Abstract
Several themes which emerged from the preceding chapters are highlighted including the central message: to fully understand the immigration process and to develop social policies, gender of both adults and children needs to be incorporated into future studies in this area. The heterogeneity of immigrants may follow different paths, and gender may play critical roles in decisions to leave and return to their country of origin. Changes in the sociohistorical context have led to shifts in family roles and have challenged the stereotypes of traditional gender roles. The richness of methodological approaches provides meaningful description and advances our insights about process. The future challenge is to incorporate advances in the biology of gender with the role of culture in order to provide a comprehensive account of the way gender moderates the immigration process. Finally, gender of both adults and children needs to be recognized by policy makers.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Avila, E. (2008). Transnational motherhood and fatherhood: Gendered challenges and coping. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, CA.
Barrett, J., & Fleming, A. S. (2011). Annual research review: All mothers are not created equal: Neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 368–397.
Berry, J. W., & Sebatier, C. (2011). The acculturation and adaptation of second generation immigrant youth in Toronto and Montreal. In S. S. Chuang & R. P. Moreno (Eds.), Immigrant children: Change, adaptation, and cultural transformation (pp. 125–148). Lanham, MA: Lexington Books.
Bornstein, M. H. (2012). Mother-infant attunement: A multilevel approach via body, brain, and behavior. In M. Legerstee, D. Haley, & M. H. Bornstein (Eds.), The developing infant mind: Integrating biology and experience. New York, NY: Guilford.
Buriel, R., Love, J. A., & De Ment, T. L. (2006). The relation of language brokering to depression and parent–child bonding among Latino adolescents. In M. H. Bornstein & L. R. Cote (Eds.), Acculturation and parent–child relationships: Measurement and development (pp. 249–270). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Burton, L. M., Garrett-Peters, R., & Eason, J. (2011). Morality, identity, and mental health in rural ghettos. New York, NY: Springer.
Cabrera, N.J., Shannon, J. D., & Jolley-Mitchell, S. (2013). Coparenting in Latino families. In S. S. Chuang & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Gender roles in immigrant families. New York, NY: Springer.
Carter, C. S., & Altemus, M. (1997). Integrative functions of lactational hormones in social behavior and stress management. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 807, 164–174.
Chao, R. (2006). The prevalence and consequences of adolescents’ language brokering for their immigrant parents. In M. H. Bornstein & L. R. Cote (Eds.), Acculturation and parent–child relationships: Measurement and development (pp. 271–296). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Chuang, S. S. (2013). Roles and responsibility: A critical exploration of Chinese fathers in Canada and China. In S. S. Chuang & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Gender roles in immigrant families. New York, NY: Springer.
Chuang, S. S., & Moreno, R. P. (Eds.). (2008). On new shores: Understanding immigrant fathers in North America. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Chuang, S. S., Moreno, R. P. (Eds.) (2011). Immigrant children: Change, adaptation, and cultural transformation. Lanham, MD; Lexington Books.
Coltrane, S., & Adams, M. (2008). Gender and families (Gender lens series 2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Cooper, C. R. (1999). Cultural perspectives on individuality and connectedness in adolescent development. In A. S. Masten (Ed.), Cultural processes in child development (Vol. 29, pp. 25–57). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Crockett, L. J., & Russell, S. T. (2013). Latino adolescents’ understandings of parent-adolescent relationships: Common themes and subtle differences. In S. S. Chuang & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Gender roles in immigrant families. New York, NY: Springer.
Dreby, J. (2010). Divided by borders: Mexican immigrants and their children. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Dumka, L., Gonsalves, N., McClain, D. D., & Millsap, R. E. (2013). Family, culture, gender and Mexican American adolescents’ academic success. In S. S. Chuang & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Gender roles in immigrant families. New York, NY: Springer.
Duncan, G. (2012). Give us this day our daily breadth (Society for Research on Child Development Presidential Address). Child Development, 83, 6–15.
Este. D. (2013). Social support in the lives of Sudanese refugee and Russian immigrant fathers in Canada. In S. S. Chuang & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Gender roles in immigrant families. New York, NY: Springer.
Feldman, R., Gordon, I., Schneiderman, I., Weisman, O., & Zagoory-Sharon, O. (2010). Natural variations in maternal and paternal care are associated with systematic changes in oxytocin following parent-infant contact. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 1133–1141.
Feldman, R., Weller, A., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Levine, A. (2007). Evidence for a neuroendocrinological foundation of human affiliation: plasma oxytocin levels across pregnancy and the postpartum period predict mother-infant bonding. Psychological Science, 18, 965–970.
GarcÃa Coll, C. T., & Marks, A. K. (Eds.). (2011). The immigrant paradox in children and adolescents: Is becoming American a developmental risk? Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
Gordon, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Leckman, J. F., & Feldman, R. (2010). Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 377–382.
Gornick, J. C., & Meyers, M. K. (2008). Creating gender-egalitarian societies: An agenda for reform. Politics & Society, 36, 313–349.
Güngör, D., & Bornstein, M. H. (2013). Gender and developmental pathways of acculturation and adaptation in immigrant adolescents. In S. S. Chuang & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Gender roles in immigrant families. New York, NY: Springer.
Hernandez, D. J., Denton, N. A., & Macartney, S. E. (2008). Children in immigrant families: Looking to America’s future. Social Policy Report, Society for Research in Child Development, XXII(3), 1–24.
Kuczynski, L., & Parkin, C. M. (2007). Agency and bidirectionality in socialization: Interactions, transactions, and relational dialectics. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 259–283). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Love, J., & Buriel, R. (2007). Language brokering, autonomy, parent–child bonding, biculturalism and depression: A study of Mexican American adolescents from immigrant families. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 29, 472–491.
Luther, K., Coltrane, S., Parke, R. D., Cookston, J., & Adams, M. (2011). Youth risk behavior among Mexican origin and Anglo families: The costs of acculturation. In S. S. Chuang & R. P. Moreno (Eds.), Immigrant children: Change, adaptation and cultural transformation (pp. 99–124). New York, NY: Lexington Books.
Masten, A. S., Leibkind, K., & Hernandez, D. J. (2012). Realizing the potential of immigrant youth. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
McQuillan, J., & Tse, L. (1995). Child language brokering in linguistic minority communities: Effects on cultural interaction, cognition, and literacy. Language and Education, 9, 195–215.
Minuchin, P. (1985). Families and individual development: Provocations from the field of family therapy. Child Development, 56, 289–302.
Mortimer, J. T. (2010). The benefits and risks of adolescent employment. Prevention Researcher, 17, 8–11.
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2005). Child care and child development: Results from the NICHD study of early child care and youth development. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Olsen, L., & Chen, M. T. (1988). Crossing the schoolhouse border: Immigrant students and California public schools. San Francisco, CA: California Tomorrow.
Parke, R. D. (2013). Future families: Diverse forms, rich possibilities. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Parke, R. D., & Buriel, R. (2006). Socialization in the family: Ethnic and ecological perspectives. In W. Damon, R. M. Lerner, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Social, emotional, and personality development 6th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 858–932). New York, NY: Wiley.
Parke, R. D., & Chuang, S. S. (2011). New arrivals: Past advances and future directions in research and policy. In S. S. Chuang & R. P. Moreno (Eds.), Immigrant children: Change, adaptation and cultural transformation (pp. 271–295). New York, NY: Lexington Books.
Parke, R. D., Lio, S., Schofield, T., Tuthill, L., Vega, E., & Coltrane, S. (2012). Neighborhood environments: A multi-measure, multi-level approach. In L. C. Mayes & M. Lewis (Eds.), The environment of human development: A handbook of theory and measurement (pp. 300–329). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Pinto, K. M., & Coltrane, S. (2013). Understanding structure and culture in the division of household labor for Mexican immigrant families. In S. S. Chuang & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Gender roles in immigrant families. New York, NY: Springer.
Qin, D., & Han, E. J. (2011). The achievement/adjustment paradox: Understanding the psychological struggles of Asian American children and adolescents. In S. S. Chuang & R. P. Moreno (Eds.), Immigrant children: Change, adaptation, and cultural transformation (pp. 75–97). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Rutter, M. (2002). Family influences on behavior and development: Challenges for the future. In J. P. McHale & W. S. Grolnick (Eds.), Retrospect and prospect in the psychological study of families (pp. 321–351). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Spears Brown, C., & Chu, H. (2013). Gendered conceptions of ethnicity: Latino children in middle childhood. In S. S. Chuang & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Gender roles in immigrant families. New York, NY: Springer.
Statistics Canada (2007). Immigration in Canada: A portrait of the foreign-born population, 2006 census. Retrieved September 25, 2012 from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-Ârecensement/2006/as-sa/97-557/pdf/97-557-XIE2006001.pdf.
Storey, A. E., & Walsh, C. J. (2012). Biological basis of mammalian paternal behavior. In N. J. Cabrera & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Handbook of father involvement (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Storey, A. E., Walsh, C. J., Quinton, R. L., & Wynne-Edwards, D. E. (2000). Hormonal correlates of paternal responsiveness in new and expectant fathers. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 79–95.
Swain, J. E., & Lorberbaum, J. P. (2008). Imaging the human parental brain. In R. S. Bridges (Ed.), The neurobiology of the parental brain (pp. 83–100). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Telzer, E. H., & Fuligni, A. J. (2009). Daily family assistance and the psychological well-being of adolescents from Latin American, Asian, and European backgrounds. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1177–1189.
Tyyska, V. (2013). Communication brokering in immigrant families: Avenues for new research. In S. S. Chuang & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Gender roles in immigrant families. New York, NY: Springer.
United States Census Bureau. (1933). Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930; Population Volume II: General report/statistical subjects (p. 25). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved June 20, 2006 from http://www.census.gov/.
United States Census Bureau. (2011). Overview of race and Hispanic origin: 2010. U.S. Department of Commerce. Washington, DC. Retrieved September 6, 2012 from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf.
Updegraff, K., Delgado, M. Y., & Wheeler, L. A. (2009). Exploring mothers’ and fathers’ relationships with sons versus daughters: Links to adolescent adjustment in Mexican immigrant families. Sex Roles, 60, 559–574.
Weisner, T. S. (Ed.). (2005). Discovering successful pathways in children's development: New methods in the study of childhood and family life. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Parke, R.D., Leidy, M.S. (2013). Gender and Immigration: Reflections on Research and Policy. In: Chuang, S., Tamis-LeMonda, C. (eds) Gender Roles in Immigrant Families. Advances in Immigrant Family Research. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6735-9_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6735-9_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6734-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6735-9
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)