Skip to main content

Self-Handicapping Behavior and the Self-Defeating Personality Disorder

Toward a Refined Clinical Perspective

  • Chapter
Self-Defeating Behaviors

Part of the book series: The Plenum Series in Social / Clinical Psychology ((SSSC))

Abstract

With these words, Gary Hart, the undisputed front-runner for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination, withdrew from the race 25 days after announcing his candidacy and less than a week after polls showed him with 65% of the vote in strategically crucial Iowa.* The public, particularly the press, had no trouble “diagnosing” what had happened. The May 18, 1987, cover of Newsweek trumpeted, “Gary Hart Self-Destructs.” That same week, Michael Kramer wrote a cover story for U.S. News & World Report that claimed, “Hart’s tendency toward self-destruction has been on display for years” (Kramer, 1987).

I’m a proud man and I’m proud of what I’ve accomplished I’m not a beaten man; I’m an angry and defiant man. I’ve said that I bend but I don’t break. And believe me, I’m not broken. Now clearly under present circumstances [where the press is making me the issue], this campaign cannot go on. I refuse to submit my family and my friends…and myself to further rumors and gossip. It’s simply an intolerable situation. I believe I would have been a successful candidate. And I know I could have been a very good President, particularly for these times. But apparently now we’ll never know. Gary Hart (May 8, 1987)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P, & Teasdale, J. D., (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, A. (1930). Problems of neurosis. New York: Cosmopolitan Book Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adler, G. (1970). Valuing and devaluing in the psychotherapeutic process. Archives of General Psychiatry, 22, 455–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self–efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, L. S. (1974). Structural analysis of social behavior. Psychological Review, 81, 392– 425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, L. S. (1987). Use of the SASB dimensional model to develop treatment plans for personality disorders. I: Narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1 (1), 43–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berglas, S. (1985). Self–handicapping and self–handicappers: A cognitive/attributional model of interpersonal self–protective behavior. In R. Hogan & W. H. Jones (Eds.), Perspectives in personality (Vol. 1, 235–270.) Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berglas, S. (1986a). The success syndrome: Hitting bottom when you reach the top. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berglas, S. (1986b). A typology of self–handicapping alcohol abusers. In M. J. Saks and L. Saxe (Eds.), Advances in applied social psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 29–56 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berglas, S. (1987). Self–handicapping and psychopathology: An integration of social and clinical perspectives. In J. E. Maddux, C. D. Stoltenberg, & R. Rosenwein (Eds.), Social processes in clinical and counseling psychology (pp. 113–125 ). New York: Springer– Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berglas, S., & Jones, E. E. (1978). Drug choice as a self–handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 405–417.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berliner, B. (1947). On some psychodynamics of masochism. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 16, 459–471.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berne, E. (1964). Games people play: The psychology of human relationships. New York: Castle Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Board of Mental Health, National Institute of Medicine (1985). Research on mental illness and addictive disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 142 (suppl.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, S. (1964). Syndrome of the treatment–rejecting patient. Psychoanalytic Review, 51, 75– 84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caplan, P. J. (1984). The myth of women’s masochism. American Psychologist, 39(2), 130– 139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavenar, J. O., & Werman, D. S. (1981). Origins of the fear of success. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138 (1), 95–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dionne, E. J., Jr. (1987, May 3). Gary Hart: The elusive front–runner. The New York Times Magazine, pp. 28–36, 40, 70 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, H. (1944). The psychology of women (Vol. 1 ). New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society ( 2nd ed. ). New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenichel, O. (1945). The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frances, A. & Cooper, A. M. (1981). Descriptive and dynamic psychiatry: A perspective on DSM–III. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138 (9), 1198–1202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1919). A child is being beaten. A contribution to the study of the origin of sexual perversions. In Collected Papers (Vol. II, pp. 172–201 ). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1920). Beyond the pleasure principle. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 18, pp. 7–64 ). London: Hogarth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1924). The economic problem of masochism. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 159–170 ). London: Hogarth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1949). Some character–types met with in psychoanalytic work. In Collected Papers (Vol. IV, pp. 318–344 ). London: Hogarth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, F. X., & Gaeddert, W. P. (1984). Focus of attention and placebo utility. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 159–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haley, J. (1969). The power tactics of Jesus Christ. New York: Avon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, H. (1964). Comments of the psychoanalytic theory of the ego. In Essays on Ego Psychology (pp. 113–141 ). New York: International Universities Press. (Original work published 1950 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Horner, M. S. (1972). Toward an understanding of achievement–related concerns in women. Journal of Social Issues, 28, 157–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horney, K. (1937). The neurotic personality of our time. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. E., & Berglas, S. (1978). Control of attributions about the self through self– handicapping strategies: The appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 200–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. (1965). From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 219–266 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 192–238 ). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, H. H. (1971). Attribution in social interaction. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs (Vol. 2 ). New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Jason Aronson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohut, H. (1972). Thoughts on narcissism and narcissistic rage. In The search for the self. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolditz, T. A., & Arkin, R. M. (1982). An impression management interpretation of the self–handicapping strategy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 492–502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krafft–Ebing, R. V. (1950). Psychopathia sexualis: A medico–forensic study. New York: Pioneer Publications. (Original work published 1901 )

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, M. (1987, May 18). The self–destruction of Gary Hart. U.S. News & World Report, p. 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, T. (1957). Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York: Ronald Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenstein, R. (1957). A contribution to the psychoanalytic theory of masochism. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 5, 197–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maleson, F. G. (1984). The multiple meanings of masochism in psychoanalytic discourse. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 32, 325–356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marecek, J. & Mettee, D. R. (1972). Avoidance of continued success as a function of self– esteem, level of esteem certainty, and responsibility for success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 98–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meissner, W. W. (1980). Theories of personality and psychopathology: Classical psychoanalysis. In H. I. Kaplan, A. M. Freedman, & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry/III ( 3rd ed., pp. 631–728 ). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menaker, E. (1953). Masochism—a defense reaction of the ego. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 22, 205–220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality. DSM–III: Axis I I. New York: Wiley–Interscience.

    Google Scholar 

  • M’Uzan, M. de (1973). A case of masochistic perversion and an outline of a theory. International Journal of Psycho–Analysis, 54, 445–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, J. C., & Cooper, S. H. (1987). Empirical studies of psychological defense mecha¬nisms. In R. Michels & J. O. Cavenar (Eds.), Psychiatry, Chapter 30 (pp. 1–19 ). Philadelphia: Lippincott.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, J. C. & Flannery, R. B. (1982). Passive–aggressive personality disorder: Treatment implications of a clinical typology. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170(3), 164– 173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reik, T. (1941). Masochism in modern man. New York: Farrar & Strauss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sack, R. L., & Miller, W. (1975). Masochism: A clinical and theoretical overview. Psychiatry, 38, 244–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlenker, B. R. (1980). Impression management. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolorow, R. D. (1975). The narcissistic function of masochism (and sadism). International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 56, 441–448.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tresemer, D. W. (1977). Fear of success. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, J. A., Vuchinich, R. E., & Sobell, M. B. (1981). Alcohol consumption as a self– handicapping strategy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 220–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaillant, G. E. (1977). Adaption to life. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaillant, G. E., & Perry, J. C. (1985). Personality disorders. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry ( 4th ed., pp. 958–986 ). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widiger, T. A., & Frances, A. (1985). The DSM–III personality disorders: Perspectives from psychology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 615–623.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, R. B., & Gilliland, R. M. (1975). Elements of psychopathology: The mechanism of defense. New York: Grune & Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Berglas, S. (1989). Self-Handicapping Behavior and the Self-Defeating Personality Disorder. In: Curtis, R.C. (eds) Self-Defeating Behaviors. The Plenum Series in Social / Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0783-9_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0783-9_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8080-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0783-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics