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Why Is Taurine Cytoprotective?

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Taurine 5

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 526))

Abstract

The concept that taurine exhibits cytoprotective activity was introduced in 1981. Although several studies at the time had supported the notion that taurine was capable of modulating Ca2+movement, most of those studies focused on the transporter affected by taurine. It was only after taurine was found to prevent Ca2+-induced cellular necrosis that its cytoprotective activity was recognized1. Since that date, numerous reports have documented that high levels of extracellular taurine render cells resistant to an array of damaging stimuli, including ischemia-reperfusion, hyperglycemia, reactive oxygen species, heat shock, toxic xenobiotics, cellular excitotoxicity and osmotic derangements. The ability of taurine to counteract these toxic stimuli has been attributed to four actions of taurine: (1) osmoregulation, (2) anti-oxidant/membrane stabilizing activity, (3) conjugation and (4) regulation of [Ca2+]i. Indeed, osmotic stress, oxidative stress and Ca2+overload are major causes of cellular necrosis and apoptosis. Nonetheless, cell death is a complex phenomenon, involving interactions between these and several other factors. For example, oxidative stress can damage membranes leading to changes in [Ca21. Conversely, high [Ca2+]ican cause enhanced free radical generation by the mitochondria. It is also known that osmotic stress affects the activity of ion transporters that regulate [Ca2+]i. Despite these and other interactions, it is clear that taurine affects each of the four factors individually. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the importance of each factor in the cytoprotective actions of taurine.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA

    Stephen Schaffer

  2. Department of Clinical Evaluation of Medicines and Therapeutics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Junichi Azuma & Kyoko Takahashi

  3. Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, Medical College of Georgia School of Dentistry, Augusta, GA, USA

    Mahmood Mozaffari

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Health Sciences Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA

    John B. Lombardini

  2. School of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA

    Stephen W. Schaffer

  3. Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

    Junichi Azuma

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Schaffer, S., Azuma, J., Takahashi, K., Mozaffari, M. (2003). Why Is Taurine Cytoprotective?. In: Lombardini, J.B., Schaffer, S.W., Azuma, J. (eds) Taurine 5. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 526. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0077-3_39

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