Abstract
Families contribute to criminality in at least three ways: by genetic transmission, through placement in physical and socioeconomic contexts, and by virtue of their child-rearing practices. I discuss each of these, noting some of the difficulties involved in their study and identifying some of the major results of research as well as some of the important issues remaining
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, E. (1997). Violence and the inner-city street code. In J. McCord (Ed.), Violence and childhood in the inner-city (pp. 1–30). New York: Cambridge Press.
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1959). Adolescent aggression. New York: Ronald.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575–582.
Bartelt, D. W. (1993). Housing the “underclass.” In M. B. Katz (Ed.), The “underclass” debate (pp. 118–160). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Bergin, C. A. C., Bergin, D. A., & French, E. (1995). Preschoolers’ prosocial repertoires: Parents’ perspectives. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 10(1), 81–103.
Berkowitz, L., Parke, R. D., Leyens, J. P., West, S., & Sebastian, J. (1978). Experiments on the reactions of juvenile delinquents to filmed violence. In L. A. Hersov & M. Berger (Eds.), Aggression and anti-social behaviour in childhood and adolescence (pp. 59–71). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press.
Bohman, M., Cloninger, C. R., Sigvardsson, S., & von Knorring, A. (1982). Predisposition to petty criminality in Swedish adoptees. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1233–1241.
Braungart, J. M., Plomin, R., Defries, J. C., & Fulker, (1992). Genetic influence on tester-rated infant temperament as assessed by Bayley’s infant behavior record-nonadoptive and adoptive siblings and twins. Developmental Psychology, 28, 40–47.
Brown, E. J., Flanagan, T. J., & McLeod, M. (Eds.). (1984). Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics 1983. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Bryan, J. H., & London, P. (1970). Altruistic behavior by children. Psychological Bulletin, 73, 200–211.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. (1992). Criminal victimization in the United States, 1990. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
Bursik, R. J. (1988). Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects. Criminology, 26, 519–551.
Butterfield, F. (1995). All God’s children. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Cadoret, R., Troughton, E., & O’Gorman, T. W. (1987). Genetic and environmental factors in alcohol abuse and antisocial personality. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 48(1), 1–8.
Cairns, R. B., & Cairns, B. D. (1994). Lifelines and risks: Pathways of youth in our time. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Caplan, M. (1993). Inhibitory influences in development: The case of prosocial behavior. In D. F. Hay & A. Angold (Eds.), Precursors and causes in development and psychopathology (pp. 169–198). Chichester, England: Wiley.
Capron, C., & Duyme, M. (1991). Children’s IQs and SES of biological and adoptive parents in a balanced cross-fostering study. European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology, 77(3), 323–348.
Carey, G. (1994). Genetics and violence. In A. J. Reiss, K. A. Miczek, & J. A. Roth (Eds.), Understanding and preventing violence (Vol. 2, pp. 21–58). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Cernkovich, S. A., & Giordano, P. C. (1987). Family relationships and delinquency. Criminology, 25(2), 295–319.
Christianson, S.-A., & Safer, M. A. (1996). Emotional events and emotions in autobiographical memories. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 218–243). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Crowe, R. R. (1975). An adoptive study of psychopathy: Preliminary results from arrest records and psychiatric hospital records. In R. R. Fieve, D. Rosenthal, & H. Brill (Eds.), Genetic research in psychiatry (pp. 95–103). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cummings, E. M., Hollenbeck, B., Iannotti, R., Radke-Yarrow, M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1986). Early organization of altruism and aggression: Developmental patterns and individual differences. In C. Zahn-Waxler, E. M. Cummings, & R. Iannotti (Eds.), Altruism and aggression: Biological and social origins (pp. 165–188). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Curry, G. D., & Spergel, I. A. (1988). Gang homicide, delinquency, and community. Criminology, 26, 381–405.
Dean, A. L., Malik, M. M., Richards, W., & Stringer, S. A. (1986). Effects of parental maltreatment on children’s conceptions of interpersonal relationships. Developmental Psychology, 22, 617–626.
Dishion, T. J., McCord, J., & Poulin, F. (1999). When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior. American Psychologist, 54, 1–10.
Dodge, K.Q., & Somberg, D. R. (1987). Hostile attributional biases among aggressive boys are exacerbated under conditions of threats to the self. Child Development, 58 213–224.
Eich, E., Rachman, S., & Lopatka, C. (1990). Affect, pain, and autobiographical memory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 174–178.
Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition, and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Menard, S. (1989). Multiple problem youth: Delinquency, substance use and mental health problems. New York: Springer Verlag.
Ensminger, M. E., Kellam, S. G., & Rubin, B. R. (1983). School and family origins of delinquency: Comparisons by sex. In K. T. Van Dusen & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Prospective studies of crime and delinquency (pp. 73–97). Boston: Kluwer-Niojhoff.
Eron, L. D., & Huesmann, L. R. (1984). The relation of prosocial behavior to the development of aggression and psychopathology. Aggressive Behavior, 10(3), 201–211.
Eron, L. D., & Huesmann, L. R. (1986). The role of television in the development of prosocial and antisocial behavior. In D. Olweus, J. Block, & M. R. Yarrow (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior (pp. 285–314). New York: Academic Press.
Eron, L. D., & Slaby, R. G. (1994). Introduction. In L. D. Eron, J. H. Gentry, & P. Schlegel (Eds.), Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence and youth (pp. 1–22). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Eron, L. D., Banta, T. J., Walder, L. O., & Laulicht, J. H. (1961). Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on child-rearing practices and their relation to child aggression. Child Development, 32, 455–472.
Eron, L. D., Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E., Romanoff, R., & Yarmel, P. (1987). Aggression and its correlates over 22 years. In D. H. Crowell, I. M. Evans, & C. R. O’Donnell (Eds.), Childhood aggression and violence: Sources of influence, prevention, and control (pp. 249–262). New York: Plenum Press.
Falconer, D. S. (1960). Introduction to quantitative genetics. New York: Ronald Press.
Farrington, D. P. (1978). The family backgrounds of aggressive youths. In L. A. Hersov & M. Berger (Eds.), Aggression and antisocial behaviour in childhood and adolescence (pp. 73–93). Oxford: Pergamon.
Farrington, D. P. (1986). Stepping stones to adult criminal careers. In D. Olweus, J. Block, & M. Radke-Yarrow (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior (pp. 359–384). New York: Academic Press.
Farrington, D. P. (1987). Implications of biological findings for criminological research. In S. A. Mednick, T. E. Moffitt, & S. A. Stack (Eds.), The causes of crime: New biological approaches (pp. 42–64). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Farrington, D. P. (1988). Social, psychological and biological influences on juvenile delinquency and adult crime. In W. Buikhuisen & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Explaining criminal behaviour: Interdisciplinary approaches (pp. 68–89). New York: E.J. Brill.
Farrington, D. P. (1991). Childhood aggression and adult violence: Early precursors and later life outcomes. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 5–29). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Farrington, D. P., Gundry, G., & West, D. J. (1975). The familial transmission of criminality. Medical Science Law, 15(3), 177–186.
Flanagan, T. J., & Maguire, K. (Eds.) (1992). Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics 1991. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Fletcher, A. C., Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1995). Parental monitoring and peer influences on adolescent substance use. In J. McCord (Ed.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp. 259–271). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Forehand, R., Wells, K. C., & Sturgis, E. T. (1978). Predictors of child noncompliant behavior in the home. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 179.
Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M. A. G., Loeber, R., & Green, S. (1991). History of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with attention-deficit disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 445–451.
Friedrich, L. K., & Stein, A. H. (1973). Aggressive and prosocial television programs and the natural behavior of preschool children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38(4) (Serial No. 151), 1–64.
Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. T. (1950). Unraveling juvenile delinquency. New York: Commonwealth Fund.
Goldsmith, H. H., & Gottesman, I. I. (1981). Origins of variation in behavioral style: A longitudinal study of temperament in young twins. Child Development, 52, 91–103.
Goldstein, J. H., & Arms, R. L. (1971). Effects of observing athletic contests on hostility. Sociometry, 34(1), 83–90.
Goodman, R., & Stevenson, J. (1989). A twin study of hyperactivity. 2. The aetiological role of genes, family relationships and perinatal adversity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 30, 691–710.
Goody, E. (1991). The learning of prosocial behaviour in small-scale egalitarian societies: An anthropological view. In R. A. Hinde & J. Groebel (Eds.), Cooperation and prosocial behaviour (pp. 106–127). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hagan, J., Gillis, A. R., & Simpson, J. (1985). The class structure of gender and delinquency: Toward a power-control theory of common delinquent behavior. American Journal of Sociology, 90, 1151–1178.
Hare, R. D. (1978). Electrodermal and cardiovascular correlates of psychopathy. In R. D. Hare & D. Schalling (Eds.), Psychopathic behavior (pp. 107–143). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Harris, P. L. (1994). The child’s understanding of emotion: Developmental change and the family environment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 35, 3–28.
Hay, D. F. (1994). Prosocial development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 35, 29–71.
Henry, B., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Langley, J., & Silva, P. A. (1994). On the “remembrance of things past”: A longitudinal evaluation of the retrospective method. Psychological Assessment, 6, 92–101.
Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: The Free Press.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Horowitz, R. (1987). Community tolerance of gang violence. Social Problems, 34, 437–450.
Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (1984). Cognitive processes and the persistence of aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 10, 243–251.
Jackson, K. T. (1985). Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States, New York: Oxford University Press.
Jensen, G. F., & Brownfield, D. (1983). Parents and drugs. Criminology, 21(4), 543–555.
Kandel, D. B., Kessler, R. C, & Margulies, R. Z. (1978). Antecedents of adolescent initiation into stages of drug use: A developmental analysis. In D. B. Kandel (Ed.), Longitudinal research on drug use (pp. 73–99). New York: Wiley.
Kellogg, R. T. (1980). Is conscious attention necessary for long-term storage. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 379–390.
Kraemer, G. W., Ebert, M. H., Schmidt, D. E., & McKinney, W. T. (1991). Strangers in a strange land: A psycho-biological study of infant monkeys before and after separation from real or inanimate mothers. Child Development, 62, 548–566.
Larzelere, R. E., & Patterson, G. R. (1990). Parental management: Mediator of the effect of socioeconomic status on early delinquency. Criminology, 28, 301–323.
Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (1988). Unraveling families and delinquency: A reanalysis of the Gluecks’ data. Criminology, 26, 355–380.
Laub, J. H., & Sampson R. J. (1995). The long-term effect of punitive discipline. In J. McCord (Ed.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp. 247–258). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Liska, A. E., & Reed, M. D. (1985, August). Ties to conventional institutions and delinquency: Estimating reciprocal effects. American Sociological Review, 50, 547–560.
Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice (Vol. 7, pp. 29–149). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Maguire, K., & Flanagan, T.J. (Eds.). (1991). Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics 1990. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Matsueda, R. L., & Heimer, K. (1987, December). Race, family structure, and delinquency: A test of differential association and social control theories. American Sociological Review, 52, 826–840.
McCord, J. (1977). A comparative study of two generations of native Americans. In R. F. Meier (Ed.), Theory in criminology: Contemporary views (pp. 83–92).Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
McCord, J. (1986). Instigation and insulation: How families affect antisocial aggression. In J. Block, D. Olweus, & M. R. Yarrow (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior (pp. 343–357). New York: Academic Press.
McCord, J. (1991a). The cycle of crime and socialization practices. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82(1), 211–228.
McCord, J. (1991b). Family relationships, juvenile delinquency, and adult criminality. Criminology, 29, 397–417.
McCord, J. (1991c). Questioning the value of punishment. Social Problems, 38(2), 167–179.
McCord, J. (1994). Family socialization and antisocial behavior: Searching for causal relationships in longitudinal research. In I. G. M. Weitekamp & H.-J. Kerner (Eds.), Cross-national longitudinal research on human development and criminal behavior (pp. 217–227). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.
McCord, J. (1996). Family as crucible for violence. Journal of Family Psychology, 10, 147–152.
McCord, J. (1997a). Placing American urban violence in context. In J. McCord (Ed.), Violence and childhood in the inner-city (pp. 78–115). New York: Cambridge Press.
McCord, J. (1997b). He did it because he wanted to… In W. Osgood (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 1–43). Lincoln, NE.
McCord, J. (1997c). On discipline. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 215–217.
McCord, J., & McCord, W. (1958). The effects of parental role model on criminality. Journal of Social Issues, 14, 66–75.
McCord, J., & McCord, W. (1962). Cultural stereotypes and the validity of interviews for research in child development. Child Development, 32, 171–185.
Mednick, S. A. (1977). A bio-social theory of the learning of law-abiding behavior. In S. A. Mednick & K. O. Christiansen (Eds.), Biosocial bases of criminal behavior (pp. 1–8). New York: Gardner.
Mednick, S. A., Gabrielli, W. F., & Hutchings, B. (1987). Genetic factors in the etiology of criminal behavior. In S. A. Mednick, T. E. Moffitt, & S. A. Stack (Eds.), The causes of crime: New biological approaches (pp. 74–91). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Miller, P. A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324–344.
Moffitt, T. E. (1994). Natural histories of delinquency. In E. G. M. Weitekamp & H.-J. Kerner (Eds.), Cross-national longitudinal research on human development and criminal behavior (pp. 3–61). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.
Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1988). Self-reported delinquency, neuropsychological deficit, and history of attention deficit disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 553–569.
Nisbett, R. E. (1993). Violence and U.S. regional culture. American Psychologist, 48, 441–449.
Osborn, S. G., & West, D. J. (1979). Conviction records of fathers and sons compared. British Journal of Criminology, 19(2), 120–133.
Parpal, M., & Maccoby, E. E. (1985). Maternal responsiveness and subsequent child compliance. Child Development, 56, 1326–1344.
Patterson, G. R. (1982). A social learning approach, Vol. 3: Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia Publishers.
Patterson, G. R., Debaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 329–335.
Pedersen, N. L., Plomin, R., McClearn, G. E., & Friberg, L. (1988). Neuroticism, extraversion, and related traits in adult twins reared apart and reared together. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 950–957.
Reiss, A. J., Jr., & Rhodes, A. L. (1961). Delinquency and class structure. American Sociological Review, 26, 720–732.
Reiss, A. J., Jr., & Roth, J. A. (Eds.). (1993). Understanding and preventing violence. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Rheingold, H., & Emery, G. N. (1986). The nurturant acts of very young children. In D. Olweus, J. Block, & M. Radke-Yarrow (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior (pp. 75–96). New York: Academic Press.
Robins, L. N. (1966). Deviant children grown up. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Rosenhan, D., & White, G. M. (1967). Observation and rehearsal as determinants of prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 424–431.
Rowe, D. C. (1986). Genetic and environmental components of antisocial behavior: A study of 265 twin pairs. Criminology, 24, 513–532.
Rowe, D. C., & Farrington, D. P. (1997). The familial transmission of criminal convictions. Criminology, 35, 177–201.
Rushton, J. P. (1979). Effects of prosocial television and film material on the behavior of viewers. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 321–351). New York: Academic Press.
Rutter, M. (1978). Family, area and school influences in the genesis of conduct disorders. In L. A. Hersov & M. Berger (Eds.), Aggression and anti-social behaviour in childhood and adolescence (pp. 95–113). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Sampson, R. J. (1985). Structural sources of variation in race- and age-specific rates of offending across major U.S. cities. Criminology, 23, 647–673.
Sampson, R. J. (1987). Urban black violence: The effect of male joblessness and family disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 93, 348–382.
Sampson, R. J. (1992) Family management and child development: Insights from social disorganization theory. In J. McCord (Ed.), Facts, frameworks, and forecasts: Advances in criminological theory (Vol. 3, pp. 63–93). New Brunswick: Transaction Press.
Sampson, R. J. & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Sampson, R. J., & Wilson, W. J. (1995). Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. In J. Hagan & R. D. Peterson (Eds.), Crime and inequality (pp. 37–54). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Satterfield, J. H. (1987). Childhood diagnostic and neurophysiological predictors of teenage arrest rates: An eight-year prospective study. In S. A. Mednick, T. E. Moffitt, & S. A. Stack (Eds.), The causes of crime: New biological approaches (pp. 146–167). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Schulsinger, F. (1977). Psychopathy: Heredity and environment. In S. A. Mednick & K. O. Christiansen (Eds.), Biosocial bases of criminal behavior (pp. 109–141). New York: Gardner.
Sherman, L. W., Gartin, P. R., & Buerger, M. E. (1989). Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27(29), 27–55.
Siddle, D. A. T. (1977). Electrodermal activity and psychopathy. In S. A. Mednick & K. O. Christiansen (Eds.), Biosocial bases of criminal behavior (pp. 199–211). New York: Gardner.
Simcha-Fagan, O., & Schwartz, J. E. (1986). Neighborhood and delinquency: An assessment of contextual effects. Criminology, 24, 667–699.
Staub, E. (1979). Positive social behavior and morality: Socialization and development (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press.
Stayton, D. J., Hogan, R., & Ainsworth, M. D. (1971). Infant obedience and maternal behavior: The origins of socialization reconsidered. Child Development, 42, 1057–1069.
Steinberg, L. (1987). Single parents, stepparents, and the susceptibility of adolescents to antisocial peer pressure. Child Development, 58, 269–275.
Sugrue, T. J. (1993). The structures of urban poverty: The reorganization of space and work in three periods of American history. In M. B. Katz (Ed.), The “underclass” debate (pp. 85–117). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Tambs, K., Sundet, J. M., Eaves, L., Solaas, M. H., & Berg, K. (1991). Pedigree analysis of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) scores in monozygotic (MZ) twin families. Behavior Genetics, 21, 369–383.
Thornberry, T. P., Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., Farnworth, M., & Jang, S. J. (1991). Testing interaction theory: An examination of reciprocal causal relationships among family, school, and delinquency. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82, 3–35.
US Department of Justice. (1991). Crime in the United States 1990. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Van Voorhis, P., Cullen, F. T., Mathers, R. A., & Garner, C. C. (1988). The impact of family structure and quality on delinquency: A comparative assessment of structural and functional factors. Criminology, 26, 235–261.
Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1976). Delinquency, pulse rates and early emotional deprivation. The British Journal of Criminology, 16, 245–256.
Webster, M., & Driskell, J. E. (1983). Beauty as status. American Journal of Sociology, 89, 140–165.
Weller, L., & Luchterhand, E. (1983). Family relationships of “problem” and “promising” youth. Adolescence, 18(69), 43–100.
Wells, L. E., & Rankin, J. H. (1988). Direct parental controls and delinquency. Criminology, 26, 263–285.
White, G. M. (1972). Immediate and deferred effects of model observation and guided and unguided rehearsal on donating and stealing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 139–148.
Widom, C. S. (1989). Child abuse, neglect, and violent criminal behavior. Criminology, 27(2), 251–271.
Wilkens, J. L., Scharff, W. H., & Schlottman, R. S. (1974). Personality type, reports of violence and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 243–247.
Wilson, W. J. (1991, February). Studying inner-city social dislocations: The challenge of public agenda research—1990 presidential address. American Sociological Review, 56, 1–14.
Winograd, E. (1994). The authenticity and utility of memories. In R. Fivush (Ed.), The remembering self: Construction and accuracy in the self-narrative (pp. 243–252). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Wolfgang, M. E., Figlio, R. M., & Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Yarrow, M. R., Campbell, J. D., & Burton, R. V. (1970). Recollections of childhood: A study of the retrospective method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 35(1), 1–83.
Yarrow, M. R., Scott, P. M., & Waxier, C. Z. (1973). Learning concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 8(2), 240–260.
Zahn-Waxler, C, & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1982). The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior (pp. 109–137). New York: Academic Press.
Zahn-Waxler, C, Radke-Yarrow, M., & King, R. A. (1979). Child-rearing and children’s pro-social initiations toward victims of distress. Child Development, 50, 319–330.
Zahn-Waxler, C, Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Pyle, C. (1988, April). The early development of prosocial behavior. Presented at the ICIS meetings, Washington, DC.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McCord, J. (2001). Forging Criminals in the Family. In: White, S.O. (eds) Handbook of Youth and Justice. The Plenum Series in Crime and Justice. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1289-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1289-9_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5480-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1289-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive