Abstract
The epidemiologic evidence for physical health problems associated with chronic heavy alcohol use derives mainly from studies of (1) the drinking histories of persons suffering from a particular disease or trauma; (2) the prevalence of physical health problems in samples of heavy drinkers; (3) the mortality experience of such drinkers; (4) the drinking histories of persons who have died from a particular cause; (5) regional and temporal variation in cause-specific death rates in relation to variation in indices of the prevalence of heavy drinking; and (6), more recently, the morbidity and mortality experience of general population groups evaluated for a number of years and characterized at entry according to alcohol consumption. There have also been many experimental studies but, with human subjects, these have necessarily been short-term and confined to acute effects presumed to be relevant to the disease conditions of interest.
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Popham, R.E., Schmidt, W., Israelstam, S. (1984). Heavy Alcohol Consumption and Physical Health Problems. In: Smart, R.G., et al. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, vol 8. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2719-6_5
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