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Cytokines and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders

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Cytokines and Mental Health

Part of the book series: Neurobiological Foundation of Aberrant Behaviors ((NFAB,volume 7))

Abstract

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is unique among psychiatric syndromes in that a state of threatened homeostasis, or stress, is a known direct precipitant for the disorder. Thus, an essential diagnostic criterion for PTSD is exposure to an environmental traumatic event or stressor, during which the individual subjectively experiences extreme fear for self or someone else, feels helplessness and often a sense of horror, emotions that initiate a strong and prolonged psychophysiologic response. Although predisposing vulnerabilities are likely (1–3) the inability to fully re-establish pre-stress homeostasis and the subsequent post-stress maladaptive accommodation result in PTSD. The symptoms of PTSD, once established, often persist for years. The post-trauma emotional changes include persistent re-experiencing of the adverse event through intrusive thoughts and nightmares, emotional numbing, avoidance of stimuli that might be a reminder of the event, memory and cognitive difficulties, as well as a state of increased arousal experienced as difficulty sleeping, irritability, increased startle and hypervigilence. The disorder is associated with well-documented physiologic abnormalities in the major stress response systems, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (4–6) as well as other brain systems (7) for review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Dewleen G. Baker, Thomas D. Geracioti Jr. & John W. Kasckow

  2. Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Emmanouil Zoumakis & George P. Chrousos

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  1. Dewleen G. Baker
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  2. Thomas D. Geracioti Jr.
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  1. University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, USA

    Ziad Kronfol

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Baker, D.G., Geracioti, T.D., Kasckow, J.W., Zoumakis, E., Chrousos, G.P. (2003). Cytokines and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders. In: Kronfol, Z. (eds) Cytokines and Mental Health. Neurobiological Foundation of Aberrant Behaviors, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0323-1_14

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