Abstract
The Leiter International Performance Scale—Revised (Leiter-R; Roid & Miller, 1997) is a battery of individually administered subtests, administered nonverbally and designed to assess cognitive functions in children, adolescents and young adults, ages 2 years, 0 months to 20 years, 11 months. An abbreviated scale derived from the Leiter-R, known as the Stoelting (Leiter) Brief Nonverbal Intelligence Test (S-BIT) for ages 6–20 was recently published separately (Roid & Miller, 1999). These tests are widely used to operationalize nonverbal intelligence by assessing fluid reasoning and visualization as well as nonverbal memory and attention on the Leiter-R (McGrew & Flanagan, 1998). The foundational model for the tests is a hierarchical model of general nonverbal ability composed of the four dimensions of reasoning, visualization, memory, and attention. The battery was nationally standardized on a normative sample of 1,719 subjects; shows high reliability and has strong evidence of validity in correlating with other widely used intelligence measures and in clinical diagnosis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albert, M. L. (1973). A simple test of visual neglect. Neurology, 23, 658–664.
Arbuckle, J. L. (1994). AMOS version 3.6 [Computer program]. Chicago: Smallwaters Corporation.
Armenteros, E. C., & Roid, G. H. (1996). Nonverbal abilities of Hispanic and speech-impaired preschoolers. Paper presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, August.
Bagnato, S. J., Neisworth, J. T., & Munson, S. M. (1989). Linking developmental assessment and early intervention: Curriculum-based prescriptions. Rockville, MD: Aspen.
Barkley, R. (1990). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
Baroff, G. S. (1986). Mental retardation: Nature, cause and management (2nd ed.). New York: Hemisphere.
Bay, S. M. (1996). An exploratory factor analysis of the Leiter-R. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Fox University, Newberg, OR.
Blair, R. J. (1996). Item bias analysis of the Leiter-R for English as a second language populations. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Fox University, Newberg, OR.
Bos, J. (1995). Factor structure of the field edition of the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Fox University, Newberg, OR.
Bos, J., Gridley, B. E., & Roid, G. H. (1996). Factor structure of nonverbal cognitive abilities: Construct validity of Leiter-R. Paper presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, August.
Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16,297–334.
Elliot, C. D. (1990). Differential Ability Scales: Introductory and technical handbook. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Embretson, S. E. (1996). The new rules of measurement. Psychological Assessment, 8,341–349.
Feuerstein, R., Rand, Y., & Hoffman, M. D. (1979). The dynamic assessment of retarded performers: The Learning Potential Assessment Device. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
Flemmer, D. & Roid, G. H. (1997). Nonverbal intellectual assessment of Hispanic and speech-impaired adolescents. Psychological Reports, 80, 1115–1122.
Flynn, J. R. (1987). Massive gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure. Psychological Bulletin, 101,171–191.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Garrett, H. E. (1946). A developmental theory of intelligence. American Psychologist, 1,372–378.
Glaser, R. (1981). The future of testing: Research in cognitive psychology and psychometrics. American Psychologist, 36(2), 923–936.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative description of personality: The big-five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216–1229.
Grant, G., Roid, G. H., & Fallow, G. (1996). Fairness of intellectual assessment for children with speech impairments. Paper presented at the meetings of the Western Psychological Association, San Jose, April.
Grossman, H. J. (1983). Classification in mental retardation. Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Deficiency.
Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gustafsson, J. E. (1984). A unifying model for the structure of intellectual abilities. Intelligence, 8,179–203.
Haley, S. M., Coster, W. J., Ludlow, L. H., Haltiwanger, J. T., & Andrellos, P. J. (1992). Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI). Boston, MA: New England Medical Center Hospital.
Holland, P. W., & Wainer, H. (Eds.). (1993). Differential itemfunctioning. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 253–270.
Hunt, E. (1976). Varieties of cognitive power. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (1990) 20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.: U.S. Statutes at Large, 104,1103–1151.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8 user’s guide. Chicago: Scientific Software.
Kamphaus, R. W. (1993). Clinical assessment of children’s intelligence. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Kaplan, E., Fein, D., Morris, R., & Delis, D. C. (1991). WAIS-R as a neuropsychological instrument (WAIS-R NI manual). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Kay, K. (Ed.). (2000). Uniquely gifted: Identifying and meeting needs of the twice-exceptional student. Gilsum, NH: Avocus.
Larson, G. E., Merritt, C. R., & Williams, S. E. (1988). Information processing and intelligence: Some implications of task complexity. Intelligence, 12,131–147.
Larson, G. E., & Saccuzzo, D. P. (1989). Cognitive correlates of general intelligence: Toward a process theory of g. Intelligence, 13,5–31.
Leiter, R. G. (1966). Development of the Leiter International Performance Scale. Unpublished audio recording. (Available from Dr. G. Roid, Box 183, Simpson College, Redding, CA 96003.)
Leiter, R. G. (1979). Instruction manual for the Leiter International Performance Scale. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting.
Levine, M. N. (1982).Leiter International Performance Scale: A handbook. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Lezak, M. D. (Ed.). (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Lineacre, J. M., & Wright, B. D. (1990). The many faceted Rasch model FACETS computer program manual. Chicago: MESA Press.
Lineacre, J. M., & Wright, B. D. (1994). FACETS: Many facet Rasch analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago MESA Press.
Lohman, D. F. (1993). Teaching and testing to develop fluid abilities. Educational Researcher, 10,12–23.
Lord, F. M. (1980). Applications of item response theory to practical testing problems. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Madsen, D. H., Roid, G. H., & Miller, L. J. (1996). Nonverbal intellectual assessment: Restandardization of a new measure, the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised. Paper presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, August.
Matarazzo, J. D. (1990). Psychological assessment versus psychological testing. American Psychologist, 45,999–1017.
Mather, N., & Woodcock, R. W. (2001). Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities: Examiner’s manual. Itasca, IL: Riverside.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1989). More reasons to adopt the five-factor model. American Psychologist, 44, 451–452.
McGrew, K. S., & Flanagan, D. P. (1998). The intelligence test desk reference (ITDR): Gf-Gc cross-battery assessment. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
McLellan, M. J., Nellis, L. M., & Roid, G. H. (2000). Joint factor analysis of the WISC-III and the Leiter-R with Navajo children. Unpublished paper, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ.
McLellan, M. J., & Walton, M. J. (1996). Concurrent validation of the Leiter-R with WISC-III with Navajo children. Paper presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, August.
Meisels, J., & Fenicel, E. (1996). New visions for the developmental assessment of infants and young children. Washington, DC: Zero to Three.
Mellott, M. J., & McLellan, M. J. (1996). Using nonverbal cognitive scales with Navajo children. Paper presented at the meetings of the Western Psychological Association, San Jose, April.
Miller, L. J., & Robinson, C. (1996). Strategies for meaningful assessment of infants and toddlers with significant physical and sensory disabilities. In S. J. Meisels & E. Fenichel (Eds.), New visions for developmental assessment of infants & young children. Washington, DC: Zero to Three.
Miller, L. J., & Roid, G. H. (1994). Toddler and infant motor evaluation. Tucson, AZ: Therapy Skill Builders.
Nordlund, C. B. (1998). Art examination of behavior ratings and rater differences of ADHD subjects on the Leiter-R Rating Scales. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Fox University, Newberg, OR.
Olson, R. C. (1998). Subtypes of learning disabilities on a nonverbal cognitive instrument. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Fox University, Newberg, OR.
Quinn, D. C. (1999). Nonverbal cognitive performance of children with traumatic brain injury using the Leiter-R Tryout Edition. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Fox University, Newberg, OR.
Rasch, G. (1980). Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment tests. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Reckase, M. D. (1996). Test construction in the 1990s: Recent approaches every psychologist should know. Psychological Assessment, 8,354–359.
Reynolds, C. R. (1982). Methods for detecting construct and predictive bias. In R. A. Berk (Ed.) Handbook of methods for detecting test bias. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins.
Roid, G. H. (1997). Validity and fairness of prediction in the Leiter-R. Paper presented at the meetings of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, August.
Roid, G. H., & Gyurke, J. (1991). General-factor and specific variance in the WPPSI-R. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 9,275–289.
Roid, G. H., & Madsen, D. H. (1998). Leiter-R computer scoring software system: User’s guide. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting.
Roid, G. H., & Miller, L. J. (1997). Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R) manual. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting.
Roid, G. H., & Miller, L. J. (1999). Leiter/Stoelting brief nonverbal intelligence scale manual (S-BIT). Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting.
Roid, G. H., Prifitera, A., & Weiss, L. G. (1993). Replication of the WISC-III factor structure in an independent sample. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment (Special Issue on WISC-III), 6–21.
Roid, G. H., & Woodcock, R. W. (2000). Uses of Rasch scaling in the measurement of cognitive development and growth. Journal of Outcome Measurement,4(2),579–594.
Rourke, B. P. (1985). Neuropsychology of learning disabilities. New York: Guilford.
Salvia, J., & Ysseldyke, J. E. (1991). Assessment (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Sattler, J. (1992). Assessment of children: Revised and updated (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Jerome M. Sattler.
Sternberg, R. J. (1977). Intelligence, information processing and analogical reasoning. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Thompson, N. M., Francis, D. J., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., Ewing-Cobbs, L., Miner, M. E. et al. (1994). Motor, visual-spatial and somatosensory skills and classic head injury in children and adolescents: A study of change. Psychology, 8,333–342.
Thorndike, R. L., Hagen, E. P., & Sattler, J. M. (1986). Technical manual for the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale (4th ed.). Chicago: Riverside.
Ullman, R., Sleator, E., & Sprague, R. (1988). Manual for the ADD-H comprehensive teacher’s rating scale (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: MetriTech.
U.S. Bureau of the Census (1993). Population profile of the United States 1993. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
van Zomeren, A. H., & Brouwer, W. H. (1992). Assessment of attention. In J. R. Crawford, D. M. Parker, & W. W. McKinlay (Eds.), A handbook of neuropsychological assessment. Hove, UK: Erlbaum.
Wechsler, D. (1989). Manual for the Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence-Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1991). Manual for the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1997). Manual for the Wechsler adult intelligence scale-Third edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Whitely, S. E. (1976). Solving verbal analogies: Some cognitive components of intelligence test items. Journal of Educational Psychology,6, 232–242.
Wilson, R. S., Bacon, L. D., Kaszniak, A. W., & Fox, J. H. (1982). The episodic-semantic memory distinction and paired associate learning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50,154–155.
Woodcock, R. W. (1990). Theoretical foundations of the WJ-R measures of cognitive ability. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 8, 231–258.
Woodcock, R. W., & Dahl, M. N. (1971). A common scale for the measurement of person ability and test-item difficulty. AGS Paper Number 10. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Woodcock, R. W., & Johnson, M. B. (1977). Woodcock-Johnson psycho-educational battery. Itasca, IL: Riverside.
Woodcock, R. W., & Johnson, M. B. (1989). Woodcock-Johnson psycho-educational battery—Revised. Itasca, IL: Riverside.
Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K. S., & Mather, N. (2001). Woodcock-Johnson III. Itasca, IL: Riverside.
Wright, B. D., & Lineacre, J. M. (1995). BIGSTEPS: Rasch analysis for all two facet models. Chicago: MESA Press.
Wright, B. D., & Stone, M. H. (1979). Best test design. Chicago: MESA Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Roid, G., Nellis, L., McLellan, M. (2003). Assessment with the Leiter International Performance Scale—Revised and the S-BIT. In: McCallum, R.S. (eds) Handbook of Nonverbal Assessment. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0153-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0153-4_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4945-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0153-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive