Abstract
Every step in the life cycle of pathogenic human retroviruses could theoretically serve as a target for antiviral therapy. In particular, the process of reverse transcription appears to be an attractive target. A number of drugs and pharmacologic principles relevant to the administration of such drugs have been identified for application in the therapy of diseases mediated by pathogenic human retroviruses. One family of such drugs (2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside analogues) shows special promise. These drugs are now being administered to patients with AIDS and its related disorders.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Gottlieb, M.S., Schroff, R., Schanker, H.M., Weisman, J.D., Fan, P.T., Wolf, F.A. and Saxon, A. New Engl. J. Med. 305: 1425–1431, 1981.
Masur, H., Michelis, H.A., Greene, J.B., Onorato, I., Vande Stouwe, R.A., Holzman, R.S., Wormser, G., Brettman, L., Lange, M., Murray, H.W. and Cunningham-Rundles, S. New Engl. J. Med. 305: 1431–1438, 1981.
Siegal, F.P., Lopez, C., Hammer, G.S., Brown, A.E., Kornfeld, S.J., Gold, J., Hassell, J., Hirschman, S.Z., Cunningham-Rundles, C, Adelsberg, B.R., Parham, D.M. Siegal, M., Cunningham-Rundles, S. and Armstrong, D. New Engl. J. Med. 305: 1439–1444, 1981.
Gallo, R.C., Salahuddin, S.Z., Popovic, M., Sherer, G.M., Kaplan, M., Haynes, B.F., Palker, T.J., Redfield, R., Oleske, J., Safai, B., White, G., Foster, P. and Markham, P.D. Science 224: 500–503, 1984.
Popovic, M., Sarngadharan, M.G., Reed, E. and Gallo, R.C. Science 224: 497–500, 1984.
Ho, D.D., Rota, T.R. and Hirsch, M.S. J. Clin. Invest. 77: 1712–1715, 1986.
Gartner, S., Markovits, P., Markovitz, D.M., Kaplan, M.H., Gallo, R.C. and Popovic, M. Science 233: 215–219, 1986.
Fahey, J.L., Prince, H., Weaver, H., Groopman, J., Visscher, B., Schwartz, K. and Detels, R. Am. J. Med. 76: 95–100, 1984.
Barré-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J.C., Rey, F., Nugeyre, M.T., Chamaret, S., Gruest, J., Duaguet, C, Axler-Blin, C, Vézinet-Brun, F., Rouxioux, C, Rosenbaum, W. and Montagnier, L. Science 220: 868–871, 1983.
Levy, J.A., Hoffman, A.D., Kramer, S.M., Landis, J.A., Shimabukuro, J.M. and Oshiro, J.S. Science 225: 840–842, 1984.
Coffin, J., Haase, A., Levy, J.A., Montagnier, L., Oroszlan, S., Teich, N., Temin, H., Toyoshima, K., Varmus, H., Vogt, P. and Weiss, R. Science 232: 697, 1986.
Groopman, J.E., Salahuddin, S.Z., Sarngadharan, M.G., Markham, P.D., Gonda, M., Sliski, A. and Gallo, R.C. Science 226: 447–449, 1984.
Ho, D.D., Schooley, R.T., Rota, T.R., Kaplan, J.C., Flynn, T., Salahuddin, S.Z., Gonda, M. and Hirsch, M.S. Science 226: 451–453, 1984.
Goedert, J.J., Bigger, R.J., Weiss, S.H., Eyster, M.E., Melbye, M., Wilson, S., Ginzburg, K.M., Grossman, R.J., Digioia, R.A., Sanchez, W.C., Giron, J.A., Ebbesen, P., Gallo, R.C. and Battner, W.A. Science 231: 992–995, 1986.
Klatzmann, D., Barré-Sinoussi, F., Nugeyre, M.T., Dauguet, C, Vilmer, E., Griscelli, C, Brun-Vézinet, F., Rouzioux, C., Gluckman, J.C., Chermann, J.C. and Montagnier, L. Science 225: 59–63, 1984.
Lawrence, J., Gottlieb, A.B. and Kunkel, H.G. J. Clin. Invest. 72: 2072–2081, 1983.
Lane, H.C., Masur, H.M., Longo, D.L., Klein, M.G., Rook, A.H., Quinnam, G.V., Steis, R.G., Macher, A., Whalen, G., Edgar, L.C. and Fanci, A.S. New Engl. J. Med. 311: 1099–1103, 1984.
Shaw, G.M., Harper, M.E., Hahn, B.H., Epstein, L.G., Gajdusek, D.C., Price, R.W., Navia, B.A., Petito, C.K., O’Hara, C.J., Groopman, J.E., Cho, E.-S., Oleske, J.M., Wong-Staal, F. and Gallo, R.C. Science 227: 177–182, 1985.
Ho, D.D., Rota, T.R., Schooley, R.T., Kaplan, J.C., Allan, J.D., Resnick, L., Felsenstein, D., Andrews, C.A. and Hirsch, M.S. New Engl. J. Med. 313: 1493–1497, 1985.
Resnick, L., DiMarzo-Veronese, F., Schüpbach, J., Tourtellote, W.W., Ho, D.D., Muller, F., Shapshak, P., Vogt, M., Groopman, J., Markham, P.D. and Gallo, R.C. New Engl. J. Med. 313: 1498–1504, 1985.
Navis, B.A., Jordan, B.D. and Price, R.W. Ann. Neurol. 19: 517–524, 1986.
Baltimore, D. Nature 226: 1209–1211, 1970.
Temin, H.M. and Mizutani, S. Nature 226: 1211–1213, 1970.
Klein, G. Cancer 45: 2486–2499, 1980.
Dalgleish, A.G., Beverly, P.C.L., Clapham, P.R., Crawford, D.H., Greaves, M.F. and Weiss, R.A. Nature 312: 763–767, 1984.
Klatzmann, D., Champagne, E., Chamerat, S., Gruest, J., Guetard, D., Hercend, T., Gluckman, J.-C and Montagnier, L. Nature 312: 767–768, 1984.
Sodroski, J., Goh, W.C, Rosen, C., Campbell, K. and Haseltine, W.A. Nature 322: 470–474, 1986.
Lifson, J.D., Feinberg, M.B., Reyes, C.R., Rabin, L., Banapour, B., Chakrabarti, S., Moss, B., Wong-Staal, F., Steiner, K.S. and Engleman, E.G. Nature 323: 725–728, 1986.
Pert, C.B., Kill, J.M., Ruff, M.R., Berman, R.M., Robey, W.C., Arthur, L.O. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press.
Wong-Staal, F. and Gallo, R.C. Nature 317: 395–403, 1985.
Hahn, B., Shaw, CM., Taylor, M.E., Redfield, R.R., Markham, P.D., Salahuddin, S.Z., Wong-Staal, F., Gallo, R.C, Parks, E.S. and Parks, W.P. Science 232: 1548–1553, 1986.
Dolin, R. Science 227: 1296–1303, 1985.
Wain-Hobson, S., Sonigo, P., Danos, O., Cole, S. and Alizon, M. Cell 40: 9–17, 1985.
Tanese, N., Sodroski, J., Haseltine, W.A. and Goff, S.P. J. Virol. 59: 743–745, 1986.
Mitsuya, H., Popovic, M., Yarchoan, R., Matsushita, S., Gallo, R.C. and Broder, S. Science 226: 172–174, 1984.
Rozenbaum, W., Dormont, D., Spire, B., Vilmer, E., Gentilini, M., Griscelli, C, Montagnier, L., Barré-Sinoussi, F. and Chermann, J.C. Lancet i: 450–451, 1985.
Sandstrom, E.G., Kaplan, J.C, Byington, R.E. and Hirsch, M.S. Lancet i: 1480–1482, 1985.
Anand, R., Moore, J., Feorino, P., Curran, J. and Srinivasan, A., Lancet i: 97–98, 1986.
Mitsuya, H., Weinhold, K.J., Furman, P.A., St. Clair, M.H., Nusinoff-Lehrman, S., Gallo, R.C, Bolognesi, D., Barry, D.W. and Broder, S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 7096–7100, 1985.
Mitsuya, H. and Broder, S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 1911–1915, 1986.
Ting, R.C, Yang, S.S. and Gallo, R.C. Nature New Biol. 236: 163–166, 1972.
Furmanski, P., Bourguignon, G.L., Bolles, C.S., Corombos, J.D. and Das, M.R. Cancer Lett. 8: 307–315, 1980.
De Clercq, E. Cancer Lett. 8: 9–22, 1979.
Waqar, M.A., Evans, M.J., Manly, K.F., Hughes, R.C., Huberman, J.A. J. Cell. Physiol. 121: 402–408, 1984.
Ostertag, W., Roesler, C., Krieg, C.J., Kind, J., Cole, T., Crozier, T., Gaedicke, G., Steinheider, G., Kluge, N. and Dube, S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71: 4980–4985, 1974.
Chandra, P., Demirhan, I. and De Clercq, E. Cancer Lett. 12: 181–193, 1981.
Panganibau, A.T. and Temin, H.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 7885–7889, 1984.
McCormick, J.B., Getchell, J.P., Mitchell, S.W. and Hicks, D.R. Lancet ii: 1367–1369, 1984.
Sodroski, J.C, Rosen, CA., Wong-Staal, F., Salahuddin, S.Z., Popovic, M., Arya, S., Gallo, R.C. and Haseltine, W.A. Science 221: 171–173, 1985.
Sodroski, J., Goh, W.C, Rosen, C, Dayton, A., Terwilliger, E. and Haseltine, W. Nature 321: 412–417, 1986.
Feinberg, M.B., Jarrett, R.F., Aldovini, A., Gallo, R.C. and Wong-Staal, F. Cell 46: 807–817, 1986.
Fisher, A.G., Feinberg, M.B., Josephs, S.F., Harper, M.E., Marselle, L.M., Reyes, C, Gonda, M.A., Aldovini, A., Debouk, C, Gallo, R.C. and Wong-Staal, F. Nature 320: 367–371, 1986.
Rosen, C.A. Sodroski, J.C, Goh, W.C., Dayton, A.I., Lippke, J. and Haseltine, W.A. Nature 319: 555–559, 1986.
Smith, T. J., Kremer, M.J., Luo, M., Vriend, G., Arnold, E., Kamer, C, Rossmann, M.C, McKinlay, M.A., Diana, C.D. and Gtto, M.J. Science 233: 1286–1293, 1986.
Izant, J.C, Weinbraub, H. Cell 36: 1007–1015, 1984.
Pestka, S., Daugherty, B.L., Jung, V., Hotta, K. and Pestka, R.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 7525–7528, 1984.
Zamenick, P.C., Goodchild, J., Taguchi, Y. and Sarin, P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 4143–4146, 1986.
Schultz, A.M. and Oroszlan, S. J. Virol. 46: 355–361, 1983.
Henderson, L.E., Krutzch, H.C. and Oroszlan, S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 339–343, 1983.
Ho, D.D., Hartshorn, K.L., Rota, T.R., Andrews, CA., Kaplan, J.C., Schooley, R.T. and Hirsch, M.S. Lancet i: 602–604, 1985.
Montagnier, L., Gruest, J., Chamaret, S., Dauguet, C., Axler, C, Guétard, D., Nugeyre, M.T., Barré-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J.-C., Brunet, J.B., Klatzmann, D. and Gluckman, J.C. Science 225: 63–66, 1984.
Birx, D.L., Redfield, R.R. and Tosato, G. New Engl. J. Med. 314: 874–879, 1986.
Yarchoan, R., Redfield, R.R. and Broder, S. J. Clin. Invest. 78: 439–447, 1986.
Hoxie, J., Haggarty, B.S., Rackowski, J.L., Pillsbury, N. and Levy, J.A. Science 229: 1400–1402, 1985.
Folks, T., Powell, D.M., Lightfoote, M.M., Benn, S., Martin, M.A. and Fauci, A.S. Science 231: 600–602, 1986.
Horwitz, J.P., Chua, J. and Noel, M. J. Org. Chem. 29: 2076–2078, 1964.
Toji, L. and Cohen, S.S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 63: 871–877, 1969.
Lin, T.S. and Prusoff, W.H. J. Med. Chem. 21: 109–112, 1978.
Yarchoan, R. and Broder, S. In: Vaccine 87. (Eds. R.M. Channock, R.A. Lerner, F. Brown and H.S. Ginsberg), Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, 1987, in press.
Mitsuya, H., Matsukura, M. and Broder, S. In AIDS: Modern Concepts and Therapeutic Challenges (Ed. S. Broder), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1987, pp 303–333.
Mitsuya, H. and Broder, S. Nature 325: 773–778, 1987.
Balzarini, J., Pauwels, R., Herdewijn, P., De Clercq, E., Cooney, D.A., Kang, G.-J., Dalai, M., Johns, D.G. and Broder, S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 140: 735–742, 1986.
Baba, M., Pauwels, R., Herdewijn, P., De Clercq, E., Desmyter, J. and Vandeputte, M. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 142: 128–134 (1987).
Balzarini, J., Kang, G.-J., Dalai, M., Herdewijn, P., De Clercq, E., Broder, S. and Johns, D.G, Mol. Pharmacol., in press (1987).
Balzarini, J., Pauwels, R., Baba, M., Robins, M.J., Zou, R., Herdewijn, P. and De Clercq, E. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., in press (1987).
Furman, P.A., Fyfe, J.S., St. Clair, M.H., Weinhold, K., Rideout, J.L., Freeman, G.A., Lehrman, S.N., Bolognesi, D.P., Broder, S., Mitsuya, H. and Barry, D.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 8333–8337, 1986.
Cooney, D.A., Dalai, M., Mitsuya, H., McMahon, J., Nadkarni, M., Balzarini, J., Broder, S. and Johns, D.G. Biochem. Pharmacol. 35: 2065–2068, 1986.
Sanger, F., Nicklen, S. and Coulson, A.R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463–5467, 1977.
Pauwels, R., De Clercq, E., Desmyter, J., Balzarini, J., Goubau, P., Herdewijn, P., Vanderhaeghe, H. and Vandeputte, M. J. Virol. Keth.: in press, 1987.
Starnes, M.C. and Cheng, Y.C. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 988–991, 1987.
Mitsuya, H., Jarrett, R.F., Matsukura, M., Veronese, F., De Vico, A.L., Sarngadharan, M.S., Johns, D.G., Reitz, M.S. and Broder, S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press, 1987.
Maley, F. and Maley, G.F. Biochemistry 1: 847–851, 1962.
Durham, J.P. and Ives, D.H. Fed. Proc. 26: 808a, 1967.
Skoog, L. and Nordenskjöld, B. Eur. J. Biochem. 19: 81–89, 1971.
Theiss, J.C. and Fisher, G.A. Biochem. Pharmacol. 25: 73–79, 1976.
McPartland, P.P., Wang, M.C., Bloch, A. and Weinfeld, H. Cancer Res. 34: 3107–3111, 1974.
Brockman, R.W. Shaddix, S.C., Williams, M., Nelson, J.A., Rose, L.M. and Schabel, F.M. Jr. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sei.USA 255: 501–521, 1975.
Morris, N.R. and Fisher, G.A. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 68: 84–92, 1963.
Ives, D.H., Morse, P.A. Jr. and Potter, V.R. J. Biol. Chem. 238: 1467–1474, 1963.
Sweeney, M.J., Davis, F.A., Gutowski, G.E., Hamill, R.L., Hoffman, D.H. and Poore, G.A. Cancer Res. 33: 2619–2623, 1973.
Plagemann, P.G.W. and Behrens, M. Cancer Res. 36: 3807–3812, 1976.
Collins, K.D. and Stark, G.R. J. Biol. Chem. 246: 6599–6605, 1971.
Swyryd, E.A., Seaver, S.S. and Stark, G.R. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 6945–6950, 1974.
Yoshida, T., Stark, G.R. and Hoogenraad, N.J. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 6951–6955, 1974.
Dexter, D.L., Hesson, D.P., Ardecky, R.J., Rao, G.V., Tippet, D.L., Tusak, B.A., Pauli, K.D., Plowman, J., Delarco, B.M., Narayanan, V.L. and Forbes, M. Cancer Res. 5: 5563–5568, 1985.
Chen, S.F., Ruben, R.L. and Dexter, D.L. In: Proc. 77th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, Los Angeles, 1986, p. 1183.
Handschumacher, R.E. and Pasternak, C.A. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 30: 451–452, 1958.
Handschumacher, R.E. J. Biol. Chem. 235: 2917–2919, 1960.
Durham, J.P. and Ives, D.H. J. Biol. Chem. 245: 2276–2284, 1970.
Woodcock, T., Damin, L., O’Hehir, M., Andreef, M. and Young, C. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 20: 462, 1979.
Kelley, J.A., Litterst, C.L., Roth, J.S., Vistica, D.T., Poplack, D.G., Cooney, D.A., Nadkarni, M., Balis, F.M., Broder, S. and Johns, D.G. Drug Met. Disp., in press, 1987.
Cohen, S.S. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. USA 186: 292–301, 1971.
Bjursell, G. and Reichard, P. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 3904–3909, 1973.
Ruprecht, R.M., O’Brien, L.G., Rcssoni, L.D. and Nusinoff-Lehrman, S. Nature 323: 467–469, 1986.
Balzarini, J., Pauwels, R., Baba, M., De Clercq, E., Broder, S. and Johns, D.G. III International Conference on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), June 1–5, 1987, Washington DC, USA, submitted, 1987.
Yarchoan, R., Klecker, R.W., Weinhold, K.J., Markham, P.D., Lyerly, H.K., Durack, D.T., Gelmann, E., Lehrmann, S.N., Blum, R.M., Barry, D., Shearer, G., Fischl, M.A., Mitsuya, H., Gallo, R.C., Collins, J.M., Bolognesi, D.P., Myers, CE. and Broder, S. Lancet i: 575–580, 1986.
Klecker, R.W., Collins, J.M., Yarchoan, R., Thomas, R., Jenkins, J.F., Broder, S. and Myers, C.E. Clin. Pharmacol. Therap., in press, 1987.
de Miranda, P., Good, S.S., Blum, M.R., Thomas, R.V., Yarchoan, R. and Broder, S. Program of the International Conference on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Paris, France, June 23–25, 1986.
Yarchoan, R., Berg, G., Brouwers, P., Fischl, M.A., Spitzer, A.R., Wichman, A., Grafman, J., Thomas, R., Safai, B., Brunetti, A., Perno, C, Schmidt, P.J., Larson, S.M., Myers, CE. and Broder, S. Lancet i: 132–135, 1987.
Yarchoan, R. and Broder, S. In: AIDS: Modern Concepts and Therapeutic Challenges (Ed. S. Broder), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp. 335–360, 1987.
Broder, S. and Gallo, R.C New Engl. J. Med. 311: 1292–1297, 1984.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Martinus Nijhoff Publishing
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Balzarini, J., Broder, S. (1988). Principles of Antiretroviral Therapy for AIDS and Related Diseases. In: De Clercq, E. (eds) Clinical Use of Antiviral Drugs. Developments in Medical Virology, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1715-9_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1715-9_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8966-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1715-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive