Abstract
Since the late 1960s, Northern Ireland has been a relatively well-researched part of the world. (1986) has noted that at least one bibliography on the Northern Irish conflict contains more than three thousand references. However, the question of the relationship between stress and political violence has not attracted the same level of interest. Indeed, apart from a flurry of activity in the 1970s, largely owing to the efforts of one researcher (Lyons, 1979), relatively little investigation has been carried out in this area. Furthermore, what research has been conducted has employed widely differing approaches. For this reason, the work to be reviewed here will be classified mainly in terms of the data-gathering methods used—primarily official statistics, such as admission and referral rates, clinical studies, and community-based studies. Under each of these headings, the existing research will be divided into two main areas focussing either on adults or on children.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Barker, M., McClean, S. I., McKenna, P. G., Reid, N. G., Strain, J. J., Thompson, K. A., Williamson, A. P., & Wright, M. E. (1988). Diet, lifestyle and health in Northern Ireland: A report to the health promotion research trust. Coleraine, Northern Ireland: Centre for Applied Health Studies, University of Ulster.
Bell, P., Kee, M., Loughrey, G. C., Roddy, R. J., & Curran, P. S. (1988). Post-traumatic stress disorder in Northern Ireland. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 77, 166.
Birleson, P. (1981). The validity of depressive disorder in childhood and the development of a self-rating scale: A research report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22, 73–88.
Blaney, R., & Mackenzie, G. (1980). The prevalence of problem drinking in Northern Ireland: A population study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 9, 159.
Cairns, E. (1987). Caught in crossfire: Children and the Northern Ireland conflict. New York: Syracuse University Press.
Cairns, E., & Wilson, R. (1984). The impact of political violence on mild psychiatric morbidity in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 631.
Cairns, E., & Wilson, R. (1985). Psychiatric aspects of violence in Northern Ireland. Stress Medicine, 1, 193.
Cairns, E., & Wilson, R. (1987). Psychiatric morbidity in Northern Ireland: A community based approach. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Belfast.
Cairns, E., & Wilson, R. (1989). Coping with political violence in Northern Ireland. Social Science and Medicine, 28 (6)}, 621–624.
Cairns, E., Wilson, R., McClelland, R., & Gillespie, K. (1986). The validity of the GHQ in a community sating in Northern Ireland. Unpublished manuscript.
Cairns, R. B., Peterson, G., & Neckerman, H. J. (1988). Suicidal behavior in aggressive adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 17 (4)}, 298–309.
Castaneda, A., McCandless, B. R., & Palermo, P. S. (1956). The children’s form of the manifest anxiety scale. Child Development, 27, 317–325.
Curran, P. S., Finlay, R. J., & McGarry, P. J. (1988). Trends in suicide: N. Ireland 1960-86. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 5, 98–102.
Darby, J. (1986). Intimidation and the control of conflict in Northern Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
Dean, G., Adelstein, A., & Spooner, J. (1976). Suicide and selfpoisoning in Great Britain and Ireland. International Journal of Epidemiology, 5, 145.
Fee, F. (1980). Responses to a behavioral questionnaire of a group of Belfast children. In J. Harbison & J. Harbison (Eds.), A society under stress: Children and young people in Northern Ireland. Somerset, England: Open Books.
Fee, F. (1983). Educational change in Belfast school children 1975-81. In J. Harbison (Ed.), Children of the troubles: Children in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Stranmillis College Learning Resources Unit.
Fraser, M. (1974). Children in conflict. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books.
Fraser, R. M. (1971). The cost of commotion—Analysis of psychiatric sequelae of 1969 Belfast riots. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 257.
Giles, M., & Cairns, E. (1979). Colour naming of violencerelated words in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28 (1)}, 87–88.
Hadden, D. R., McDevitt, D. G. (1974). Environmental stress and thyrotoxicosis. Lancet, ii, 577.
Hadden, W. A., Rutherford, W. H., & Merrett, J. D. (1978). The injuries of terrorist bombing: A study of 1,532 consecutive patients. British Journal of Surgery, 65, 525.
Harbison, J. J. M. (1983). Factors associated with alcohol consumption in Northern Ireland. Unpublished doctor of philosophy thesis, New University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland.
Heskin, K. (1980). Northern Ireland: A psychological analysis. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.
Huppert, F. A., Roth, M., & Gore, M. (1987). Psychosocial factors. In B. D. Cox, M. Blaxter, L. J. Buckle, et al. (Eds.), The health and lifestyle survey. London: Health Promotion Trust.
Kee, M., Bell, P., Loughrey, G. C., Roddy, R. J., & Curran, P. S. (1987). Victims of violence: A demographic and clinical study. Medicine, Science and the Law, 27, 241.
King, D. J., McMeeking, C., & Ebnes, P. C. (1977). Are we as depressed as we think we are? Ulster Medical Journal, 46, 105.
King, D. J., Griffith, K., Reilly, P. M., & Merret, D. J. (1982). Psychotropic drug use in Northern Ireland 1966-80: Prescribing trends, inter-and intra-regional comparisons and relationships to demographic and socioeconomic variables. Psychological Medicine, 12, 819.
King, D. J., Griffith, K., Reilly, P., & Merret, D. J. (1983). Patterns of psychotropic drug prescribing in Northern Ireland. Paper presented at the Conference on Health and Vulnerability in Northern Ireland, Belfast.
Loughrey, G. C., & Curran, P. S. (1987). The psychopathology of civil disorder. In A. M. Dawson & G. M. Besser (Eds.), Recent advances in medicine. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Loughrey, G. C., Bell, P., Kee, M., Roddy, R. J., & Curran, P. S. (1988). Post-traumatic stress disorder and civil violence in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 554–560.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer Publishing.
Lyons, H. A. (1971). Psychiatric sequelae of the Belfast riots. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 265.
Lyons, H. A. (1972). Depressive illness and aggression in Belfast. British Medical Journal, 1, 342.
Lyons, H. A. (1974). Terrorist bombing and the psychological sequelae. Journal of the Irish Medical Association, 67, 15.
Lyons, H. A. (1979). Civil violence—The psychological aspects. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 23, 373.
Lyons, H. A., & Bindall, K. K. (1977). Attempted suicide in Belfast: A continuation of a study in a district general hospital. Irish Medical Journal, 70, 322.
McCauley, R., & Troy, M. (1983). The impact of urban conflict and violence on children referred to a child guidance clinic. In J. Harbison (Ed.), Children of the troubles: Children in Northern Ireland. Belfast: Stranmillis College Learning Resources Unit.
McGee, R., Williams, S., Bradshaw, J., Chapel, J. L., Robins, A., & Silva, P. A. (1985). The Rutter Scale for completion by teachers: Factor structure and relationships with cognitive abilities and family adversity for a sample of New Zealand children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 727–739.
McGrath, A., & Wilson, R. (1985). Factors which influence the prevalence and variation of psychological problems in children in Northern Ireland. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Developmental Section of the British Psychological Society, Belfast.
McKeown, M. (1973). Civil unrest: Secondary school survey. Northern Teacher, 1 (1)}, 39–42.
McWhirter, L. (1983). How “troubled” are children in Northern Ireland compared to children who live outside Northern Ireland? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Psychological Society of Ireland, Athlone.
McWhirter, L. (1984). Is getting caught in a riot more stressful for children than seeing a scary film or moving to a new school? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Northern Ireland Branch of the Psychological Society, Portballintrae.
McWhirter, L. (1987). Psychological impact of violence in Northern Ireland: Recent research findings and issues. In N. Eisenberg & D. Glasgow (Eds.), Recent advances in clinical psychology London: Gower.
Murphy, H. B. M. (1984). Minority status, civil strife and the major disorders: Hospitalization patterns in Northern Ireland. Unpublished manuscript.
O’Malley, P. P. (1972). Attempted suicide before and after the communal violence in Belfast, August 1969: A preliminary study. Journal of the Irish Medical Association, 65, 109.
Orbell, S. D. M. (1988). Living with conflict in Northern Ireland. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Parkes, W. E. (1977). Stress factors in Northern Ireland as seen from a coronary care unit. Practitioner, 138, 409.
Pockgrass, R. M. (1987). Terroristic murder in Northern Ireland: Who is killed and why? Terrorism, 9 (4)}, 342–359.
Poole, M. (1983). The demography of violence. In J. Darby (Ed.), Northern Ireland: The background to the conflict. Belfast: Appletree Press.
Rutter, M. (1967). A child’s behavioral questionnaire for completion by teachers: Preliminary findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 1–11.
Rutter, M., Cox, A., Tupling, C., Berger, M., & Yule, W. (1975). Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas: I. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 520–533.
Vikan, A. (1985). Psychiatric epidemiology in a sample of 1,510 ten-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 55–75.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cairns, E., Wilson, R. (1993). Stress, Coping, and Political Violence in Northern Ireland. In: Wilson, J.P., Raphael, B. (eds) International Handbook of Traumatic Stress Syndromes. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2820-3_30
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6219-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2820-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive