins LN, Helzer JR, Weissman MM, et al: Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 949–958, 1984.
Cade JF: Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement. Med J Aust 11: 349–352, 1949.
Prien RF, Caffey EM, Klett CJ: Prophylactic efficacy of lithium carbonate in manic-depressive illness. Report of the Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28: 337–341, 1973.
Rapoport JL, Mikkelsen EJ, Werry JS: Antimanic, antianxiety, hallucinogenic and miscellaneous drugs, in Werry JS (ed): Pediatric Psychopharmacology: The Use of Behavior Modifying Drugs in Children. New York, Brunner/Mazel, 1978, pp 316–355.
Jefferson JW: The use of lithium in childhood and adolescence: An overview. JClin Psychiatry 43: 174–177, 1982.
Schou M: Lithium in psychiatric therapy and prophylaxis. J Psychiatr Res 6: 67–95, 1971.
Jefferson JW, Greist JH, Ackerman DL, et al: Mechanism of action, in Jefferson JW, Greist JH, Ackerman DL, et al (eds): Lithium Encyclopedia for Clinical Practice, ed 2. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1987, pp 436–441.
Carlson GA: Bipolar disorders in children and adolescents, in Garfinkel B, Carlson G, Weller E (eds): Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1990, pp 21–36.
Amdisen A, Carson S: Lithium, in Evans WE, Schentag JJ, Jusko WJ (eds): Applied Pharmacokinetics: Principles of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Spokane, Wash: Applied Therapeutics, 1986, pp 97–100.
Perry PJ, Alexander B, Liskow BI: Antimanic agents, in Perry PJ, Alexander B, Liskow BI (eds): Psychotropic Drug Handbook, ed 5. Cincinnati, Harvey Whitney Books, 1988, pp 85–112.
Appleton WS: Pharmacological treatment for affective disorders, in Appleton WS (ed): Practical Clinical Psychopharmacology, ed 3. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1988, pp 81–150.
Fetner HH, Geller B: Lithium and tricyclic antidepressants. Psychiatr Clin North Am 15: 223–241, 1992.
Platt JE, Campbell M, Green WH, et al: Cognitive effects of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in treatment-resistant aggressive children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 657–662, 1984.
Campbell M, Schulman D, Rapoport J: The current status of lithium therapy in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 14: 717–729, 1978.
Campbell M, Cohen IL, Small AM: Drugs in aggressive behavior. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 21: 107–117, 1982.
Campbell M, Fish B, Korein J, et al: Lithium and chlorpromazine: A controlled crossover study of hyperactive severely disturbed young children. J Autism Child Schizophr 2: 234–263, 1972.
Gram LF, Rafaelson OJ: Lithium treatment of psychotic children and adolescents. Acta Psychiatr Scand 48: 253–260, 1972.
Carlson GA, Rapport MD, Kelly KL, et al: The effect of methylphenidate and lithium on attention and activity level. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 262–270, 1992.
Campbell M, Small AM, Green WH, et al: Behavioral efficacy of haloperidol and lithium carbonate. A comparison in hospitalized aggressive children with conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 650–656, 1984.
Campbell M, Green WH, Deutsch SI: Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 1985.
Deandrea D, Walker N, Nehlmauer M, et al: Dermatological reactions to lithium: A critical review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2: 199–204, 1982.
Jefferson JW: Lithium and tetracycline. Br J Dermatol 107: 370, 1982.
Herskowitz J: Developmental toxicology, in Popper C (ed): Psychiatric Pharmacosciences of Children and Adolescents. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1987.
Birch NJ, Horsman A, Hullin RP: Lithium, bone and body weight studies in long-term treated patients and in the rat. Neuropsychobiology 86–92, 1982.
Wilson WH, Jefferson JW: Thyroid disease, behavior and psychopharmacology. Psychosomatics 26: 481–492,1985.
Vendborg PB, Bech P, Rafaelsen OJ: Lithium treatment and weight gain. Acta Psychiatr Scand 53: 139–147,1976.
Vestergaard P, Amdisen A, Schou M: Clinically significant side effects of lithium treatment: A survey of 237 patients in long-term treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 62: 193–200, 1980.
Kirk L, Baastrup PC, Schou M: Propranolol treatment of lithium-induced tremor. Lancet 2: 106–107, 1973.
Reisberg B, Gershon S: Side effects associated with lithium therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36:879–887,1979.
Joffe RT, Kellner CG, Post RM, et al: Lithium increases in platelet count (letter). N Engl J Med 311: 674–675, 1984.
Wood IK, Parmelee DX, Foreman JW: Lithium-induced nephrotic syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 146: 84–87, 1989.
Khandelwal SK, Varma VK, Marthy RS: Renal function in children receiving long-term lithium prophylaxis. Am J Psychiatry 141: 278–279, 1984.
Strober M, Carlson GA: Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: Clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a 3 to 4-year prospective follow up investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 549–555, 1982.
Akiskal HS, Down SJ, Jordan P, et al: Affective disorders in referred children and younger siblings of manic depressives. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 996–1004, 1985.
Delong R, Aldershof AL: Long-term experience with lithium treatment in childhood: Correlation with clinical diagnosis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26: 389–394, 1987.
Youngerman J, Canino IA: Lithium carbonate use in children and adolescents: A survey of the literature. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 216–224, 1978.
Lena B: Lithium treatment of children and adolescents, in Johnson FN (ed): Handbook of Lithium Therapy. Lancaster, PA, MTP Press, pp 405–413, 1980.
Strober M, Morrel W, Lampert C, et al: Relapse following discontinuation of lithium maintenance therapy in adolescents with bipolar I illness. A naturalistic study. Am J Psychiatry 147: 457–461, 1990.
Werry JS, McClellan JM, Chard L: Childhood and adolescent schizophrenic, bipolar and schizoaffective disorders. A clinical and outcome study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30: 457–465, 1991.
Stewart MA, Beblois CS, Meardon J, et al: Aggressive conduct disorder of children: The clinical picture. J Nerv Ment Dis 16: 604–610, 1980.
Campbell M: Psychopharmacology, in Noshpitz JD (ed): Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York, Basic Books, 1979, vol 3, pp 376–409.
Greenhill L, Rieder R, Werda P, et al: Lithium carbonate in the treatment of hyperactive children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2: 636–640, 1973.
Licamele WL, Goldberg RL: The concurrent use of lithium and methylphenidate in a child. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28: 785–787, 1989.
Ryan N, Meyer VA, Dachille S, et al: Lithium antidepressant augmentation in TCA-refractory depression in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27: 371–376, 1988.
Strober M, Freeman R, Rigali J, et al: The pharmacotherapy of depressive illness in adolescence: II. Effects of lithium augmentation in nonresponders to imipramine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31: 16–20, 1992.
Weller EB, Weller RA, Fristad MA: Lithium dosage guide for prepubertal children: A preliminary report. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 25: 92–95, 1986.
Campbell M, Small AM, Green WM, et al: Lithium and haloperidol in hospitalized aggressive children. Psychopharmacol Bull 1: 125–130, 1982.
Siassi I: Lithium treatment of impulsive behavior in children. J Clin Psychiatry 43: 42–44, 1982.
Persson G: Lithium side effects in relation to dose and to levels of lithium in plasma. Acta Psychiatr Scand 51: 285–288, 1975.
Jefferson JW: Treating affective disorders in the presence of cardiovascular disease. Psychiatr Clin North Am 6: 141–155, 1983.
Lippmann S, Wagemaker H, Tucker D: A practical approach to management of lithium concurrent with hyponatremia, diuretic therapy and/or chronic renal failure. J Clin Psychiatry 42: 304–306, 1981.
Tyrer SP: Lithium in the treatment of mania. J Affect Dis 8: 251–257, 1985.
Jefferson JW: Serum lithium levels and long-term diuretic use. JAMA 241: 1134–1136, 1979.
Shulka S, Godwin CD, Long LE, et al: Lithium-carbamazepine neurotoxicity and risk factors. Am J Psychiatry 141: 1604–1606, 1984.
Perry PJ, Calloway RA, Cook B, et al: Theophylline precipitated alterations in lithium clearance. Acta Psychiatry Scand 69: 528–537, 1984.
Ballenger JC, Post RM: Carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness: A new treatment. Am J Psychiatry 137: 782–790, 1980.
Stromgrew LS, Boiler S: Carbamazepine in treatment and prophylaxis of manic-depressive disorder. Psychiatry Dev 4: 349–367, 1985.
Hsu LK: Lithium-resistant adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 25: 280–283, 1986.
Trimble MR: Anticonvulsants in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1:107–124, 1990.
Levy R, Pitlick WH: Carbamazepine: Interaction with other drugs, in Woodbury DM, Penry JD, Pippenger CE (eds): Antiepileptic Drugs. New York, Raven Press, 1982, pp 497–505.
Livingston S, Pauli L, Berman W: Carbamazepine in epilepsy. Nine year follow-up with special emphasis on untoward reaction. Dis Nerv Syst 35: 103–107, 1974.
Killam FM, Fromm GH: Carbamazepine in the treatment of neuralgia: Use and side effects. Arch Neurol 19: 129–136, 1968.
Rall TW, Schleifer LS: Drugs effective in the therapy of the epilepsies, in Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, et al (eds): The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, ed 8. New York, Pergamon Press, 1990, pp 436–462.
Calabrese J, Delucchi G: Spectrum of efficacy of valproate in 55 patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 47: 431–434, 1990.
McElroy SL, Keck P, Pope HG: Sodium valproate: Its use in primary psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7: 16–24, 1987.
Dreifuss FE, Santilli N, Langer DH, et al: Valproic acid hepatic fatalities: A retrospective review. Neurology 37: 379–385, 1987.
Pope H, McElroy S, Keck P, et al: Valproate in the treatment of acute mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 62–68, 1991.
Janicak PG, Bishes RA: Advances in the treatment of mania and other acute psychotic disorders. Psychiatr Ann 17: 145–149, 1987.
Biederman J: The diagnosis and treatment of adolescent anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 51 (suppl): 20–26, 1990.
Biederman J: Clonazepam in the treatment of prepubertal children with panic-like symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 48: 38–41, 1987.
Moriselli PL, Bianchetti G, Dugas M: Therapeutic drug monitoring of psychotropic drugs in children. Pediatr Pharmacol 3: 149–156, 1983.
deGatta MF, Garcia MJ, Acosta A, et al: Monitoring of serum levels of imipramine and desipramine and individuation of dose in enuretic children. Ther Drug Monit 6: 438–443, 1984.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Viesselman, J.O., Yaylayan, S., Weller, E.B., Weller, R.A. (1993). Antidysthymic Drugs (Antidepressants and Antimanics). In: Werry, J.S., Aman, M.G. (eds) Practitioner’s Guide to Psychoactive Drugs for Children and Adolescents. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2884-5_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2884-5_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-306-44389-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2884-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive