Abstract
This chapter describes the relationship between choline — administered as choline chloride or as phosphatidylcholine (lecithin), by injection or via the diet — and tissue acetylcholine (ACh) levels, and shows that choline administration, by raising blood and brain choline levels, can be a major determinant of the rate of ACh synthesis and, probably, of the amount of the neurotransmitter released when cholinergic neurons are depolarized.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ansell, G.B., and Spanner, S., 1967, The metabolism of labeled ethanolamine in the brain of the rat in vivo, J. Neurochem. 14: 813.
Aoki, K., and Siegel, F.L., 1970, Hyperphenylalanemia: disaggregation of brain polyribosomes in young rats, Science 168: 129.
Bremer, J., and Greenberg, D.M., 1961, Methyl transferring enzyme system in the biosynthesis of lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), Biochim. Biophys. Acta 46: 205.
Browning, E.T., and Schulman, M.P., 1968, (14C) acetylcholine synthesis by cortex slices of rat brain, J. Neurochem. 15: 1391.
Carlsson, A., Kehr, W., Lindquist, M., Magnusson, T., and Atack, C.V., 1972, Regulation of monoamine metabolism in the central nervous system, Pharmac. Rev. 24: 371.
Cohen, E.L., and Wurtman, R.J., 1975, Brain acetylcholine: increase after systemic choline administration, Life Sci. 76: 1095.
Cohen, E.L., and Wurtman, R.J., 1976, Brain acetylcholine: control by dietary choline, Science 191: 561.
Colmenares, J.L., Wurtman, R.J., and Fernstrom, J.D., 1975, Effect of ingesting a carbohydrate-fat meal on the levels and synthesis of 5-hydroxyindoles in various regions of the rat central nervous system, J. Neurochem. 25: 825.
Fernstrom, J.D., and Wurtman, R.J., 1972, Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma amino acids, Science 178: 414.
Fernstrom, J.D., and Wurtman, R.J., 1974, Nutrition and the brain, Sci. Am. 230: 84.
Freeman, J.J., and Jenden, D.J., 1976, The source of choline for acetylcholine synthesis in brain, Life Sci. 19: 949.
Gibson, C.J., and Wurtman, R.J., 1977, Physiological control of brain catecholamine synthesis by brain tyrosine concentration, Biochem. Pharmacol. 26: 1131.
Growdon, J.H., Cohen, E.L., and Wurtman, R.J., 1977a, Effects of oral choline administration on serum and CSF choline levels in patients with Huntington’s Disease, J. Neurochem. 28: 229.
Growdon, J.H., Hirsch, M.J., Wurtman, R.J., and Wiener, W., 1977b, Oral choline administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia, TV. Engl. J. Med. 297: 524.
Haga, T., and Noda, H., 1973, Choline uptake systems of rat brain synaptosomes, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 291: 564.
Haubrich, D.R., Wang, P.F.L., and Wedeking, P., 1974, Role of choline in biosynthesis of acetylcholine, Fed. Proc. 33: 477.
Hirsch, M.J., Growdon, J.H., and Wurtman, R.J., 1977, Increase in hippocampal acetylcholine after choline administration,Brain Res. 332: 383.
Ikeda, M., Levitt, M., and Udenfriend, S., 1965, Hydroxylation of phenylalanine by purified preparations of adrenal and brain tyrosine hydroxylase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 18: 482.
Kaita, A.A., and Goldberg, A.M., 1969, Control of acetylcholine synthesis: inhibition of choline acetyltransferase by acetylcholine, J. Neurochem. 16: 1185.
Kewitz, H., and Pleul, O., 1976, Synthesis of choline from ethanolamine in rat brain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73(7): 2181.
Murrin, C.L., Morgenroth, V.H., and Roth, R.H., 1976, Dopaminergic neurons: effects of electrical stimulation on tyrosine hydroxylase,Mol. Pharmacol. 12: 1070.
Nagler, A.L., Dettbarn, W.D., Scifter, E., and Levenson, S.M., 1968, Tissue levels of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase in weanling rats subjected to acute choline deficiency, J. Nutr. 94: 13.
Pardridge, W.M., 1977, Regulation of amino acid availability to the brain, in “Nutrition and the Brain” ( R.J. Wurtman and J.J. Wurtman, eds.), Vol. 1 pp. 141–204, Raven Press, New York.
Pardridge, W.M., and Oldendorf, W.H., 1977, Transport of metabolic substrates through the blood-brain barrier, J. Neurochem. 28: 5.
Scally, M.C., and Wurtman, R.J., 1977, Brain tyrosine level controls striatal dopamine synthesis in haloperidol-treated rats, J. Neural Transm. 41: 1.
Schuberth, J., and Jenden, D.J., 1975, Transport of choline from plasma to cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit, with reference to the origin of choline and acetylcholine metabolism in the brain, Brain Res. 84: 245.
Thoenen, H., 1974, Trans-synaptic enzyme induction, Life Sci. 14: 223.
Ulus, I.H., and Wurtman, R.J., 1976, Choline administration: activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in dopaminergic neurons of rat brain, Science 194: 1060.
Ulus, I.H., Hirsch, M.J., and Wurtman, R.J., 1977a, Trans-synaptic induction of adrenomedullary tyrosine hydroxylase activity by choline: evidence that choline administration increases cholinergic transmission, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 798.
Ulus, I.H., Scally, M.C., and Wurtman, R.J., 1977b, Choline potentiates the trans-synaptic induction of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase by reserpine, probably by enhancing the release of acetylcholine, Life Sci. 21: 145.
Ulus, I.H., Scally, M.C., and Wurtman, R.J., (in press), Potentiation by choline of the induction of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase by phenoxybenzamine,6-hydroxydopamine, insulin, or exposure to cold, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
Wurtman, R.J., and Fernstrom, J.D., 1976, Control of brain neurotransmitter synthesis by precursor availability and nutritional state, Biochem. Pharmacol. 25: 1691.
Wurtman, R.J., and Scally, M.C., 1977, Precursor control of neurotransmitter synthesis, in “Biochemistry and Function of Monoamine Enzymes” ( E. Usdin, ed.), pp. 231–261, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Wurtman, R.J., Hirsch, M.J., and Growdon, J.H., 1977, Lecithin consumption raises serum free choline levels, Lancet 2:68.
Yamamura, H.I., and Snyder, S.H., 1973, High affinity transport of choline into synapto- somes of rat brain, J. Neurochem. 21: 1355.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1979 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wurtman, R.J., Growdon, J.H. (1979). Dietary Control of Central Cholinergic Activity. In: Davis, K.L., Berger, P.A. (eds) Brain Acetylcholine and Neuropsychiatric Disease. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2934-3_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2934-3_27
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-2936-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-2934-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive