Abstract
A variety of animals travel long distances to relatively small targets (reviewed in Gould, 1982a). For example, honey bees may venture out as far as 15 km from their hive and return safely; vast numbers of monarch butterflies in the eastern United States fly thousands of kilometers to small, isolated mountain forests in Mexico; green sea turtles which hatch on tiny Ascension Island return there as adults years later from feeding grounds thousands of kilometers away; and many species of birds regularly migrate between restricted summer and winter territories, while homing pigeons can successfully return home after being displaced hundreds of kilometers. In each of these examples, the ability to navigate appears to be relatively unaffected by overcasts which block celestial cues, and all raise the question of whether animals have a “map” sense.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Blakemore, R. P., 1975, Magnetotactic bacteria, Science 190: 377–379.
Brines, M. L., and Gould, J. L., 1979, Bees have rules, Science 206: 571–573.
Carr, H. P., Switzer, W. P., and Hollander, W. F., 1982, Evidence for interference with navigation of homing pigeons by a magnetic storm, Iowa State J. Res. 56: 327–340.
Dyer, F. C., and Gould, J. L., 1981, Honey bee orientation: A backup system for cloudy days, Science 214: 1041–1042.
Frankel, R. B., and Blakemore, R. P., 1980, Navigational compass in magnetic bacteria, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 15–18: 1562–1564.
Frankel, R. B., Blakemore, R. P., and Wolfe, R. S., 1979, Magnetite in freshwater magnetic bacteria, Science 203: 1355–1357.
Frei, U., and Wagner, G., 1976, Die Anfangsorientierung von Brieftauben in erdmagnetisch gestörten Gebiet des Mont Jorat, Rev. Suisse Zool. 83: 891–897.
Gould, J. L., 1980, The case for magnetic sensitivity in birds and bees (such as it is) Am. Sci. 68: 256–267.
Gould, J. L., 1982a, Ethology: The Mechanisms and Evolution of Behavior, Norton, New York.
Gould, J. L., 1982b, The map sense of pigeons, Nature 296: 205–211.
Gould, J. L., Kirschvink, J. L., and Deffeyes, K. S., 1978, Bees have magnetic remanence, Science 202: 1026–1028.
Graue, L. C., 1965, Initial orientation in pigeon homing related to magnetic contours, Am. ZooJ. 5: 704.
Griffin, D. R., 1943, Homing experiments with herring gulls and common terns, Bird Banding 14: 7–33.
Grüter, M., Wiltschko, R., and Wiltschko, W., 1982, Distribution of release-site biases around Frankfurt, in: Avian Navigation (F. Papi and H. G. Wallraff, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 222–231.
Gwinner, E., and Wiltschko, W., 1978, Endogenously controlled changes in migratory direction of the garden warbler, J. Comp. Physiol. 125: 267–273.
Hachet-Souplet, P., 1911, L’instinct du retour chez le pigeon voyageur, Rev. Sci. 29: 231–238.
Huizinger, E., 1935, Durchschneidung aller bogengänge bei der Taub, Pflugegers Arch. Gesamte Physiol. Menschen Tiere 236: 52–58.
Jones, D. S., and McFadden, B. J., 1982, Induced magnetization in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, J. Exp. Biol. 96: 1–9.
Kalmijn, A. J., 1978, Experimental evidence of geomagnetic orientation in elasmobranch fishes, in: Animal Migration, Navigation, and Homing (K. Schmidt-Koenig and W. T. Keeton, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 135–142.
Kalmijn, A. J., 1982, Electric and magnetic field detection in elasmobranch fishes, Science 218: 916–918.
Keeton, W. T., 1971, Magnets interfere with pigeion homing, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68: 102–106.
Keeton, W. T., 1974a, The orientational and navigational basis of homing in birds, Adv. Study Behav. 5: 47–132.
Keeton, W. T., 1974b, The mystery of pigeon homing, Sci. Am. 231(6): 96–107.
Keeton, W. T., Larkin, T. S., and Windsor, D. M., 1974, Normal fluctuations in the earth’s magnetic field influence pigeon orientation, J. Comp. Physiol. 95: 95–103.
Kiepenheuer, J., 1978, Inversion of the magnetic field during transport: Its influence on the homing behavior of pigeons, in: Animal Migration, Navigation, and Homing (K. Schmidt-Koenig, W. T. Keeton, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 135–142.
Kiepenheuer, J., 1982, The effect of magnetic anomalies on the homing behavior of pigeons, in: Avian Navigation (F. Papi and H. G. Wallraff, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 120–128.
Kirschvink, J. L., 1980, South-seeking magnetic bacteria, J. Exp. Biol. 86: 345–347.
Kirschvink, J. L., and Gould, J. L., 1981, Biogenic magnetite as a basis for magnetic field detection in animals, BioSystems 13: 181–201.
Kluijver, H. W., 1935, Ergebnisse eines Versuches über das Heimfindevermögen von Staren, Ardea 24: 227–239.
Larkin, T. S., and Keeton, W. T., 1976, Bar magnets mask the effect of normal magnetic disturbances on pigeon orientation, J. Comp. Physiol. 110: 227–231.
Larkin, T. S., and Keeton, W. T., 1978, An apparent lunar rhythm in the day-to-day variations in the initial bearings of homing pigeons, in: Animal Migration, Navigation, and Homing (K. Schmidt-Koenig and W. T. Keeton, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 92–106.
Lednor, A. J., 1982, Magnetic navigation in pigeons: Possibilities and problems, in: Avian Navigation (F. Papi and H. G. Wallraff, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 109–119.
Lins de Barros, H. G. P., Esquivel, D. M. S., Danon, J., and Oliveira, L. P. H., 1982, Magnetotactic algae, Acad. Bras. Cienc. Notas Fis CBPF-NF-048/81.
Mather, J. G., and Baker, R. R., 1981, Magnetic sense of direction in woodmice for route-based navigation, Nature 291: 152–155.
Moore, B., 1980, Is the homing pigeon’s map geomagnetic?, Nature 285: 69–70.
Moore, F., 1977, Geomagnetic disturbance and the orientation of nocturnally migrating birds, Science 196: 682–684.
Papi, F., Ioale, P., Fiaschi, V., Benvenuti, S., and Baldaccini, N. E., 1978, Pigeon homing: Cues detected during the outward journey influence initial orientation, in: Animal Migration, Navigation, and Homing (K. Schmidt-Koenig and W. T. Keeton, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 65–77.
Schmidt-Koenig, K., and Walcott, C., 1978, Tracks of pigeons homing with frosted lenses, Anim. Behav. 26: 480–486.
Schreiber, B., and Rossi, O., 1976, Correlation between race arrivals of homing pigeons and solar activity, Boll. Zool. 43: 317–320.
Schreiber, B., and Rossi, O., 1978, Correlation between magnetic storms due to solar spots and pigeon homing performances, IEEE Trans Magn. Mag-14: 961–963.
Schreiber, B., and Rossi, O., 1979, Observations on the homing behavior of pigeons during geomagnetic storms of solar origin, Ital. J. Zool. 13: 215–216.
Talkington, L., 1967, Bird navigation and geomagnetism, Am. Zool. 7: 199.
von Frisch, K., 1967, The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Wagner, G., 1976, Das orientierungsverhalten von Brieftauben im erdmagnetisch gestörten Gebiete des Chasserai, Rev. Suisse Zool. 83: 883–890.
Walcott, C., 1978, Anomalies in the earth’s magnetic field increase the scatter of pigeons’ vanishing bearings, in: Animal Migration, Navigation, and Homing (K. Schmidt-Koenig and W. T. Keeton, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 143–151.
Walcott, C., 1980a, Magnetic orientation in homing pigeons, IEEE Trans. Magn. Mag-16: 1008–1013.
Walcott, C., 1980b, Homing-pigeon vanishing bearings at magnetic anomalies are not altered by bar magnets, J. Exp. Biol. 70: 105–123.
Walcott, C., 1982, Is there evidence for a magnetic map in homing pigeons?, in: Avian Navigation (F. Papi and H. G. Wallraff, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 99–108.
Walcott, C., and Green, R. P., 1974, Orientation of homing pigeons is altered by a change in the direction of an applied magnetic field, Science 184: 180–182.
Walcott, C., Gould, J. L., and Kirschvink, J. L., 1979, Pigeons have magnets, Science 205: 1027–1029.
Walcott, C., and Schmidt-Koenig, K., 1973, The effect on pigeon homing of anesthesia during displacement, Auk 90: 281–286.
Wallraff, H. G., 1965, Über das Heimfindevermögen von Brieftauben mit durchtrenuten Bogenängen, Z. Vgl. Physiol. 50: 313–330.
Wallraff, H. G., 1972, Homing of pigeons after extirpation of their cochleae and lagenae, Nature 263: 223–224.
Wallraff, H. G., 1980a, Does pigeon homing depend on stimuli perceived during displacement? I, J. Comp. Physiol. 139: 193–201.
Wallraff, H. G., 1980b, Does pigeon homing depend on stimuli perceived during displacement? II, J. Comp. Physiol. 139: 203–208.
Wiltschko, R., Wiltschko, W., and Keeton, W. T., 1978, Effect of outward journey in an altered magnetic field on the orientation of young homing pigeons, in: Animal Migration, Navigation, and Homing (K. Schmidt-Koenig and W. T. Keeton, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 152–161.
Wiltschko, R., and Wiltschko, W., 1978, Evidence for the use of magnetic outward-journey information in homing pigeons, Naturwissenschaften 65: 112–113.
Wiltschko, R., Nohr, D., and Wiltschko, W., 1981, Pigeons with a deficient sun compass use the magnetic compass, Science 214: 343–345.
Wiltschko, W., 1982, The migratory orientation of garden warblers, in: Avian Naviagation (F. Papi and H. G. Wallraff, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 50–58.
Wiltschko, W., and Wiltschko, R., 1972, Magnetic compasses of European robins, Science 176: 62–64.
Wiltschko, W., Wiltschko, R., and Keeton, W. T., 1976, Effects of a “permanent” clock-shift on the orientation of young homing pigeons, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 1: 229–243.
Windsor, D. M., 1972, Directional preferences and their relation to navigation in homing pigeons, Dissertation, Cornell University.
Windsor, D. M., 1975, Regional expression of directional preferences by experienced homing pigeons, Anim. Behav. 23: 335–343.
Yeagley, H. L., 1947, A preliminary study of a physical basis of bird navigation, J. Appl. Phys. 18: 1035–1063.
Yeagley, H. L., 1951, A preliminary study of a physical basis of bird navigation, II, J. Appl. Phys. 22: 746–760.
Zoeger, J., and Fuller, M., 1981, Magnetic material in the head of the common Pacific dolphin, Science 213: 892–894.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gould, J.L. (1985). Are Animal Maps Magnetic?. In: Kirschvink, J.L., Jones, D.S., MacFadden, B.J. (eds) Magnetite Biomineralization and Magnetoreception in Organisms. Topics in Geobiology, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0313-8_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0313-8_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7992-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-0313-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive