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Reactive Oxygen Species and Antimicrobial Defenses of Invertebrates: A Bivalve Model

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Phylogenetic Perspectives on the Vertebrate Immune System

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 484))

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cytotoxic agents produced by many phagocytic cells in response to membrane perturbations such as receptor-ligand interactions and phagocytosis. These agents are used to defend against infectious diseases by virtue of their antimicrobial properties. The initial ROS generated, the superoxide anion (O2-), is spontaneously or enzymatically converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can give rise to even more toxic products, such as hydroxyl radical (•0H), hypochlorous acid (HOCI), and singlet oxygen (1O2). The ROS are toxic in their own right or may exert increased antimicrobial activity in concert with lysosomal hydrolases and/or reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Phagocyte activation triggers the assembly of a membrane-associated enzyme NADPH oxidase, which produces O from molecular oxygen and NADPH. Over-production of ROS by blood cells can overwhelm antioxidant defenses leading to various manifestations of oxidative stress. Human beings with genetic abnormalities in NADPH oxidase present with recurrent bacterial and fungal infections, granulomatous infiltration of many organs, and early deaths characteristic of chronic granulomatous disease (Bridges, Berendes and Good, 1959).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland, Box 38, Solomons, MD, 20688-0038

    Robert S. Anderson

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  1. Robert S. Anderson
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Gregory Beck  & Manickam Sugumaran  & 

  2. University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Edwin L. Cooper

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Anderson, R.S. (2001). Reactive Oxygen Species and Antimicrobial Defenses of Invertebrates: A Bivalve Model. In: Beck, G., Sugumaran, M., Cooper, E.L. (eds) Phylogenetic Perspectives on the Vertebrate Immune System. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 484. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1291-2_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1291-2_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5481-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1291-2

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