Skip to main content

Abstract

The distinctive flavors of beer, wine, and distilled or fortified alcoholic beverages are affected by many variables: raw material, flavor additives, and processing steps, which include fermentation, distillation, and subsequent aging. In this chapter on the flavor chemistry of alcoholic beverages, the most important contributions of raw material, processing, and aging are surveyed for beer, wine, and distilled spirits.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott, N.A., Coombe, B.G. & Williams, P.J. (1991). The contribution of hydrolyzed flavor precursors to quality differences in Shiraz juice and wines: an investigation by sensory descriptive analysis. Am J Enol Vitic 42, 167-174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aiken, J.W. & Noble, A.C. (1984). Comparison of the aromas of oak and glass-aged wines. Am J Enol Vitic 35, 196-199.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, M.S., Lacey, M.J., Harris, R.L. & Brown, W.V. (1991). Contribution of methoxypyrazines to Sauvignon blanc wine aroma. Am J Enol Vitic 42(2), 109-112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonelli, A., Castellari, L., Zambonelli, C. & Carnacini, A. (1999). Yeast influence on volatile composition of wines. J Agric Food Chem 47, 1139-1144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, R.A. & Bledsoe, A.M. (1990). The effect of various leaf removal treatments on the aroma and flavor of Sauvignon blanc wine.Am J Enol Vitic41, 74-76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aryan, A.P., Wilson, B., Strauss, C.R. & Williams, P.J. (1987). The properties of glycosidases of Vitis vinifera and a comparison of their -glucosidase activity with that of exogenous enzymes: an assessment of possible applications in enology. Am J Enol Vitic38, 182-188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayonove, C., Cordonnier, R., & Dubois, P. (1975). Etude d’une fraction caracteristique de l’arome du raisin de la variété Cabernet Sauvignon; mise en evidence de la 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine. C R Acad Sci, Series D281,75-78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, A., Smirou-Bonnamour, C. & Lonvaud-Funel, A. (1984). Aroma compounds formed in malolactic fermentation. In Flavor Research of Alcoholic Beverages, pp. 39-49. Edited by L. Nykanen & P. Lehtonen. Helsinki: Foundation for Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bisson, L.F., Noble, A.C. & Kunkee, R.E. (1990). Sensory effects and fermentation differences of 11 commercial wine yeasts in Chenin blanc wines. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Enology and Viticulture (Los Angeles).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, R.M. (1991). Wine evaporation from barrels. Pract Winery Vineyard Jan./Feb., 20-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchilloux, P., Darriet, P., Henry, R., Lavigne-Cruege, V & Dubourdieu, D. (1998). Identification of volatile and powerful odorous thiols in Bordeaux red wine varieties. J Agric Food Chem46, 3095-3099.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buttery, R.G., Seifert, R.M., Guadagni, D.G. & Ling, L.C. (1969). Characterization of some volatile constituents of bell peppers. J Agric Food Chem17, 1322-1327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatonnet, P., Dubourdieu, D. & Boidron, J.-N. (1991). Effects of fermentation and maturation in oak barrels on the composition and quality of white wines. Aust N Z Wine Ind J6,13-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatonnet, P., Dubourdieu, D., Boidron, J.-N. & Pons, M. (1992a). The origin of ethylphenols in wines. J Sci Food Agric 60, 165-178.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatonnet, P., Lavigne, V., Boidron, J. & Dubourdieu, D. (1992b). Identification et dosage de sulfures volatils lourds dans les vins par Chromatographie en phase caseuse et Photometrie de flamme. Sci Aliments12, 513-532.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatonnet, P., Dubourdieu, D., Boidron, J.N. & Lavigne, V (1993). Synthesis of volatile phenols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in wines. J Sci Food Agric 62, 191-202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clutton, D. (1979). The production of gin and vodka. Brewers ’ Guardian Oct., 20-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clyne, J., Conner, J.M., Paterson, A. & Piggott, J.R. (1993). The effect of cask charring on Scotch whiskey maturation. Int J Food Sci Technol 28, 69-81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conner, J.M., Paterson, A., & Piggot, J.R. (1994). Agglomeration of ethyl esters in model spirit solutions and malt whiskies. J Sci Food Agric 66, 45-53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutzach, I., Chatonnet, P., Henry, R., & Dubourdieu, D. (1997). Identification of volatile compounds with a “toasty” aroma in heated oak used in barrelmaking. J Agric Food Chem45, 2217-2224.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darriet, P., Tominaga, T., Demole, E. & Dubourdieu, E. (1993). Evidence of the presence of a 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one precursor in Vitis-vinifera Sauvignon blanc grape variety. C R Acad Sci Series III-Vie 306(15), 1332-1335.

    Google Scholar 

  • de la Presa Owens, C., Schlich, P., Davies, H.D. & Noble, A.C. (1998). Effect of secondary fermentation of aroma of four V vinifera varieties. Am J Enol Vitic49, 289-294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delcroix, A., Gunata, Z., Sapis, J.C., Salmon, J.M. & Bayonove, C. (1994). Glycosidase activities of 3 enological yeast strains during winemaking-effect on the terpenol content of Muscat wine. Am J Enol Vitic45, 291-296.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Rijke, R. & ter Heide, R. (1983). Flavor compounds in rum, cognac and whiskey. In Flavor of Distilled Beverages: Origin and Development, pp. 192-202. Edited by J. R. Piggott. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich, C., Beuerle, T., Withopf, B., Schreier, P., Brunerie, P., Bicchi, C.&Schwab, W. (1997). Absolute configuration and conformation of 1,2 dioxanes from cider. J Agric Food Chem 45, 3178-3182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dimitriadis, E. & Williams, P.J. (1984). The development and use of a rapid analytical technique for estimation of free and potentially volatile monoterpene flavorants of grapes. Am J Enol Vitit 35, 66-67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dürr, P. & Tanner, H. (1983). Fruit flavors and their relevance to the flavor of the final distilled beverage. In Flavor of Distilled Beverages: Origin and Development, pp. 9-32. Edited by J. R. Piggott. Chichester, UK : Ellis Horwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, T., Singleton, V.L. & Boulton, R.B. (1985). Formation of ethyl esters during wine aging: chemical and sensory effects. Am J Enol Vitic36, 118-124.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott-Fisk, D.L. & Noble, A.C. (1991). Diversity of soils and environments in Napa Valley, California, and their influence on Cabernet Sauvignon wine flavors. In Viticulture in Geographic Perspective, AAG Symposium (Miami), pp. 45-71. Edited by H. de Bligh. Coral Gables, FL: Miami Geographical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engan, S. (1981). Beer composition: volatile substances. In Brewing Science, pp. 93-167. Edited by J.R.A. Pollock. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eschenbruch, R. (1978). Sulphite and sulphide formation by wine yeasts. Paper presented at the 5th International Oenology Symposium (Auckland, New Zealand).

    Google Scholar 

  • Falque, E. & Fernandez, E. (1999). Vinification effects in white wine flavor composition. Deutsch Lebensm-Rundsch 95(3), 107-110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, U., Roth, D. & Christmann, M. (1999). The impact of geographic origin, vintage and wine estate on sensory properties of Vitis vinifera cv. Riesling. Food Qual Pref10,281-288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, I.L., Sefton, M.A. & Williams, P.J. (1992a). A study by sensory descriptive analysis of the effects of oak origin, seasoning, and heating on the aromas of oak model wine extracts. Am J Enol Vitic 43, 23-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis, L., Sefton, M.A. & Williams, P. J. (1992b). Sensory descriptive analysis of the aroma of hydrolyzed precursor fractions from Semillon, Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc grape juices. J Sci Food Agric 59, 511-520.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, I.L. Noble, A.C.& Williams, P.J. (1996) The sensory properties of glycosidic flavour precursors from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes. In Maintaining the Competitive Edge: Proceedings of the Ninth Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference; 16-19 July 1995, pp. 87-89. Edited by C.S. Stockley, A.N. Sas, R.S. Johnstone, T.H. Lee. Adelaide, SA: Winetitles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilliland, R.B. (1981). Brewing yeast. In Brewing Science, pp. 1-60. Edited by J.R.A. Pollock. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, H.J. (1977).Grossman’s Guide to Wines, Beers and Spirits, 6th edn. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guinard, J.-X. (1990). Lambic (Classic Beer Style Series, 3). Boulder, CO: Brewers Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guinard, J.-X. & Cliff, M.A. (1987). Descriptive analysis of Pinot noir wines from Carneros, Napa, and Sonoma. Am J Enol Vitic 38, 211-215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guth, H. (1997a). Identification of character impact odorants of different white wine varieties. J Agric Food Chem45, 3022-3026.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guth, H. (1997b). Quantitation and sensory studies of character impact odorants of different white wine varieties. J Agric Food Chem 45, 3027-3032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guymon, J.F. (1972). Higher alcohols in beverage brandy. Wines Vines 53(1), 37-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guymon, J.F. (1974). Chemical aspects of distilling wines into brandy. In Chemistry of Winemaking, pp. 232-253. Edited by A.D. Webb. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guymon, J.F. & Crowell, E.A. (1972). G.C.-separated brandy components derived from French and American oaks. Am J Enol Vitic23(3), 114-120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R.L., Lacey, M.J., Brown, W.V. & Allen, M.S. (1987). Determination of 2-methoxy-3-alkoxypyrazines in wine by GC/MS. Vitis26, 201-207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, N. (1981). Flavor stability of packaged beers. In Brewing Science, pp. 348-407. Edited by J.R.A. Pollock. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, N. & Eshima, T. (1977). Composition and pathway of formation of stale aldehydes in bottled beer. Rep Res Lab Kirin Brew Co20, 1-12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, H., Boulton, R.B., & Noble, A.C. (1986). Analysis of methoxypyrazines in wines. 1. Development of a quantitative procedure. J Agric Food Chem34, 268-271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heymann, H. & Noble, A.C. (1987). Descriptive analysis of commercial Cabernet Sauvignon wines from California. Am J Enol Vitic38(1), 41-44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hough, J.S., Briggs, D.E., Stevens, R. & Young, T.W. (1982). Malting and Brewing Science, 2nd edn, vol. 2. New York: Chapman & Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howie, D. & Swan, J.S. (1984). Compounds influencing peatiness in Scotch malt whiskey flavor. Biotechnol Industr Ferment Res3, 279-290.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jindra, J.A. & Gallander, J.F. (1987). Effect of American and French oak barrels on the phenolic and sensory quality of Seyval blanc wines. Am J Enol Vitic38, 133-142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Killian, E. & Ough, C.S. (1979). Fermentation esters. Formation and retention as affected by fermentation temperature. Am J Enol Vitic 30, 301-305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinser, G. & Schreier, P. (1980). The influence of different pressing systems on the composition of volatile constituents in unfermented grape musts and wines. Am J Enol Vitic 31,7-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotseridis, Y., Baumes, R.L. &Skouroumounis, G.K. (1999). Quantitative determination of free and hydrolytically liberated beta-damascenone in red grapes and wines using a stable isotope dilution assay. J Chromatogr A 849, 245-255.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, M.J., Allen, M.S., Harris, R.L. &Brown, W.V. (1991). Methoxypyrazines in Sauvignon blanc grapes and wines. Am J Enol Vitic 42(2), 103-108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaFollette, G. (1990). Influence of extended yeast lees contact on Chardonnay wines. M.S. Thesis, University of California, Davis, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaVigne-Cruége, V., Henry, R. &Dubourdieu, D. (1998). Identification de composés soufrés responsables du caractére grillé des vins. Sci Aliment 18, 175-191.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBrun, L. (1991). Used barrels and resulting aromas. Aust Grapegrower Winemaker 331, 21-22.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeRoy, M., Charpentier, M., Duteurtre, B., Feuillat, M. &Charpentier, C. (1990). Yeast autolysis during champagne aging. Am Soc Enol Vitic 41, 21-28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, T.P. (1974). Irish whiskey. Brewer Dec., 634-637.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maarse, H. & Van den Berg, F. (1994). Flavor of distilled beverages. In Understanding Natural Flavours, pp. 243-265. Edited by J.R. Piggot & A. Peterson. Glasgow: Blackie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maga, J.A. (1989). Contribution of wood to the flavor of alcoholic beverages. Food Rev Int 5(1), 39-99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marais, J., van Wyk, C.J. &Rapp, A. (1992a). Effect of storage time, temperature and region on the levels of 1,1,6-trimethyl-l,2-dihydronapthalene and other volatiles, and on quality of Weisser Riesling wines. S Agr J Enol Vitic 13,33-44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marais, J., van Wyk, C.J. &Rapp, A. (1992b). Effect of sunlight and shade on norisoprenoid levels in maturing Weisser Riesling and Chenin blanc grapes and Weisser Riesling wines. S Afr J Enol Vitic 13, 23-32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martineau, B. & Henick-Kling, T. (1995). Formation and degradation of diacetyl in wine during alcoholic fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain EC11 and malolactic fermentation with Leuconostoc oenos strain MCW Am J Enol Vitic 46, 442-448.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mateo, J., Jimenez, M., Herta, T. & Pastor, A. (1992). Comparison of volatiles produced by four Saccharomyceres cerevisiae strains isolated from Monastrell musts. Am J Enol Vitic 43, 206-209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meilgaard, M.C. & Peppard, T.L. (1986). The flavor of beer. In Food Flavors. Part B. The Flavor of Beverages, pp. 99-170. Edited by I.D. Morton & A.J. Macleod. New York: Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moio, L. & Etievant, P.X. (1995). Ethyl anthranilate, ethyl cinnamate, 2,3-dihydrocinnamate and methyl anthranilate: four important odorants identified in Pinot noir wines of Burgundy. Am J Enol Vitic 46, 392-398.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, J.C. & Noble, A.C. (1990). Effects of leaf and cluster shading on the composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and on fruit and wine sensory properties. Am J Enol Vitic 41, 193-200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosedale, J.R. & Puech, J.L. (1998). Wood maturation of distilled beverages. Trends Food Sci Technol 9, 95-101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura, K.M., Onishi, M., Masuda, K., Koga, R. & Matsuyama. R. (1983). Reactions of wood components during maturation. In Flavor of Distilled Beverages: Origin and Development, pp. 241-255. Edited by J.R. Piggot. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, A.C. (1984). Descriptive analysis and quality rating of 1976 wines from four Bordeaux communes. J Sci Food Agric 35(1), 88-98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noble, A.C. (1998). Why do wines taste bitter and feel astringent? In Flavor Chemistry of Wine, pp. 156-165. Edited by S. Ebeler & A.L. Waterhouse. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, A.C., Elliott-Fisk, D.L. & Allen, M.S. (1995). Vegetative flavor and methoxy pyrazines in Cabernet Sauvignon. In Fruit Flavors: Biogenesis, Characterization and Authentication, pp. 226-234. Edited by R.L. Rouseff & M.M. Leahy, Washington. DC: American Chemical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, A.C., Flath, R.A. & Forrey, R. (1980). Wine head-space analysis. Reproducibility and application to varietal classification. J Agr Food Chem 28, 346-353.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noble, A.C. & Shannon, M. (1987). Profiling Zinfandel wines by sensory and chemical analyses. Am J Enol Vitic 38, 1-5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noble, A.C., Strauss, C.R., Williams, P.J. & Wilson, B. (1987). Sensory evaluation of non-volatile flavour precursors in wine. In Flavour Science and Technology, pp. 383-391. Edited by M. Martens, G.A. Dalen & H. Russ-wurm, Jr. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nykänen, L. (1986). Formation and occurrence of flavor compounds in wine and distilled alcoholic beverages. Am J Enol Vitic 37(1), 84-96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nykänen, L. & Nykänen, I. (1983). Rum flavor. In Flavor of Distilled Beverages: Origin and Development, pp. 49-63. Edited by J.R. Piggott. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nykänen, L. & Suomalainen, H. (1983). Formation of aroma compounds by yeast. In Aroma of Beer, Wine and Distilled Alcoholic Beverages, pp. 3-16. Edited by L. Nykänen & H. Suomalainen. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohkubo, T., Noble, A.C. & Ough, C.S. (1987). Evaluation of California Chardonnay wines by sensory and chemical analyses. Sci Aliments 7(4), 573-587.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, P.K.C &Acree, T.E. (1999). Similarities in the aroma chemistry of Gewurztraminer variety wines and lychee (Litchi chinesis Sonn) fruit. J Agric Food Chem 47, 665-670.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S.K., Boulton, R.B., Bartra, E. & Noble, A.C. (1994). Incidence of volatile sulfur compounds in Californian wines. A preliminary survey. Am J Enol Vitic 45, 341-344.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S.K., Morrison, J.C., Adams, D.O. & Noble, A.C. (1991). Distribution of free and glycosidically bound monoterpenes in skin and mesocarp of Muscat of Alexandria grapes during development. J Agric Food Chem 39, 514-518.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S.K. & Noble, A.C. (1993). Monoterpenes and monoterpene glycosides in wine aromas. In Beer and Wine Production Analysis, Characterization and Technological Advances, pp. 98-109. Edited by B.H. Gump. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, A. & Piggott, J.R. (1989). The contribution of the process to flavor in Scotch malt whiskey. In Distilled Beverage Flavor. Recent Developments, pp. 151-170. Edited by J.R. Piggott & A. Paterson. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peleg, H., Gacon, K., Schlich, P. & Noble, A.C. (1999). Bitterness and astringency of flavan-3-ol monomers, dimers and trimers. J Sci Food Agric 79, 1123-1128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philp, H.M. (1986). Scotch whiskey flavor development during maturation. Paper presented at the 2nd Aviemore Conference on Malting, Brewing and Distilling (Aviemore, Inverness-Shire).

    Google Scholar 

  • Piggott, J.R., Conner, J.M., Clyne, J. & Paterson, A. (1992). Influence of non-volatile constituents on the extraction of ethyl esters from brandies. J Sci Food Agric 59, 477-482.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piggott, J.R., Conner, J.M., Paterson, A. & Clyne, J. (1993). Effects of Scotch whiskey composition and flavor of maturation in oak casks with varying histories. Int J Food Sci Technol 28, 303-318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pontallier, P., Salagöity-Auguste, M. & Ribereau-Gayon, P. (1982). Intervention du bois de chêne dans l’évolution des vins rouges élevés en barriques. Connaiss Vigne Vin 16, 45-61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Postel, W. & Adam, L. (1989). Fruit distillate flavors. In Distilled Beverage Flavor. Recent Developments, pp. 133-147. Edited by J. R. Piggott & A. Paterson. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Postel, W. & Ziegler, L. (1991). Influence of the duration of yeast contact and of the manufacturing process on the composition and quality of sparkling wines. I. General constituents. Wien-Wissenshaft 46, 21-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramey, D. & Ough, C.S. (1980). Volatile ester hydrolysis or formation during storage of model solutions and wines. J Agr Food Chem 28, 928-934.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rankine, B.C. (1963). Nature, origin and prevention of hydrogen sulphide aroma in wines. J Sci Food Agric 14, 79-91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapp, A. & Mandery, H. (1986). Wine aroma. Experientia 42, 873-884.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Razungles, A.J., Baumes, R.L., Dufour, C., Sznaper, C.N. & Bayonove, C.L. (1998). Effect of sun exposure on carotenoids and C-13-norisoprenoid glycosides in Syrah berries (Vitis vinifera L.). Sci Aliments 18, 361-373.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reazin, G.H. (1981). Chemical mechanisms of whiskey maturation. Am J Enol Vitic 32(4), 283-289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, A.G. & Wardle, D.A. (1992). Influence of fruit microclimate on monoterpene levels of Gewürztraminer. Am J Enol Vitic 40, 149-154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robichaud, J.L. & Noble, A.C. (1990). Astringency and bitterness of selected phenolics in wine. J Sci Food Agric 53, 343-353.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romano, P. (1990). La vinificazione con lieviti non producenti H2S: aspetti positivi e negativi. Vitivinicoltura 31, 27-34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romano, P., Monteleone, E., Paraggio, M., Marchese, R., Caporale, G. & Carlucci, A. (1998). A methodological approach to the selection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strains. Food Technol Biotechnol 36, 69-74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romano, P., Soli, M., Suzzi, G. & Zambonelli, C. (1988). Physiological characteristics of single spore cultures of wine yeast for industrial purposes. Ann Microbiol 38, 123-129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosculet, G. (1971). Aroma and flavor of beer. Part II. The origin and nature of less volatile and non-volatile components of beer. Brew Digest June, 68-98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rous, C. & Alderson, B. (1983). Phenolic extraction curves for white wines aged in French and American oak barrels. Am J Enol Vitic 34, 211-215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreier, P. (1979). Flavor composition of wines: a review. CRC Critical Rev Food Sci Nutrit 12,59-111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schutz, M.A. & Kunkee, R.E. (1977). Formation of hydrogen sulfide from elemental sulfur during fermentation by wine yeast. Am J Enol Vitic 28, 137-144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sefton, M.A., Skouroumounis, G.K., Massy-Westropp, R.A. & Williams, P.J. (1989a). Norisoprenoids in Vitis vinifera wine grapes and the identification of a precursor of damascenone in these fruits.Aust J Chem 32, 2071-2084.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sefton, M.A., Francis, I.L. & Williams, P.J. (1989b). Volatile flavor components of oakwood. Paper presented at Seventh Australian Wine Industry Technical Conference (Adelaide).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sefton, M.A., Francis, I.L., Pocock, K.F. & Williams, P.J. (1993a). The influence of natural seasoning on the concentrations of eugenol, vanillin, and c/s-beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone and trans-beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone extracted from French and American oakwood. Sci Aliments 13,629-643.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sefton, M.A., Francis, I.L. & Williams P.J. (1993b). Volatile composition of Chardonnay juices. A study by precursor analysis. Am J Enol Viticult 44, 359-370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sefton, M.A., Francis, I.L. & Williams, P.J. (1994). Free and bound volatile secondary metabolites of Vitis vinifera grape cv Sauvignon-blanc. J Food Sci 59, 142-147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoseyov, O., Bravdo, B.A., Siegel, D., Goldman, A., Cohen, S., Shoseyov, L. & Ikan, R. (1990). Immobilized endoaglucosidase enriches flavor of wine and passion fruit juice. J Agric Food Chem 38, 1387-1390.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shure, K.B. & Acree, T.E. (1994). Changes in the odoractive compounds in Vitis labruscana cv concord during growth and development. J Agric Food Chem 42, 350-353.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, A.C. (1968). Manufacture of Scotch malt whiskey. Process Biochem Jan., 9-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, A.C. (1971). Manufacture of brandy. Process Biochem Feb., 25-27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, A.C. (1977). Gin and vodka. In Alcoholic Beverages, pp. 537-594. Edited by A.H. Rose. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, R. (1978). Aroma and compositional changes in wine with oxidation, storage and aging. Vitis 17, 274-287.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, R. (1979). Aroma composition of bottled aged white wine. Vitis 18, 148-154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton, V.L. (1974). Some aspects of the wooden container as a factor in wine maturation. In Chemistry of Winemaking, pp. 254-277. Edited by A.D. Webb. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton, V.L. (1987). Oxygen with phenols and related reactions in musts, wines, and model systems: observations and practical implications. Am J Enol Viticult 38, 69-77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton, V.L. & Noble, A.C. (1976). Wine flavor and phenolic substances. In Phenolic, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Compounds in Food Flavors,pp. 47-70. Edited by G. Chara-lambous. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton, V.L., Trousdale, E. & Zaya, J. (1979). Oxidation of wines. I. Young white wines periodically exposed to air. Am J Enol Vitic 30, 49-54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, C.R. & Williams, P.J. (1983). The effect of distillation on grape flavor components. In Flavor of Distilled Beverages: Origin and Development, pp. 120-133. Edited by J.R. Piggott. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, CR., Wilson, B., Gooley, P.R. & Williams, P.J. (1986). Role of monoterpenes in grape and wine flavor. In Biogeneration of Aromas, pp. 222-242. Edited by T. Parliament & R. Croteau. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, C.R., Wilson, B., Anderson, R. & Williams, P.J. (1987). Development of precursors of C13 norisoprenoid flavorants in Riesling grapes. Am J Enol Vitic 38, 23-27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suomalainen, H. & Lehtonen, M. (1979). The production of aroma compounds by yeast. J Inst Brew 85, 149-156.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suomalainen, H. & Lehtonen, M. (1980). Ursprung des Aroma in alkoholischen Getränken. Nahrung 24, 49-61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swan, J.S. (1993). What’s best for barrels: air or kiln-drying? Pract Winery Vineyard July, 43-49.

    Google Scholar 

  • ter Heide, R. (1986). The flavor of distilled beverages. In Food Flavors. Part B. The Flavor of Beverages, pp. 239-336. Edited by I.D. Morton & A.J. Macleod. New York: Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tominaga, T., Darriet, P. & Dubourdieu, D. (1996). Identification of 3-mercaptohexyl acetate in Sauvignon wine, a powerful aromatic compound exhibiting box-tree odor. Vitis 35, 207-210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tominaga, T., des Gachons, C.P. & Dubourdieu, D. (1998). A new type of flavor precursors in Vitis vinifera l cv Sauvignon blanc: S-cysteine conjugates. J Agric Food Chem 46, 5215-5219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tressl, R., Daoud, B. & Helak, B. (1983). Flavors of malt and other cereals. In Flavor of Distilled Beverages: Origin and Development, pp. 9-32. Edited by J.R. Piggott. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhagen, L.C. (1988). Hop analysis. In Beer Analysis, pp. 67-87. Edited by H.F. Linskens & J.F. Jackson. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Versini, G., Dalla Serra, A., Dell’eva, M., Scienza, A. & Rapp, A. (1988). Evidence of some glycosidically bound new monoterpenes and norisoprenoids in grapes. In Bioflavor 87, pp. 161-170. Edited by P. Schreier. Berlin: de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verzele, M. (1986). 100 years of hop chemistry and its relevance to brewing. J Inst Brew 92, 32-48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vos, P.J.A. & Gray, R.S. (1979). The origin and control of hydrogen sulfide during fermentation of grape must. Am J Enol Vitic 30, 187-197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, T. (1970). Hydrogen sulphide production by yeast under conditions of methionine, pantothenate or vitamin B6 deficiency. J Gen Microbiol 61, 107-119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright, T., McMahon, J.F. & McDowell, J. (1972). Formation of methional and methanethiol from methionine. J Sci Food Agric 23, 911-914.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waterhouse, A.L. & Towey, J.P. (1994). Oak lactone isomer ratio distinguishes between wines fermented in American and French oak barrels. J Agric Food Chem 42, 1971-1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D.C. (1983). Factors influencing the congener composition of malt whiskey new spirit. In Flavor of Distilled Beverages: Origin and Development, pp. 79-92. Edited by J.R. Piggott. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webb, A.D. & Noble, A.C. (1976). Aroma of sherry wines. Biotechnol Bioeng 18, 939-952.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wildenradt, H.L. & Singleton, V.L. (1974). Production of aldehydes as a result of oxidation of polyphenolic compounds and its relation to wine aging. Am J Enol Vitic 25, 119-126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P.J., Sefton, M.A. & Francis, I.L. (1992). Glycosidic precursors of varietal grape and wine flavor. In Thermal and enzymatic conversions of precursors to flavor compounds, pp. 74-86. Edited by G. Teranishi, G. Takeoka & M. Guntert. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P.J., Strauss, C.R., Wilson, B. & Massy-Westropp, R.A. (1982). Studies on the hydrolysis of Vitis vinifera monoterpene precursor compounds and model monoterpene ßD-glycosides rationalizing the monoterpene composition of grapes. J Agric Food Chem 30, 1219-1223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, B., Strauss, C.R. & Williams, P.J. (1984). Changes in free and glycosidically bound monoterpenes in developing Muscat grapes. J Agric Food Chem 32, 919-924.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, B., Strauss, C.R. & Williams, P.J. (1986). The distribution of free and glycosidically-bound monoterpenes among skin, juice, and pulp fractions of some white grape varieties. Am J Enol Vitic 37, 107-111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winterhalter, P. (1991). 1, 1,6-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) formation in wine. 1. Studies on the hydrolysis of 2,6,10,10-tetramethyl-l-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-6-ene-2,8-diol rationalizing the origin of TDN and related C13 norisoprenoids in Riesling wine. J Agric Food Chem 39,1825-1829.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winterhalter, P. (1996). Carotenoid-derived aroma compounds: biogenetic and biotechnological aspects. Biotechnol Improved Foods Flavors 637, 295-308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zoecklein, B.W., Hackney, C.H., Duncan, S.E. & Marcy, J.E. (1999). Effect of fermentation, aging and thermal storage on total glycosides, phenol-free glycosides and volatile compounds of White Riesling (Vitis vinifera l.) wines. J Industr Microbiol Biotechnol 22, 100-107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Noble, A.C., Cole, V.C. (2003). Flavor Chemistry. In: Lea, A.G.H., Piggott, J.R. (eds) Fermented Beverage Production. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0187-9_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0187-9_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-47706-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0187-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics