Abstract
The release of germ cells from the epithelium of the seminiferous tubule signals the end of spermatogenesis and the beginning of the passage of these highly differentiated cells through the excurrent duct system. At the time of release germ cells no longer should be termed spermatids but spermatozoa or, simply, sperm. Sperm have attained virtually their final form at the time they are liberated; however, they are functionally immature and still lack the capacity to fertilize.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Vitale-Calpe R, Burgos MH: The mechanism of spermiation in the hamster I. Ultrastructure of spontaneous spermiation. J Ultrastruc Res (31): 381–393, 1970.
Burgos MH, Sacerdote FL, Russo J: Mechanism of sperm release. In: Regulation of Mammalian Reproduction. Segal SJ, Grozier R, Corfman PA, Condliffe PG (eds), Charles C. thomas, Publishers, Springfield, 111, 1970, pp 166–182.
Fawcett DW, Phillips DM: Observations on the release of spermatozoa and on changes in the head during passage through the epididymis. J Reprod Fert Suppl (6): 405–418, 1969.
Dietert SE: Fine structure of the formation and fate of the residual bodies of mouse spermatozoa with evidence for the participation of lysosomes. J Morph (120): 317–346, 1966.
Sapsford CS, Rae CA: Ultrastructural studies on Sertoli cells and spermatids in the bandicoot and ram during the movement of mature spermatids into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. Aust J Zool (17): 415–445, 1969.
Fawcett DW: Ultrastructure and function of the Sertoli cell. In: Handbook of Physiology. Male Reproductive System. Vol. V. Section 7: Endocrinology. Hamilton DW, Greep RO (eds), American Physiological Society, Washington, D.C. Waverly Press Inc., Baltimore, Md, 1975, pp 21–53.
Ross MH: The Sertoli cell junctional specialization during spermio-genesis and at spermiation. Anat Rec (186): 79–103, 1976.
Russell LD, Clermont Y: Anchoring device between Sertoli cells and late spermatids in rat seminiferous tubules. Anat Rec (185): 259–278, 1976.
Russell LD: Observations on rat Sertoli ectoplasmic (‘junctional’) specializations in their association with germ cells of the rat testis. Tissue and Cell (9): 475–498, 1977b.
Russell LD: Sertoligerm cell interrelations: A review. Gamete Research. (3): 179–202, 1980b.
Gravis CJ: A scanning electron microscopic study of the Sertoli cell and spermiation in the Syrian hamster. Am J Anat (151): 21–38, 1978a.
Fawcett DW: Interrelation of cell types within the seminiferous epithelium and their implications for control of spermatogenesis. In: The Regulation of Mammalian Reproduction. Segal S, Grozier R, Corfman P, Condliffe, P (eds), C.C. Thomas Pub., Springfield, 111, 1970, pp 91–99.
Ross MH: Sertoli-Sertoli junctions and Sertoli-spermatid junctions after efferent ductule ligation and lanthanum treatment. Am J Anat (148): 49–56, 1977.
Romrell LJ, Ross MH: Characterization of Sertoli cell-germ cell junctional specializations in dissociated testicular cells. Anat Rec (193): 23–42, 1979.
Russell LD: Movement of spermatocytes from the basal to the adluminal compartment of the rat testis. Amer J Anat (148): 313–328, 1977a.
Sapsford CS: The development of the Sertoli cell of the rat and mouse; Its existence as a mononucleate unit. J Anat (97): 225–238, 1963.
Brokelmann J: Fine structure of germ cells and Sertoli cells during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat (59): 820–850, 1963.
Nicander L: An electron microscopical study of cell contacts in the seminiferous tubules of some mammals. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat (83): 375–397, 1967.
Flickinger C, Fawcett DW: The junctional specializations of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Anat Rec (158): 207–221, 1967.
Sapsford CS, Rae CA, Cleland KW: Ultrastructural studies on maturing spermatids and on Sertoli cells in the bandicoot (Perameles nasuta). Aust J Zool (17): 195–292, 1969.
Gravis CJ: Ultrastructural observations on spermatozoa retained within the seminiferous epithelium after treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Tissue and Cell (12): 309–322, 1980.
Ross MH, Dobler J: The Sertoli cell junctional specializations and their relationship to the germinal epithelium as observed after efferent ductule ligation. Anat Rec (183): 267–292, 1975.
Russell LD: Further observations on tubulobulbar complexes formed by late spermatids and Sertoli cells in the rat testis. Anat Rec (194): 213–232, 1979.
Fouquet.IP: Le mecanisme de la spermiation chez le hamster: Signification des relations entre cellules de Sertoli et spermatides. C R Acad Sci D 275: 2025–2028, 1972.
Fouquet.IP: La spermiation et la formation dus corps résiduals chez le hamster: Rôle des cellules de Sertoli. J Microscopie (19): 161–168, 1974.
Franke WD, Grund C, Fink A, Weber K, Jockusch BM, Zentgraf H, Osborn M: Location of actin in the microfilament bundles associated with the junctional specializations between Sertoli cells and spermatids. Biol Cell (31): 7–14, 1978.
Regaud C: Etude sur la structure des tubes séminiféres et sur la spermatogénése chez les mammiferes. Arch Anat Micr 4: 101–156, 1901.
Firlit CF, Davis JR: Morphogenesis of the residual body of the mouse testis. Quart J Microsc Sci (106): 93–98, 1965.
Clermont Y, McCoshen J, Hermo L: Evolution of the endoplasmic reticulum in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm encapsulating the heads of late spermatids in the rat. Anat Rec (196): 83–99, 1980.
Russell LD, Malone J: A study of Sertoli-spermatid tubulobulbar complexes in selected mammals. Tissue and Cell (12): 263–285, 1981.
Cooper GW, Bedford JM: Asymetry of spermiation and sperm surface charge patterns over the giant acrosome in the musk shrew Suncus murinus. J Cell Biol. (69): 415–428, 1976.
Russell LD: Spermatid-Sertoli tubulobulbar complexes as devices for elimination of cytoplasm from the head region of late spermatids of the rat. Anat Rec (194): 233–246, 1979b.
Russell LD: Deformities in the head region of late spermatids of hypophysectomized-hormone-treated rats. Anat Rec (197): 21–31, 1980a.
Gravis CJ: Inhibition of spermiation in the Syrian hamster using dibutryl cyclic-AMP. Cell Tiss Res (192): 241–248, 1978b.
Clermont Y, Leblond CP, Messier B: Duré du cycle de l’épithélium séminal du rat. Archs Anat Microsc Morp Exp (48): 37–55, 1959.
Malone J: On the sperm release mechanism and the final separation of the spermatid from its attachments. Anat Rec (196): 118a, 1980.
Russell LD, Myers P, Ostenburg J, Malone J: Sertoli ectoplasmic specializations during spermatogenesis. In: Testicular Development, Structure, and Function. Stein berger A, Steinberger E (eds), Raven Press, New York, 1980b, pp 55–63.
Gravis CJ: Interrelationships between Sertoli cells and germ cells in the Syrian hamster. Z mikrosk Anat Forsch Leipzig (93): 321–342, 1979.
Friend DS, Farquhar MG: Functions of coated vesicles during protein absorption in the rat vas deferens. J Cell Biol (35): 357–376, 1967.
Clermont Y, Morales C: Transformation of Sertoli cell processes invading the cytoplasm of elongating spermatids of the rat. Anat Rec (202): 32–33A, 1982.
Millette CF, Bellve AR: Selective partitioning of plasma membrane antigens during mouse spermatogenesis. Develop Biol (79): 309–324, 1980.
Perey B, Clermont Y, Leblond CP: The wave of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat. Am J Anat (108): 47–78: 1961.
Barack B: Transport of spermatozoa from seminiferous tubules to epididymis in the mouse: A histological and quantitative study. J Reprod Fert (16): 35–48, 1968.
Setchell BP, Scott TW, Voglmayr JK, Waites GMH: Characteristics of testicular spermatozoa and the fluid which transports them into the epididymis. Biol Reprod (1): 40–66, 1969.
Niemi N, Kormano M: Contractility of the seminiferous tubule of the postnatal rat testis and its response to oxytocin. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn. (43): 40–42, 1965.
Volgmayr JK: Output of spermatozoa and fluid by the testis of the ram and its response to oxytocin. J Reprod Fert (43): 119–122, 1975.
Davis JR, Langford GA, Kirby PJ: The testicular capsule. In: The Testis. Johnson AD, Gomes WR, Vandemark NL (eds), Academic Press, New York and London, 1970, pp 282–337.
Clermont Y, Harvey SC: Duration of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of normal, hypophysectomized and hypophysectomized-hormone treated albino rats. Endocrinology (76): 80–89, 1965.
Lacroix M, Smith FE, Fritz IB: Secretion of plasminogen activator by Sertoli cell enriched cultures. Molec and Cell Endocrinol (9): 227–236, 1977.
Lacroix M, Parvinen M, Fritz IB: Localization of testicular plasminogen activator in discrete portions (Stage VII and VIII) of the seminiferous tubule. Biol Reprod (25): 143–146, 1981.
Aoki A: Induction of sperm release by microtubule inhibitors in rat testis. European J Cell Biol (22): 467, 1980.
Russell LD, Malone JP, McCurdy DS: Effect of microtubule disrupting agents, colchicine and vinblastine, on seminiferous tubule structure in the rat. Tissue and Cell (13): 349–367, 1981.
Bressler RS, Ross MH: Differentation of peritubular myoid cells of the testis: Effects of intratesticular implantation of newborn mouse testis into normal and hypophysectomized adults. Biol Reprod 6: 148–159, 1972.
Hovatta O: Effect of androgens and antiandrogens on the development of the myoid cells of the rat seminiferous tubules (organ culture). Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat (131): 299–308, 1972.
Suvanto O, Kormano M: The relationship between in vitro contractions of the rat seminiferous tubules and the cyclic stage of the seminiferous epithelium. J Reprod Fert (21): 227–232, 1970.
Ellis LC, Buhrley LE: Inhibitory effects of melatonin, prostaglandin El, cyclic-AMP, dibutyrylcyclic AMP and theophylline on rat seminiferous tubular contractility in vitro. Biol Reprod (19): 217–222, 1978.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Russell, L.D. (1984). Spermiation — the sperm release process: Ultrastructural observations and unresolved problems. In: Van Blerkom, J., Motta, P.M. (eds) Ultrastructure of Reproduction. Electron Microscopy in Biology and Medicine, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3867-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3867-3_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3869-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3867-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive