Abstract
In the present chapter, we review and further develop the equilibrium-point (EP) hypothesis or λ model for single and multi-joint movements (Feldman 1974, 1986; cf. Chapters 11, 13–22). A departure point is the notion of the measure of the central control signals underlying movement production. According to the EP hypothesis, central commands parameterize the threshold of motorneuron (MN) recruitment. The usual assumption that central signals are directly associated with muscle activation, i.e. recruitment of MNs and their firing frequencies, is rejected (see also Bernstein, 1967). This assumption ignores the role of muscle afferents in motor control as well as the non-linear threshold properties of MNs. In this chapter, we discuss electromyographic (EMG) patterns of single- and multi-joint movements in terms of the EP hypothesis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abdusamatov R.M., Adamovich S.V., Beikinblit M.B., Chernavsky A.V. and Feldman A.G. (1988) Rapid one-joint movements: a qualitative model and its experimental verification. In Stance and Motion: Facts and Concepts (Eds. Gurfinkel V.S., Ioffe M.E., Massion J. and Roll J.P. ), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 261–270.
Abdusamatov R.M., Adamovich S.V. and Feldman A.G. (1987) A model for one-joint motor control in man. In Motor Control. (Eds. Gantchev, G., Dimitrov, B. and Gatev, P. ), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 183–188.
Abdusamatov R.M. and Feldman A.G. (1986) Description of electromyograms by a mathematical model of single joint movements. Biofizika 31: 503–505.
Adamovich S.V., Burlachkova N.I. and Feldman A.G. (1984) Wave nature of the central process of formation of the trajectories of change in joint angle in man. Biophysics 29: 130–134.
Abend W., Bizzi E. and Morasso P. (1982) Human arm trajectory formation. Brain 105: 331–348.
Adamovich S.V. and Feldman A.G. (1984) Model of central regulation of the parameters of motor trajectories. Biophysics 29: 338–342.
Baldissera F., Hultbom H. and Illert M. (1981) Integration in spinal neuronal systems. In Handbook of Physiology, Sec. 1, Vol. II, The Nervous System: Motor Control, Part 1, (Ed. Brooks, V.B. ), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 509–595.
Bernstein N.A. (1967) The Coordination and Regulation of Movements. Pergamon Press, London.
Beikinblit M.B., Gelfand I.M. and Feldman A.G. (1986) A model for the control of multi-joint movements. Bioflzika 31: 483–488.
Bizzi E. (1980) Central and peripheral mechanisms in motor control. In Tutorial in Motor Behavior (Eds. Stelmach G.E and Requin J. ), North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 131–144
Brown S.H. and Cooke J.D. (1981) Amplitude- and instruction-dependent modulation of movement-related electromyogram activity in humans. J. Physiol 316: 97–107.
Burke R.E., Rymer W.Z. and Walsh J.V. (1976) Relative strength of synaptic input from short- latency pathways to motor units of defined type in cat medial gastrocnemius. J. Neurophysiol. 39: 447–458.
Cooke J.D. & Brown S.H. (1990) Movement related phasic muscle activation. II: Generation and functional role of the tri-phasic pattern. J. Neurophysiol. 63: 465–472.
Descherevsky V.I. (1977) Mathematical Models of Muscle Contraction. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 1–160.
Feldman A.G. (1974) Control of the length of a muscle. Biophysics 19: 776–771.
Feldman A.G. (1979) Central and Reflex Mechanisms in Motor Control. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 1–184.
Feldman A.G. (1980) Superposition of motor programs. II. Rapid forearm flexion in man. Neurosci. 5: 91–95.
Feldman A.G. (1986) Once more on the equilibrium- point hypothesis (> model) for motor control. J. Mot. Behavior 18: 17–54.
Feldman A.G. and Orlovsky G.N. (1972) The influence of different descending systems on the tonic stretch reflex in the cat. Exp. Neurol. 37: 481–494.
Feldman A.G. and Orlovsky G.N. (1975) Activity of interneurones mediating reciprocal la inhibition during locomotion in cats. Brain Res. 84: 181–194.
Flash T. (1987) The control of hand equilibrium trajectories in multi-joint arm movements. Biol. Cybern. 57: 257–274
Gantmaher F.R. (1966) The Theory of Matrices. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 1–576.
Georgopoulos A.P., Kettner R.E. and Schwartz, A.B. (19XX) Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population. J. Neurosci. 8: 2928–2937
Gordon, J. and Ghez, C. (1984) EMG patterns in anatagonist muscles during isometric contraction in man: Relations to response dynamics. Exp. Brain Res. 55: 167–171.
Grillner, S. (1975) Locomotion in vertebrates: central mechanisms and reflex interactions. Physiol. Rev. 55: 247–304.
Hasan Z. and Karst G.M. (1989) Muscle activity for initiation of planar, two-joint arm movements in different directions, Exp. Brain Res. 16: 651–655.
Hogan N. (1984) An organizing principle for a class of voluntary movements. J. Neurosci. 4: 2745–2754.
Hollerback, J.M. (1985) Computers, brains and the control of movements. Trends in Neurosci. 5: 189–192.
Houk J.C. and Rymer Z.W. (1981) Neural control of muscle length and tension. In Handbook of Physiology, Sec. 1, Vol. II, The Nervous System: Motor Control, Part I (Ed. Brooks, V.B. ), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 257–323.
Hollerbach, J.M. and Flash, T. (1982) Dynamic interaction between limb segments during planr arm movement. Biol. Cybern. 44: 67–77.
Hultbom H. (1972) Convergence of interneurons in the reciprocal la inhibitory pathway to motoneurones. Acta Physiol. Scand., Suppl. 375: 1–42.
Lundberg A. (1975) Control of spinal mechanisms from the brain. In The Nervous System, Vol. 2, (Ed. Tower, D.B. ), Raven Press, New York, pp. 253–265.
Mussa-Ivaldi F.A., Morasso P. and Zaccaria, R. (1988) Kinematic networks. A distributed model for representing and regulation of motor redundancy. Biol. Cybern. 60: 1–16.
Nichols T.R. (1989) The organization of heterogenic reflexes among muscles crossing the ankle joint in the decerebrate cat. J. Physiol. 410: 463–477.
Pellison D., Prablanc C., Goodale M.A. and Jeannerod M. (1986) Visual control of reaching movements without vision of the limb. II. Evidence of fast unconscious processes correcting the trajectory of the hand to the final position of a double-step stimulus. Exp. Brain Res. 62: 303–311.
Schmidt R.A. (1982) Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis. Human Kinetic Publishers. Champaign, IL, pp. 303–326.
Soechting J.F. and Lacquaniti F. (1981) Invariant characteristics of a pointing movement in man. J. Neurosci. 1: 710–720.
Viviani P. and Terzuolo C.A. (1982) Trajectory determines movement dynamics. Neurosci. 7: 431–437.
Wadman W.J., Danier van der Gon J.J., Geuze R.H. and Mol C.R. (1979) Control of fast goal-directed arm movements. J. Hum. Mov. Studies 5: 3–17.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer-Verlag, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Feldman, A.G., Adamovich, S.V., Ostry, D.J., Flanagan, J.R. (1990). The Origin of Electromyograms — Explanations Based on the Equilibrium Point Hypothesis. In: Winters, J.M., Woo, S.LY. (eds) Multiple Muscle Systems. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9030-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9030-5_12
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9032-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9030-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive