Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pesticides

  • Chapter
Principles and Applications of Gas Chromatography in Food Analysis

Part of the book series: Ellis Horwood Series in Food Science and Technology ((EHSFST))

Abstract

Pesticides may be defined as chemical substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating the effects of pests. In general, substances used as plant growth regulators and defoliants are also included in this term. In 1980, some 530 000 tons (4.8 × 105 t) of pesticides were used in the production of food as well as clothing and other industrial goods in the United States for the more than 270 million inhabitants. That means an annual input of 2 kg of pesticides per person into our environment. Pesticides are an integral part of world agriculture and under present conditions are considered to be indispensable. Plants that supply our main source of food are susceptible to 80 000 to 100 000 diseases caused by fungi, viruses, bacteria and other types of microorganisms. Some 3000 nematodes and 10 000 species of insects attack crop plants. They compete furthermore with 30 000 species of weed, of which about 1800 cause economic losses worldwide. In the developed countries, crop losses due to pests are about 30% despite the use of pesticides and other sophisticated control methods (Ware, 1983).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ambrus, A., Visi, E., Zaker, F., Hargitai, E., Szabo, L. and Papa, A. (1981a). General method for determination of pesticides in samples of plant origin, soil, and water. III. Gas chromatographic analysis and confirmation, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 64, 749–768.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambrus, A., Lantos, J., Visi, E., Csatlós, I., Sávári, L. (1981b). General method of determination of pesticide residues in samples of plant origin, soil, and water. I. Extraction and cleanup, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 64, 733–742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aue, W. A., Hastings, C. R. and Kapila, S. (1973). On the unexpected behaviour of a common gas chromatographic phase, J. Chromatogr., 77, 299–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballschmiter, K., Buchert, H., Bihler, S. and Zell, M. (1981). Baseline studies of global pollution — IV. The pattern of pollution by organo-chlorine compounds in the North Atlantic as accumulated by fish, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 306, 323–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, H., Eckhart, K., Kellert, M., Mathar, W., Rühl, Ch.-S. and Wittkowski, R. (1987) Levels of PCDFs and PCDDs in samples of human origin and food in the Federal Republic of Germany, Chemosphere, 16, 1977–1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertsch, W. (1978). Methods in high resolution gas chromatography. Two-dimensional techniques. J. High. Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun, 1, 85, 187, 289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, W. (1988). Säulen für die Gaschromatographie, Nachr. Chem. Tech. Lab., 36,166–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brody, S. S. and Chaney, J. E. (1966). Flame photometric detector — the application of a specific detector for phosphorus and for sulfur compounds, sensitive to subnanogram quantities, J. Gas Chromatogr., 4, 42–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Büchel, K. H. (1977). Pflanzenschutz and Schädlingsbekämfung, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buser, H. R. (1976). High-resolution gas chromatography of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, Anal. Chem., 4B, 1553–1557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buser, H. R. (1977). Determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in environmental samples by high-resolution gas chromatography and low resolution mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 49, 918–922.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, T., Siegmund, E. G. and Jacobson, R. A. (Ed.) (1987). Mass Spectral Data Compilation of Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals. Food and Drug Administration, Los Angeles, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane, W. P. (1975). Confirmation of insecticide and herbicide residues by chemical derivatization, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 13, 246–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damico, J. N. (1972). Pesticides. In Bichemical Applications of Mass Spectrometry, Waller, R. G. (ed)., Wiley, New York, p. 623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dandeneau, R. and Zerenner, E. H. (1979). An investigation of glasses for capillary chromatography, J. High. Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun., 2, 351–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deans, D. R. (1968). A new technique for heart cutting in gas chromatography, Chromatographie, 1, 18–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Faubert Maunder. M. J., Egan, H., Godly, E. W., Hammond, E. W., Roburn, J., Thomson, J. (1964). Clean-up of animal fats and dairy products for the analysis of chlorinated pesticide residues, Analyst, 89, 168–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deleu, R. and Copin, A. (1980). Separation of pesticides by capillary gas chromatography, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun., 3, 299–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desty, D. H., Haresnape, J. N. and Whyman, B. H. F. (1960). Construction of long lengths of coiled glass capillary, Anal. Chem., 32, 302–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devaux, P. and Guichon, G. (1970). Determination of the optimum operating conditions of the electron capture detector, J. Chromatogr. Sci.,8, 502–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • DFG-Method S16, see Thier and Zeumer (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • DFG-Method S19, see Thier and Zeumer (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyem, J. (1975). The role of wall-coated capillary columns in GC-MS techniques, Chromatographia, 8, 456 162.

    Google Scholar 

  • FDA Pesticide Analytical Manual (1985). Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., vol. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freudenthal, J. and Gramberg, L. G. (1975). Catalogue of Mass Spectra of Pesticides, National Institute of Public Health, Bilthoven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilsbach, W. and Thier, H.-P. (1982). Beiträge zur Rückstandsanalyse von Chlorphenoxycarbonsäure-Herbiciden in Weizenmehl, Z. Lebensm.-Unters.Forsch., 175, 327–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goebel, H. and Stan, H.-J. (1983). Automated gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in food samples by means of fused-silica capillary columns and data processing, J. Chromatogr., 279, 523–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grob, K. and Grob, G. (1969). Splitless injection on capillary columns, Part I, The basic technique, steroid analysis as an example, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 7, 584–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R. C. and Harris, D. E. (1979). Direct gas chromatographic determination of carbamate pesticides using carbowax 20M-modified supports and the electrolytic conductivity detector, J. Chromatogr.,169, 245–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, W. J., Jr., (1981). Toxicology of Pesticides, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henneberg, D. and Schomburg, G. (1964). Die kombinierte Anwendung von Gaschromatographie und Massenspektrometrie, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 211,55–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henneberg, D., Henrichs, U. and Schomburg, G. (1975). Open split connection of glass capillary columns to mass spectrometers, Chromatographia, 8, 449–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hild, J., Schulte, E. and Thier, H.-P. (1978). Trennung von Organophosphor-Pestiziden und ihren Metaboliten auf Glaskapillarsäulen, Chromatographia, 11, 397–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elites, R. A. (1985). CRC Handbook of Mass Spectra of Environmental Contaminants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, P. T. and Greenhalgh, R. (1981). Selection of gas chromatographic detectors for pesticide residue analysis. In Analysis of Pesticide Residues. Chemical Analysis, Vol. 58. Moye, H. A. (Ed), John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • In Ki, Mun, Bartholomew, D. R., Stauffer, D. B. and McLafferty, F. W. (1981). Weighted file ordering for fast matching of mass spectra against a comprehsive data base, Anal. Chem., 53, 1938–1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karman, A. and Giuffrida, L. (1964). Enhancement of the response of the hydrogen flame ionization detector to compounds containing halogens and phosphorus, Nature, 201, 1204–1205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, R. T. (1980). Multiresidue method for determining N-methylcarbamate insecticides in crops, using high performance liquid chromatography, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 63, 1114–1124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krijgsman, W., and van de Kamp, C. G. (1976). Analysis of organophosphorus pesticides by capillary gas chromatography with flame photometric detection, J. Chromatogr., 117, 201–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, M. L., Yang, F. J. and Bartle, K. D. (1984). Open Tubular Column Gas Chromatography, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipinski, J. and Stan H.-J. (1988). CAPA — Computer Aided Pesticide Analysis computer program for the automated evaluation of chromatographic data for residue analysis of foods. J. Chromatogr., 441, 213–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipinski, J. and Stan. H.-J. (1989) Compilation of retention data for 270 pesticides on 3 different capillary columns. Poster presented at the 10th International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography, Riva del Garda, Italy, May, 22–25, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, J. E. (1960). An ionization detector for permanent gases, Nature, 187, 49–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovelock, J. E. and Lipsky, S. R. (1961). Electron affinity spectroscopy — a new method for the identification of functional groups in chemical compounds separated by gas chromatography, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 431–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luke, M. A. and Masumoto, H. T. (1986). Pesticide residue analysis of foods. In, Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators, G. Zweig and J. Sherma (eds.), Academic Press, Orlando, FL, vol. XV, P. 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luke, M. A., Froberg, J. E., Masumoto, H. T. (1975). Extraction and cleanup of organochlorine, organophosphate, organonitrogen, and hydrocarbon pesticides in produce for determination by gas-liquid chromatography, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 58, 1020–1026.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLafferty, F. W., Hertel, R. H. and Villwock, R. D. (1974). Computer identification of mass spectra, VI. Probability based matching of mass spectra; rapid identification of specific compounds in mixtures, Org. Mass Spectrom., 9, 690–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, P. A., Onley, J. H. and Geither, R. A. (1963). Rapid method for chlorinated pesticide residues in nonfatty foods, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 46, 186–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseman, R. (1978). Rapid procedure for preparation of support-bonded carbowax 20M gas chromatographic column packing, J. Chromatogr., 166, 397–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moye, H. A. (ed.) (1981) Analysis of Pesticide Residues. Chemical Analysis, Vol. 58, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, H.-M. and Stan. H.-J. (1989). Pesticide residue analysis in food with capillary gas chromatography. Poster presented at the 10th International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography in Riva del Garda, Italy, May, 22–25, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouchi, G. I. (1987). Personal Computers for Scientists, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, P. L. (1978a). Comparison of quenching effects in single-and dual-flame photometric detectors, Anal. Chem., 50, 345–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, P. L. (1978b). Selective responses of a flameless thermionic detector, J. Chromatogr., 167, 381–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, P. L. and Howe, R. L. (1978). Thermionic nitrogen-phosphorus detection with an alkali-ceramic bead, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 16, 275–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellizzari, E. D. (1974). Electron capture detection in gas chromatography, J. Chromatogr., 98, 323–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pensyna, G. M., Venkataraghaven, R., Dayringer, H. E. and McLafferty, F. W. (1976). Probability based matching system using a large collection of reference mass spectra. Anal. Chem., 48, 1362–1368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkow, W. (1983/1988). Wirksubstanzen der Pflanzenschutz- und Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel, Paul Parey, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pflugmacher, J. and Ebing, W. (1973). Reinigung Pestizidrückstände enthaltender Rohextrakte mit einer automatisch arbeitenden Apparatur nach dem Prinzip der kombinierten Spül-und Codestillation (Sweep Co-Distillation), Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 263, 120–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ripley, B. D. and Braun, H. E. (1983). Pesticide residues - retention time data for organochlorine, organophosphorus, and organonitrogen pesticides on SE-30 capillary column and application of capillary gas chromatography to pesticide residue analysis, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 66, 1084–1095.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roseboom, H. and Herbold, H. A. (1980). Determination of triazine herbicides in various crops by capillary gas chromatography with thermionic detection, J. Chromatogr.,202, 431–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryhage, R. (1964). Use of a mass spectrometer as a detector and analyser for effluents emerging from high temperature gas liquid chromatography columns, Anal. Chem., 36, 759–764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safe, S. and Hutzinger, O. (1973). Mass Spectrometry of Pesticides and Pollutants, CRC Press, Cleveland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schomburg, G., Husmann, H. and Weeke, F. (1975). Aspects of double-column gas chromatography with glass capillaries involving intermediate trapping, J. Chromatogr., 112, 205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, E. and Acker, L. (1974a). Gas-chromatographie mit Glascapillaren bei Temperaturen bis zu 320°C und ihre Anwendung zur Trennung von Polychlorbiphenylen, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 268, 260–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, E. and Acker, L. (1974b). Identifizierung und Metabolisierbarkeit von polychlorierten Biphenylen, Naturwissenschaften, 61, 79–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulte, E., Thier, H.-P. and Acker, L. (1976). Rückstandsanalytik polychlorierter Biphenyle in Lebensmitteln tierischer Herkunft: Erfahrungen und Vorschläge zur Vereinheitlichung, Dtsch. Lebensm. Rundsch., 72, 229–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, J. and Lapointe, M. R. (1974). Confirmation of six organothiophosphorus pesticides by chemical derivatization at nanogram levels, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 57, 1285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sissons, D. and Welti, D. (1971). Structural identification of polychlorinated biphenyls in commercial mixtures by gas-liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., 60, 15–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Specht, W. and Tillkes, M. (1980). Gaschromatographische Bestimmung von Rückständen an Pflanzenbehandlungsmitteln nach Clean-up über Gel-Chromatographie und Mini-Kiesegel-Säulen-Chromatographie, 3. Mitteilung, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 301, 300–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Specht, W. and Tillkes, M. (1985). Gaschromatographische Bestimmung von Rückständen an Pflanzenbehandlungsmitteln nach Clean-up über Gel-Chromatographie und Mini-Kieselgel-Säulen-Chromatographie, 5. Mitteilung, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 322, 443–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stalling, D. L., Tindle, R. C. and Johnson, J. L. (1972). Cleanup of pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in fish extracts by gel permeation chromatography, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 55, 32–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. (1977a). Nachweis von Phosphorpestizidrückständen in Lebensmitteln durch Kapillargaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie, Chromatographia, 10, 233–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. (1977b). Nachweis von Organophosphorsäureester-Rückständen in Lebensmitteln im ppb-Bereich durch Kapillargaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie-Kopplung, Z. Lebensm.-Unters.-Forsch., 164, 153–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. (1981). Combined gas chromatography-mass spectromery. In Pesticide Analysis, Das, K. G. (ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. (1989). Application of computers for evaluation of gas chromatographic data. In Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators, Vol. XVII, Sherma, J. (ed.), Academic Press, Orlando, Fl., p. 167–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. (1988) Automatisierte Rückstandsanalyse von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit Hilfe der zweidimensionalen Kapillargaschromatographie, Lebensmittelchem. Gerichtl. Chem.,42, 31–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Abraham, B. (1978). All-glass open-split interface for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 50, 2161–2164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J., and Goebel, (1983a). Automated capillary gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residue in food, J. Chromatogr., 268, 55–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Goebel, H. (1983b). Automated gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in food samples by means of fused-silica capillary columns and data processing, J. Chromatogr., 279, 523–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Goebel, H. (1984a) Program in BASIC to combine DATA from two different selective detectors and its applications for screening of pesticides in residue analysis. J. Automatic Chemistry,6, 14–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Goebel, H. (1984b) Evaluation of automated splitless and manual on-columns injection techniques using capillary gas chromatography for pesticide residue analysis. J. Chromatogr., 314, 413–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Lipinski, J. (1985). Microcomputer programming in basic for the evaluation of capillary GC in the analysis of pesticides, J. Chromatogr.,349, 49–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Lipinski, J. (1987). BALANCE — a computer program for the handling and supervision of analytical standards, Intelligent Instruments & Computer, 5, 103–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Lipinski, J. (1989). Mass spectral library for pesticides. Poster presented at the 10th International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography in Riva del Garda, Italy, May, 22–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Mrowetz, D. (1983a). Residue analysis of pesticides in food by two-dimensional gas chromatography with capillary columns and parallel detection with flame photometric and electron-capture detection, J. Chromatogr., 279, 173–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Mrowetz, D. (1983b). Residue analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in food with two-dimensional gas chromatography using capillary columns and flame photometric detection, J. High. Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 6, 255–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Müller, H.-M. (1988). Evaluation of automated and manual hotsplitless (PTV) and on-column injection technique using capillary gas chromatography for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Commun., 11, 140–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J. and Steinbach, B. (1984). Automated development of optimum temperature programmes for gas chromatographic separation of complex mixtures on capillary columns, J. Chromatogr., 290, 311–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stan H.-J. and Steinbach, B. (1985). BASIC program for development of optimum temperature programs for gas chromatographic separation, Intelligent Instruments & Computers,3, 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stan, H.-J., Abraham, B., Jung, J., Kellert, M. and Steinland, K. (1977). Nachweis von Organophosphorinsecticiden durch Gaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 287, 271–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storherr, R. W. and Watts, R. R. (1965). A sweep co-distillation cleanup method for organophosphate pesticide, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 48, 1154–1160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storherr, R. W. and Ott, P. and Watts, R. R. (1971) A sweep co-distillation cleanup method for organophosphate pesticides, I. recoveries from fortified crops. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 54, 513–516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suprock, J. F. and Vinopal, J. H. (1987). Behaviour of 78 pesticides and pesticide metabolites on four different ultra-bond gas chromatographic columns. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem.,70, 1014–1017.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Pesticide Manual (1987). Worthing, Ch. R. (ed.), The British Crop Protection Council, Thornton Heath, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thier, H.-P. and Frehse, H. (1986). Rückstandsanalytik von Pflanzenschutzmitteln, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thier, H.-P. and Zeumer, H. (1987). (Ed.). Manual of Pesticide Residue Analysis. DFG, Dt. Forschungsgemeinschaft, Pesticides Comm., VCH, Weinheim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. F. and Watts, R. R. (1981). Gas-chromatographic columns in pesticide analysis. In Analysis of Pesticide Residues. Chemical Analysis, Vol. 58, Moye, H. A. (ed.), John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. F., Mann, J. B., Apodaca, A. O. and Kantor, E. (1975). Relative retention ratios of ninety-five pesticides and metabolites in nine gas—liquid chromatographic columns over a temperature range of 170 to 204°C in two detection modes, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 58, 1037–1050.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. F., Walker, A. C. and Moseman, R. F. (1969). Evaluation of eight gas chromatographic columns for chlorinated pesticides, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 52, 1263–1277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trindle, R. C. and Stalling, D. L. (1972). Apparatus for automated gel permeation, cleanup for pesticide residue analysis, Anal. Chem., 44, 1768–1773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ware, G. W. (1983). Pesticides: chemical tools. In Pesticides: Theory and Application, H. W. Freeman, New York, p. 3–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. T. and Biemann, K. (1964). High resolution mass spectra of compounds emerging from a gas chromatograph, Anal. Chem., 36, 1135–1137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wehner, T. A. and Seiber, J. N. (1981). Analysis of N-methylcarbamate insecticides and related compounds by capillary gas chromatography, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun., 4, 348–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zell, M. and Balischmiter, K. (1980). Baseline studies of global pollution — III. Trace analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by ECD glass capillary gas chromatography in environmental samples of different trophic levels, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 304, 337–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zweig, G. and Sherma, J. (1963/1988) (ed.) Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators, vol. I–XVII, Academic Press, Orlando, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegler, R. (1970/1982). Chemie der Pflanzenschutz- und Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel, Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Hans-Juergen Stan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Reading, UK

    Michael H. Gordon

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Ellis Horwood Limited

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stan, HJ. (1990). Pesticides. In: Gordon, M.H. (eds) Principles and Applications of Gas Chromatography in Food Analysis. Ellis Horwood Series in Food Science and Technology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0681-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0681-8_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8024-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0681-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation