Abstract
In the last decade, a great deal has been learned about childhood depression.* Specific findings from the study of depression in adults in diverse domains have served as the basis for hypotheses in evaluating depression among children. By and large, many of the findings obtained with adults have been replicated with children and adolescents. Despite many developmental continuities in the nature of depression, there remains keen interest in the evaluation and elaboration of developmental differences and points of transition from one stage to the next. From infancy through adolescence, there are, of course, remarkable and pervasive changes in biological, psychological, and social spheres. It is inevitable that the manifestations of depression will vary over the course of development.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achenbach, T. M., and Edelbrock, C. S. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University Associates in Psychiatry.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 3rd ed. ). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-Revised. Washington, DC: Author.
Anthony, E. J. (1975). Childhood depression. In E. J. Anthony and T. Benedek (Eds.), Depression and human existence (pp. 231–277 ). Boston: Little, Brown.
Bemporad, J. R., and Wilson, A. (1978). A developmental approach to depression in childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 6, 325–352.
Beres, D. (1966). Superego and depression. In R. M. Lowenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Scherr, and A. J. Solnit (Eds.), Psychoanalysis—A general psychology (pp. 479–498 ). New York: International Universities Press.
Bernstein, G., and Garfinkel, B. (1986). School phobia: The overlap of affective and anxiety disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 235–241.
Blumberg, S. H., and Izard, C. E. (1985). Affective and cognitive characteristics of depression in 10- and 11-year-old children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 194–404.
Brumback, R. A., Dietz-Schmidt, S. R., and Weinberg, W. A. (1977). Depression in children referred to an educational diagnostic center: Diagnosis and treatment and analysis of criteria and literature review. Diseases of the Nervous System, 38, 529–535.
Brumback, R. A., Jackoway, M. K., and Weinberg, W. A. (1980). Relation of intelligence to childhood depression in children referred to an educational diagnostic center. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 50, 11–17.
Brumback, R. A., and Weinberg, W. A. (1977a). Childhood depression: An explanation of a behavior disorder of children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 911–916.
Brumback, R. A., and Weinberg, W. A. (1977b). Relationship of hyperactivity and depression in children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45, 247–251.
Cantwell, D. P., and Carlson, G. A. (Eds.). (1983). Affective disorders in childhood and adolescence: An update. New York: Spectrum.
Carlson, G. A., and Cantwell, D. P. (1980). Unmasking masked depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 445–449.
Carlson, G. A., and Garber, J. (1986). Developmental issues in the classification of depression in children. In M. R. Rutter, C. E. Izard, and P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 399–434 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Chambers, W. J., Puig-Antich, J., Hirsch, M., Paez, P., Ambrosini, P. J., Tabrizi, M. A., and Davies, M. (1985). The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview: Test-retest reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 696–702.
Chiles, J. A., Miller, M. L., and Cox, G. B. (1980). Depression in an adolescent delinquent population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1179–1184.
Cicchetti, D., and Schneider-Rosen, K. (1984). Toward a transactional model of childhood depression. In D. Cicchetti and K. Schneider-Rosen (Eds.), Childhood depression: New directions for child development (pp. 5–27 ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cole, P. M., and Kaslow, N. J. (1988). Interactional and cognitive strategies for affect regulation: Developmental perspective on childhood depression. In L. B. Alloy (Ed.), Cognitive processes in depression (pp. 310–343 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Cytryn, L., and McKnew, D. H. (1972). Proposed classification of childhood depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 149–155.
Cytryn, L., and McKnew, D. H. (1974). Factors influencing the changing clinical expression of the depressive process in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 879–881.
Cytryn, L., McKnew, D. H., Bartko, J. J., Lamour, M., and Hamovitt, J. (1982). Offspring of patients with affective disorders: II. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 389–391.
Cytryn, L., McKnew, D. H., and Bunney, W. E. (1980). Diagnosis of depression in children: A reassessment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 22–25.
Dignon, N., and Gotlib, I. H. (1985). Developmental considerations in the study of childhood depression. Developmental Review, 5, 162–199.
Emslie, G. J., Roffward, H. P., Rush, A. J., Weinberg, W. A., and Parkin-Feigenbaum, L. (1987). Sleep EEG findings in depressed children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 668–670.
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., and Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57–63.
Forehand, R., Lautenschlager, G. J., Faust, J., and Graziano, W. G. (1986). Parent perceptions and parent-child interactions in clinic-referred children: A preliminary investigation of the effects of maternal depressive moods. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 73–75.
Glasberg, R., and Aboud, F. (1981). A developmental perspective on the study of depression: Children’s evaluative reactions to sadness. Developmental Psychology, 17, 195–202.
Glasberg, R., and Aboud, F. (1982). Keeping one’s distance from sadness: Children’s self-reports of emotional experience. Developmental Psychology, 18, 287–293.
Glaser, K. (1968). Masked depression in children and adolescents. In S. Chess and A. Thomas (Eds.), Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development (Vol. 1, pp. 345–355 ). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Goetz, R. R., Goetz, D. M., Hanlon, C., Davies, M., Weitzman, E. D., and Puig-Antich, J. (1983). Spindle characteristics in prepubertal major depressives during an episode and after sustained recovery: A controlled study. Sleep, 6, 369–375.
Hawton, K. (1986). Suicide and attempted suicide among children and adolescents. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Kandel, D. B., and Davies, M. (1982). Epidemiology of depressive mood in adolescents: An empirical study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1205–1212.
Kaplan, S. L., Hong, G. K., and Weinhold, C. (1984). Epidemiology of depressive symptomatology in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 23, 9198.
Kashani, J. H., Barbero, G. J., and Bolander, F. D. (1981). Depression in hospitalized pediatric patients. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20, 123–134.
Kashani, J. H., Cantwell, D. P., Shekim, W. O., and Reid, J. C. (1982). Major depressive disorder in children admitted to an inpatient community mental health center. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 671–672.
Kashani, J. H., Husain, A., Shekim, W. O., Hodges, K. K., Cytryn, L., and McKnew, D. H. (1981). Current perspectives on childhood depression: An overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 143–153.
Kashani, J. H., McGee, R. O., Clarkson, S. E., Anderson, J. C., Walton, L. A., Williams, S., Silva, P. A., Robins, A. J., Cytryn, L., and McKnew, D. H. (1983). Depression in a sample of 9-year old children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1217–1223.
Kashani, J. H., Ray, J. S., and Carlson, G. A. (1984). Depression and depression-like states in preschool-age children in a child development unit. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1397–1402.
Kashani, J., and Simonds, J. F. (1979). The incidence of depression in children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1203–1205.
Kazdin, A. E. (1988). Childhood depression. In E. J. Mash and L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders ( 2nd ed., pp. 157–195 ). New York: Guilford.
Kazdin, A. E. (1989). Evaluation of the Pleasure Scale in the assessment of anhedonia in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 364–372.
Kazdin, A. E., French, N. H., Unis, A. S., and Esveldt-Dawson, K. (1983). Assessment of childhood depression: Correspondence of child and parent ratings. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 22, 157–164.
Keller, M. B., Shapiro, R. W., Lavori, P. W., and Wolfe, N. (1982). Relapse in major depressive disorder: Analysis with the life table. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 911–915.
Kovacs, M., and Beck, A. T. (1977). An empirical clinical approach towards a definition of childhood depression. In J. G. Schulterbrandt and A. Raskin (Eds.), Depression in children: Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models (pp. 1–25 ). New York: Raven Press.
Kovacs, M., Feinberg, T. L., Crouse-Novak, M., Paulauskas, S. L., and Finkelstein, R. (1984a). Depressive disorders in childhood I. A longitudinal prospective study of characteristics and recovery. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 229–237.
Kovacs, M., Feinberg, T. L., Crouse-Novak, M., Paulauskas, S. L., Pollock, M., and Finkelstein, R. (1984b). Depressive disorders in childhood II. A longitudinal study of the risk for a subsequent major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 643–649.
Lahmeyer, H. W., Poznanski, E. O., and Bellur, S. N. (1983). Sleep in depressed adolescents: Comparison with age-matched controls. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1150–1153.
Ling, W., Oftedol, G., and Weinberg, W. (1970). Depressive illness in childhood presenting as a severe headache. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 120, 122–124.
Lobovits, D. A., and Handal, P. J. (1985). Childhood depression: Prevalence using DSM-III criteria and validity of parent and child depression scales. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 10, 45–54.
MacFarlane, J. W., Allen, L., and Honzik, M. P. (1954). A developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between 21 months and 14 years. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mahler, M. (1961). On sadness and grief in infancy and childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 16, 332.
Malmquist, C. P. (1977). Childhood depression: A clinical and behavioral perspective. In J. G. Schulterbrandt and A. Raskin (Eds.), Depression in children: Diagnosis, treatment and conceptual models (pp. 35–59 ). New York: Raven Press.
Mash, E. J., and Johnston, C. (1983). Parental perception of child behavior problems, parenting self-esteem, and mothers’ reported stress in younger and older hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 86–89.
McGee, R., and Williams, S. (1988). A longitudinal study of depression in nine-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 342–348.
Mezzich, A. C., and Mezzich, J. E. (1979). Symptomatology of depression in adolescence. Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 267–275
Mindham, R. H. S. (1982). Tricyclic antidepressants and amine precursors. In E. S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders (pp. 231–245 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Mitchell, J., McCauley, E., Burke, P. M., and Moss, S. J. (1988). Phenomenology of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 12–20.
Moretti, M. M., Fine, S., Haley, G., and Marriage, K. (1985). Child and adolescent depression: Child-report versus parent-report information. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 298–302.
Norvel, N., Brophy, C., and Finch, A. J. (1985). The relationship of anxiety to childhood depression. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 151–153.
Orvaschel, H., Puig-Antich, J., Chambers, W., Tabrizi, M. A., and Johnson, R. (1982). Retrospective assessment of prepubertal major depression with Kiddie-SADS-E. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 21, 392–397.
Petti, T. A. (Ed.). (1983). Childhood depression. New York: Haworth Press.
Preskorn, S. H., Weller, E. B., and Weller, R. A. (1982). Depression in children: Relationship between plasma imipramine levels and response. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 43, 450–453.
Puig-Antich, J. (1986). Psychobiological markers: Effects of age and puberty. In M. Rutter, C. E. Izard, and P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 341–381 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Puig-Antich, J., and Gittelman, R. (1982). Depression in childhood and adolescence. In E. S. Paykel (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders (pp. 379–392 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Puig-Antich, J., Perel, J., Lupatkin, W., Chambers, W. J., Tabrizi, M. A., King, J., Davies, M., Johnson, R., and Stiller, R. (1987). Imipramine in prepubertal major depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 81–89.
Reynolds, W. M. (1985). Depression in childhood and adolescence: Diagnosis, assessment, intervention strategies, and research. In T. R. Kratochwill (Ed.), Advances in school psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 133–189 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Rie, H. E. (1966). Depression in childhood: A survey of some pertinent contributions. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 5, 653–685.
Rochlin, G. (1965). Griefs and discontents. Boston: Little, Brown.
Rutter, M. R. (1986). The developmental psychopathology of depression: Issues and perspectives. In M. Rutter, C. E. Izard, and P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 3–30 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Rutter, M. R., Izard, C. E., and Read, P. G. (Eds.) (1986). Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives. New York: Guilford.
Rutter, M. R., Tizard, J., and Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, health, and behavior. London: Longmans.
Ryan, N. D., Puig-Antich, J., Ambrosini, P., Rabinovich, H., Robinson, D., Nelson, B., Iyengar, S., and
Twomey, J. (1987). The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 854–861.
Ryan, N. D., Puig-Antich, J., Cooper, T., Rabinovich, H., Ambrosini, P., Davies, M., King, J., Torres, D., and Fried, J. (1986). Imipramine in adolescent major depression: Plasma level and clinical response. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73, 275–288.
Seligman, M. E. P., and Peterson, C. (1986). A learned helplessness perspective on childhood depression: Theory and research. In M. Rutter, C. E. Izard, and P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in young people: Developmental and clinical perspectives (pp. 223–249 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Spitz, R. (1946). Anaclitic depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 2, 113–117.
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., and Robins, E. (1978). Research Diagnostic Criteria: Rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 773–782.
Sroufe, L. A., and Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 17–29.
Strauss, C. C., Last, C. G., Hersen, M., and Kazdin, A. E. (1988). Association between anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 16, 57–68.
Tisher, M., and Lang, M. (1983). The Children’s Depression Scale: Review and further developments. In D. P. Cantwell and G. A. Carlson (Eds.), Childhood depression (pp. 181–203 ). New York: Spectrum.
Toolan, J. M. (1962). Depression in children and adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 32, 404–414.
Trad, P. V. (1987). Infant and childhood depression: Developmental factors. New York: Wiley.
Weinberg, W. A., Rutman, J., Sullivan, L., Pencik, E. C., and Dietz, S. G. (1973). Depression in children referred to an education diagnostic center. Journal of Pediatrics, 83, 1065–1072.
Weissman, M. M., Merikangas, K. R., Wickramaratne, P., Kidd, K. K., Prusoff, B. A., Leckman, J. F., and Pauls, D. L. (1986). Understanding the clinical heterogeneity of major depression using family data. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 430–434.
Werry, J. S., and Quay, H. C. (1971). The prevalence of behavior symptoms in younger elementary school children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 41, 136–143.
Wolfe, V. V., Finch, A. J., Saylor, C. F., Blount, R. L., Pallmeyer, R. P., and Carek, D. J. (1987). Negative affectivity in children: A multitrait-multimethod investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 245–250.
Young, W., Knowles, J. B., MacLean, A. W., Boag, L., and McConville, B. J. (1982). The sleep of childhood depressives. Biological Psychiatry, 17, 1163–1168.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kazdin, A.E. (1989). Developmental Differences in Depression. In: Lahey, B.B., Kazdin, A.E. (eds) Advances in Clinical Child Psychology. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, vol 12. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9832-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9832-5_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9834-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9832-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive