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Radical Institutional Change and Incremental Transformation: Long-Term Care Insurance in Germany

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Reforms in Long-Term Care Policies in Europe

Abstract

The introduction of the Long-term Care Insurance in 1995/1996 in Germany brought about a fundamental change of long-term care policies related to social rights, mode of funding and care provision. Before its introduction, long-term care was defined as the responsibility of (mainly female) family members with public support only available after a means-test. Based on the introduction of a mandatory (social) insurance scheme, the new long-term care policy combined principles of universalism, basic funding and an emphasis on family responsibility. Within the framework of the new long-term care policy, the roles of informal, family and professional care, the conditions for the development of the care infrastructure and the responsibilities of significant political actors on the central, regional and local levels as well as insurance funds and care provider associations were thus redefined. While the basic principles are still valid, reform effects and new societal developments required gradual adaptations in different respects. In this chapter, two types of developments—radical change and incremental transformation—are analyzed. Processes of radical change are analyzed through the examples of the system of funding and the definition of social rights, where clearly defined regulations on a federal level were introduced after intense debates (with only minor changes made since). Second, reform strategies related to the restructuring of care provision are examined to reveal processes of incremental step-by-step change. This study looks at processes of policy development as shaped by the interplay of actors, ideas, interests and institutions; and the rationale for and content of the policies as well as their effects.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    During this time period, the Conservative–Liberal government did not control the majority of votes in the Council of the Federal States and had to negotiate the shape of the new policy scheme with the Social Democratic Party (see Appendix 2, Table 6.5).

  2. 2.

    In Germany, in case of illness, employees receive an economic compensation directly from the first day of the period of illness (at the beginning 100 % of the earnings). The introduction of waiting days means that at the beginning of this period the first or even more days (waiting days) are no longer covered by an economic compensation. While this period is financed fully by employers, the introduction of waiting days would save costs.

  3. 3.

    For an overview of this debate, see LĂĽngen and BĂĽscher 2007.

  4. 4.

    Five big welfare associations—Workers Welfare Federal Association (Arbeiterwohlfahrt), German Caritas (Deutscher Caritasverband—related to the Catholic Church), Diakonie of the Protestant Church in Germany (Diakonisches Werk der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland), German Red Cross (Deutsches Rotes Kreuz) und The Paritätische (Paritätischer Wohlfahrtsverband—association of social movements)—were traditionally developing and providing care support in close cooperation with the state mainly on local levels. The close cooperation changed significantly with the introduction of LTCI and the opening-up of a care market. As significant social actors they were involved above all in social–political debates on the construction of Long-term Care Insurance (Sachße 2011; Meyer 1996).

  5. 5.

    Due to the integrated provision of home-nursing and long-term care the home-based care workers are involved in both types of activities and funded partly by the Long-term Care—and the Health Care Insurance.

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Correspondence to Hildegard Theobald .

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Appendices

Appendix 1: Financial Development of the Social and Private Long-Term Care Insurance As Well As the Long-Term Care Assistance Within the Federal Law on Social Assistance

Table 6.2 Social long-term care insurance (in billion euros). (Adapted from: http://www.bmg.bund.de/pflege/pflegeversicherung/zahlen-und-fakten-zur-pflegeversicherung.html)
Table 6.3 Private long-term care insurance (in billion euros). (Adapted from Private Health Care Insurances [PKV] 2003, 2010)
Table 6.4 Long-term care assistance (Hilfe zur Pflege) within the federal law on social assistance: expenditure and number of beneficiaries. (Adapted from Federal Statistical Office [Statistisches Bundesamt] 2010)

Appendix 2: Federal-Level Governments and Majorities of Votes Within the Council of Federal States

Federal Governments:

  • 1982–1998: Conservative—Liberal government (Christian Democratic Party/Christian Social Party (Bavaria), Liberal Party).

  • 1998–2005: Red—Green government (Social Democratic Party/Green Party).

  • 2005–2009: Grand Coalition (Christian Democratic Party/Christian Social Party (Bavaria), Social Democratic Party).

  • 2009–2013: Conservative—Liberal government (Christian Democratic Party/Christian Social Party (Bavaria), Liberal Party).

Council of the Federal States

Three Groups Within the Council:

  1. 1.

    Left-Wing-oriented federal states (Social Democratic, Green, and/or Left-Wing parties in office).

  2. 2.

    Balanced states (coalitions between Conservative–Liberal and Left-Wing-oriented parties in office). Related to controversial decisions, the balanced states typically abstain from voting.

  3. 3.

    Conservative–Liberal Federal States (Christian Democratic Party, Christian Social Party (Bavaria), and/or Liberal Party in office).

Table 6.5 Number of votes and majorities

Appendix 3

Table 6.6 Increase of benefits. (Adapted from SGB XI, Bayern 2008)

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Theobald, H., Hampel, S. (2013). Radical Institutional Change and Incremental Transformation: Long-Term Care Insurance in Germany. In: Ranci, C., Pavolini, E. (eds) Reforms in Long-Term Care Policies in Europe. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4502-9_6

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