Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Estuaries

  • Chapter
Coastal Sedimentary Environments

Abstract

Although estuaries are one of the most well-studied entities of coastal environments, our geological understanding is still rudimentary. Why such a divergence in our level of understanding? Most inquiry has centered on human needs in an effort to resolve competing demands for use of estuaries, e.g., for shipping and waste disposal as opposed to use as a recreational outlet or food sources. Far more effort has gone into detailed engineering, fishery, and pollution studies than into generalizing and understanding estuaries as a sedimentary environment. As a result, there are few unifying models of deposition, few clues for matching modern and ancient deposits. Our geologic understanding is further tempered by Schubel and Hirschberg (1978) who note that “estuarine deposits rarely can now be delimited unequivocally from other shallow water marine deposits in the geologic record because of their limited areal extent, their emphemeral character and their lack of distinctive features.” Then why bother to understand the geologic attributes and processes in estuaries?

Contribution number 1205 from the Virginia Institute of Marine Science

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, G. P., 1971. Relationship between grain size parameter distribution and current patterns in the Gironde Estuary (France).J. Sed. Petrol., 41, 74–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, G. P., 1972.Étude des processes sedimentaires dans Vestuaire de la Gironde. D.S. These, L’Univ. de Bordeaux, 314 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, GP ., 1973. Suspended sediment transport and desposition in the Gironde estuary and adjacent shelf.In:Proc. Int. Sympos. on Interrelationships of Estuarine and Continental Shelf sedimentation.Mem. Inst. Geol. Bassin d’Aquitane, Bordeaux, 7, 27–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, G. P., Bouchet, J. M., Cabronnel, P., Castaing, P., Gayet, J., Gonthier, E., Jouanneau, J. M., Klingebiel, A., Latouche, C., Legigan, P., Ogeron, C., Pujos, M., Tesson, M., and Vernette, G., 1973.Environments and Sedimentary Processes of the North Aquitaine Coast. Guidebook, Inst. Geol. Bassin d’Aquitaine. 183 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, G. P., Salmon, J. C., Bassoulet, P., Du Penhoat, Y., and De Grandpre, C., 1980. Effects of tides on mixing and suspended sediment transport in macrotidal estuaries.Sed. Geol.,26, 69 – 90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, G. P., Sauzay, G., Castaing, P., and Jouanneau, J. M., 1977. Transport and deposition of suspended sediment in the Gironde Estuary, France.In:Wiley, M. (ed.),Estuarine Processes, Vol. II. Academic Press, New York, pp. 63 – 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, F. E., 1972. Resuspension of estuarine sediments by small amplitude waves.J. Sed. Petrol.,42, 602 – 607.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, FE ., 1983. The northern muddy intertidal: a seasonally changing sources of suspended sediments to estuarine waters-a review.Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci 40, Supplement I, 143–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariathurai, R., MacArthur, R. C., and Krone, R. B., 1977.Mathematical Model of Estuarial Sediment Transport. U.S. Army Engineers Waterways-Experiment Station, Dredged Material Research Program, Tech. Rept. D-77-12, 79 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aston, S. R. and Chester, R., 1973. The influence of suspended particles on the precipitation of iron in natural waters.Est. Coastal Mar. Sci., 1, 225 – 231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bader, R. G., Hood, D. W., and Smith, J. B., 1960. Recovery of dissolved organic matter in seawater and organic sorption by particulate material.Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,19, 236 – 243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, V. R., and Ritter, D. F., 1975. Competence of rivers to transport coarse bedload material.Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.,86, 975 – 978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, R. H., and Bryant, W. R., 1977.Clay fabric and geotechnical properties of selected submarine sediment cores from the Mississippi Delta. Natl. Oceanic Atmos. Admin. Prof. Paper 9, Miami, FL. 86 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berner, R. A., 1981. A new geochemical classification of sedimentary environments.J. Sed. Petrol.,51, 359 – 365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, R. B., 1970. Sources of distribution of suspended sediment in northern Chesapeake Bay.Mar. Geol.,9, 187 – 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, R., and Cronin, E., 1981. Special characteristics of estuaries.In:Neilson, B., and Cronin, L. E. (eds.),Estuaries and Nutrients. Humana Press, Clifton, NJ, pp. 3 – 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs, R. B., and Howell, B. A., 1984. The estuary as a sediment trap; alternate approaches to estimating its filtering efficiency.In:Kennedy, V.S.,The Estuary as a Filter. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bokuniewicz, H., and Tanski, J. J. 1983. Sediment partitioning at an eroding coastal bluff.Northeastern Geol.,5, 73 – 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boon, J. D., 1975. Tidal discharge asymmetry in a salt marsh drainage system.Limnol. Oceanogr.,20, 71 – 80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boon, J. D., and Byrne, R. J., 1981. On basin hypsometry and the morphodynamic response of coastal inlet systems.Mar. Geol.,40, 27 – 48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boon, J. D., Frisch, A. A., and Hennigar, H., 1983. Sand transport pathways in the entrance to Chesapeake Bay: Evidence from Fourier grain-shape analysis.Estuaries,6, 317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, L. F., 1980.Production and Preservation of Surface Traces in the Intertidal Zone. Ph.D. Dissert. Dept. of Geophysical Sciences, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyle, E. A., Edmond, J. M., and Sholkovitz, E. R., 1977. The mechanism of iron removal in estuaries.Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,41, 1313 – 1324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretschneider, C. L., 1965.The Generation of Waves by Wind: State of the Art. Natl. Engr. Sei. Co., Office of Naval Res., SN 134-6, 96 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockmann, C ., 1929. Das Brackwasser der Flussmundungen als Heimat und Vernichter des Lebens. Senckenberg am Meer, 29.Natur und Museum,59, 401–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buller, A. T., Green, C. P., and McManus, J. 1975. Dynamics and sedimentation: the Tay in comparison with other estuaries.In:Hails, J., and Carr, A. (eds.),Nearshore Sediment Dynamics and Sedimentation. John Wiley and Sons, London, pp. 201 – 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, RE ., 1963.Importance of Marine Influences in Estuarine Sedimentation.Proc. Federal Inter-Agency Sed. Conf., V.S.A.D. Misc. Pub. 970, pp. 593–598.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, J. D., 1976. Basic properties and processes in estuarine chemistry.In:Burton, J. D., and Liss, P. S. (eds.),Estuarine Chemistry. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1 – 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, J. D., and Liss, P. S., 1976.Estuarine Chemistry. Academic Press, New York, 183 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, R. J., Hobbs, C. H., and Carron, M. J., 1982.Baseline sediment studies to determine distribution, physical properties, sedimentation budgets and rates in the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay. Final grant report to U.S.E.P.A., 155 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carder, K. L., 1979. Holographic microvelocimeter for use in studying ocean particle dynamics.Optical Engineering,18, 524 – 525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carder, KL., and Meyers, DJ., 1979.New optical techniques for particle studies in the bottom boundary layer.Proc. Soc. Photo. Opt. Instrum. Engr.,208,151–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carriker, M. R., 1967. Ecology of estuarine benthic invertebrates: a perspective.In:Lauff, G. H. (ed.),Estuaries. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ. 83, Washington, DC, pp. 442 – 487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castaing, P., and Allen, G. P., 1981. Mechanisms controlling seaward escape of suspended sediment from the Gironde: a macrotidal estuary in France.Mar. Geol.,40, 101 – 118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, C. W., and Anderson, J. U., 1968. Flocculation of clays and soils by organic compounds.Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.,32, 23 – 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifton, HE ., 1982. Estuarine deposits.In:Scholle and Speauing (eds.),Sandstone Depositional Environments. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir 31, pp. 179–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifton, H. E., 1983. Discrimination between subtidal and intertidal facies in Pleistocene deposits, Willapa Bay, Washington.J. Sed. Petrol., 53, 353 – 369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. M., and Wright, L. C., 1978. Sedimentation in an arid macrotidal alluvial river system: Ord river, Western Australia.J. Geol.,86, 621 – 642.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coles, S. M., 1979. Benthic microalgal populations on inter-tidal sediments and their role as precursors to salt marsh development.In:Jefferies, R. L., and Davy, A. J. (eds.),Ecological Processes in Coastal Environments. Blackwell, Oxford, U.K., pp. 25 – 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coonley, L. S., Baker, E. B., and Holland, H. D., 1971. Iron in the Mullica River and in Great Bay, New Jersey.Chem. Geol.,7, 51 – 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, JL ., 1973. Geographical Variation in Coastal Development. Hafner, New York, 204 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demarest, J. M., Biggs, R. B., and Kraft, J. C. 1981. Time stratigraphic aspects of a formation: interpretation of surficial Pleistocene deposits, southeastern Delaware.Geology,9, 360 – 365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobereiner, C., and McManus, J., 1983. Turbidity maximum migration and harbor siltation in the Tay Estuary.Amer. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. Supplement, 40, 117–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dole, RB., and Stabler, H., 1909. Denudation.U.S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper,234, 78–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duinker, J. C., 1980. Suspended matter in estuaries: adsorption and desorption processes.In:Olausson, E., and Cato, I. (eds.),Chemistry and Biochemistry of Estuaries. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 121 – 151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, K. R., 1972. Sedimentation in estuaries.In:Barnes, R. S. R., and Green, J. (eds.),The Estuarine Environment. Applied Science Publ., London, pp. 10 – 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edzwald, J. K., and O’Melia, C. R., 1975. Clay distributions in recent estuarine sediments.Clays and Clay Minerals,23, 39 – 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, A. J., 1978. Observations of the meteorologically induced circulation in the Potomac estuary.Est. Coastal Mar. Sci.,6, 285 – 299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, KO ., 1967. Estuaries and lagoons in relation to continental shelves.In:Lauff, GH.(ed.), Estuaries. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ. 83, Washington, DC, pp. 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emery, KO., and Uchupi, E., 1972.Western North Atlantic Ocean: Topography, Rocks, Structure, Water, Life and Sediments. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Memoir. 17, 532 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernissee, J. J., and Abbott, W. H., 1975. Binding of mineral grains by a species of Thalassiosira.In:Simonsen, R. (ed.),Third Symposium of Recent and Fossil Marine Diatoms. Occ. Publ. of Nova Hedwigia, von Cramer, Bremerhaven, pp. 241 – 248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbridge, R. W., 1980. The estuary: its definition and geodynamic cycle.In:Olausson, E., and Cato, I. (eds.),Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. pp. 1 – 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Favejee, J. C. H. L., 1960. On the origin of the mud deposits in the Ems-Estuary.In:Voorthuysen, J. H., and Kuenen, P. H. (eds.),Das Ems-Estuarium (Nordsee). Verhandl. Ron. Ned. Geol. Mignb. Gen. Geol. Ser., XIX, 300 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feral, A., 1970. Interprétation sédimentologique et paléogéographique des formations alluviales de l’estuaire de la Gironde et de ses dépendances marines. Thése 3e cycle, Fac. Sc., Bordeaux, n806, 158 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festa, J. F., and Hansen, D. V. 1976. A two dimensional numerical model of estuarine circulation: the effects of altering depth and river discharge.Est. Coastal Mar. Sci.,4, 309 – 323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festa, J. F., and Hansen, D. V., 1978. Turbidity maxima in partially mixed estuaries: a two-dimensional numerical model.Est. Coastal Mar. Sci.,7, 347 – 359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feuillet, JP., and Fleischer, P. 1980. Estuarine circulation: controlling factor of clay mineralogy distribution in James River Estuary, Virginia.J. Sed. Petrol.,50, 267–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. S., Pickral, J., and Odum, W. E., 1979. Organic detritus particles, initiation of motion criteria.LimnoL Oceanogr.,24, 529–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frostick, L. E., and McCave, I. N., 1979. Seasonal shifts of sediment within an estuary mediated by algal growth.Est. Coastal Mar. Sci., 9, 569 – 576.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galtsoff, P. S., 1928. Experimental study of the function of the oyster gills and its bearing on the problems of oyster culture and sanitary control of the oyster industry.Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish.,44, 1 – 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelfenbaum, G., 1983. Suspended-sediment response to semidiurnal and fortnightly tidal variations in a mesotidal estuary: Columbia River, U.S.A.Mar. Geol.,52, 39 – 57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, R., 1977. Suspended sediment transport and the turbidity maximum.In:Officer, C. (ed.), Estuaries, Geophysics, and the Environment. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp. 104 – 109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, R., and Heltzel, S., 1982. Coagulation and the deposition of mud.Abs. Internal. Assoc. Sed., Hamilton, Canada, p. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, R., Konwar, L., and Terchurian, A., 1983. Size of floes suspended in Delaware Bay.Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 40(Suppl. No. 1), 102 – 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, E. D., 1978. Concentration variations of dissolved elements in estuaries.In:Goldberg, E. D. (ed.),Biogeochemistry of Estuarine Sediments. UNESCO, Paris, pp. 19 – 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, CM., and Witting, J., 1977. Turbulent structure in a benthic boundary layer.In:Nihoul, JCJ. (ed.),Bottom Turbulence. Proceedings, Eighth Intl. Liege Colloquim on Ocean Hydrodynamics, Elsevier Oceanography Series, 19, Elsevier, New York, 306 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. B., 1980. The sedimentary system of Long Island Sound.Advances in Geophysics, 22, 1 – 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graf, W. H., 1971.Hydraulics of Sediment Transport. McGraw-Hill, New York, 509 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, D. A., and Amos, C. L., 1983. Suspended sediment transport and deposition modeling in the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia—a region of potential tidal power development.Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. Supplement,40, 20 – 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, M. G., 1975. Trends in waste solid disposal in U.S. coastal waters, 1968– 1974.In:Church, T. M. (ed.),Marine Chemistry in the Coastal Environment. Am. Chem. Soc. Sympos. Series, 18, pp. 394 – 405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gust, G., 1976. Observations of turbulent-drag reduction in a dilute suspension of clay in sea water.J. Fluid. Mech., 75, 29 – 47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardaway, S., and Anderson, G., 1980.Shoreline Erosion in Virginia. VIMS Sea Grant Educational Series No. 31, 25 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J. E., McKee, T. R., Wilson, Jr., R. C., and Whitehouse, U. G., 1972. Preparation of membrane filter samples for direct examination with an electron microscope.Limnol. Oceanogr.,17, 784 – 787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haven, D. S., and Morales-Alamo, R., 1966. Aspects of biodeposition by oysters and other invertebrate filter feeders.Limnol. Oceanogr. 11, 487 – 498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haven, D. S., and Morales-Alamo, R., 1968. Occurrence and transport of fecal pellets in suspension in tidal estuary.Sed. Geol., 2, 141 – 151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haven, D. S., and Morales-Alamo, R., 1972. Biodeposition as a factor in sedimentation of fine suspended solids in estuaries.In:Nelson, B. W. (ed.),Environmental Framework of Coastal Plain Estuaries. Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir. 133, Boulder, CO, pp. 121 – 130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawley, N., 1982. Settling velocity distribution of natural aggregates.J. Geophys. Res.,87, 9489–9498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, MO ., 1975. Morphology of sand accumulations in estuaries.In:Cronin, LE., (ed.),Estuarine Research, Vol. 2,Geology and Engineering. Academic Press, New York, pp. 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hjulstrom, F., 1939. Transportation of detritus by moving water.In:Trask, D. D. (ed.),Recent Marine Sediments, A Symposium. Soc. Econ. Paleont. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 4, pp. 5 – 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, J. T., 1967. The diatom trail.J. Quekett Microsc. Club, 30, 209 – 217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. D., 1975. Estuaries of the Georgia coast, USA: Sedimentology and biology. IX Conclusions.Senckenberg. Marit. 7, 297 – 305.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humby, EJ., and Dunn, JN., 1973. Sedimentary processes within estuaries and tidal inlets.In:Helliwell, PR., and Bossanyi, J. (eds.),Pollution Criteria for Estuaries. Pentech Press, London, pp. 6.1–6.22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, C. C., and Allen, M. A., 1957. The regimen of the Thames Estuary as affected by currents, salinities, and river flow.Proc. Inst. Civil Engr.,7, 827 – 878.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inman, D. L., 1949. Sorting of sediments in the light of fluid mechanics.J. Sed. Petrol.,19, 51 – 70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ippen, AT., and Harleman, DRF., 1966. Tidal dynamics in estuaries.In:Ippen, AT.(ed.),Estuary and Coastline Hydrodynamics. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 493–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, GF ., 1961.Erosion and sedimentation Eastern Chesapeake Bay at the Choptank River.U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Tech. Bull. 16, 8 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouanneau, J. M., and Latouche, C., 1981.The Gironde Estuary. Contributions to Sedimentology 10, E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele u. Obermiller), Stuttgart, 115 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, T. T., 1983. Composition and origin of the inorganic fraction of southern New Jersey coastal mud deposits.Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.,94, 689 – 699.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerhin, R. T., Halka, J. P., Hennessee, E. L., Blakeslee, P. J., Wells, D. V., Zoltan, N., and Cuthbertson, R. H., 1983.Physical characteristics and sediment budget for bottom sediments in the Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay. Final Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Grant #R805965, Maryland Geol. Survey, Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, 190 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, R., and Parker, W. E., 1983. Distribution and behavior of fine sediment in the Severn Estuary and Inner Bristol Channel, U.K.Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sei.,40, 83 – 95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, G. D. V., 1967. Paleocurrent analysis in relation to modern marine sediment dispersal patterns.Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 51, 366 – 382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komar, P. D., 1976a. Boundary layer flow under steady unidirectional currents.In:Stanley, D. J., and Swift, D. J. (eds.),Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management. John Wiley, New York, pp. 91 – 106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komar, P. D., 1976b. The transport of cohesionless sediments on continental shelves.In:Stanley, D. J., and Swift, D. J. (eds.),Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management. John Wiley, New York, pp. 107 – 126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komar, P. D., and Miller, M. C. 1973. The threshold of sediment movement under oscillatory water waves.J. Sed. Petrol.,43, 1101 – 1110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraeuter, J., and Haven, DS., 1970. Fecal pellets of common invertebrates of lower York River and Lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia.Chesapeake Sei., 11, 159–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranck, K., 1973. Flocculation of suspended sediments in the sea.Nature,246, 348–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranck, K ., 1975. Sediment deposition from flocculated suspensions.Sedimentology,22, 111–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranck, K., 1979. Dynamics and distribution of suspended particulate matter in the St. Lawrence Estuary.Nat. Can.,106, 163 – 179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranck, K., 1980a. Experiments on the significance of flocculation in the setting of fine-grained sediment in still water.Can. J. Earth Sei.,17, 1517 - 1526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranck, K ., 1980b. Sedimentation processes in the sea.In:Hutzinger, O. (ed.),The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer-Verlag, New York, 2:A, pp. 61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kranck, K., 1981. Particulate matter grain-size characteristics and flocculation in a partially mixed estuary.Sedimentology, 28, 107 – 114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krone, R. B., 1962.Flume Studies of the Transport of Sediment in Estuarial Shoaling Processes, Final Report. Hydraulic Engr. Lab. and Sanitary Engr. Res. Lab., Univ. of California, Berkeley, 110 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krone, R. B., 1963.A study of rheologic properties of estuarial sediments. Tech. Bull. 7, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U.S. Army Corps of Engr. WES, Vicksburg, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krone, RB ., 1912. A Field Study of Flocculation as a factor in estuarial shoaling processes.Tech. Bull. 19, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 62 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krone, R. B., 1978. Aggregation of suspended particles in estuaries.In:Kjerfve, B. (ed.),Estuarine Transport Processes. Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC, pp. 171 – 190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krone, R. B., 1979. Sedimentation in the San Francisco Bay system.In:Conomos, T. J. (ed.),San Francisco Bay: The Urbanized Estuary. Pacific Division, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, San Francisco, CA pp. 85 – 96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krumbein, W. C., and Pettijohn, F. J., 1938.Manual of Sedimentary Petrography. Appleton-Century-Croils, New York, 549 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambe, T. W., 1953. The structure of inorganic soil.Amer. Soc. Civil Engr. Separate 315,79, 1–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambermont, J., and Lebon, G., 1978. Erosion of cohesive soils.J. Hydr. Res., 16, 27 – 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeFloch, 1961.Propagation de la maree dans l’estuarie de la seine et en seine- maritime. These D. S., Univ. Paris, 507 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerman, A., 1979.Geocheical Processes, Waterand Sediment Environments. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 481 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, E. J., 1957. A quantitative study of clearance of a turbid median and feeding of the oyster.Publ. Inst. Mar. Sei. Univ. Texas,4, 296 – 312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. M., Burton, J. D., and Eisma, D., 1979.River Inputs to Ocean Systems. UNEP, IOC, SCOR, 369 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, L., 1982. Retention of riverine iron in estuaries.Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,46, 1003 – 1009.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCave, I. N., 1972. Transport and escape of fine-grained sediment from shelf areas.In:Swift, D. J. P., Duane, D. B., and Pilkey, O. H. (eds.),Shelf Sediment Transport: Process and Pattern. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, pp. 225 – 248.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCave, IN ., 1978. Sediments in the abyssal boundary layer.Oceanus, 21, 27–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCave, I. N., 1979. Suspended sediment.In:Dyer, K. R. (ed.),Estuarine Hydrography and Sedimentation, a Handbook. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 131 – 185.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCave, I. N., and Swift, S. A., 1976. A physical model for the rate of deposition of fine-grained sediments in the deep sea.Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 87, 541 – 546.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell, D. M., and O’Connor, B. A., 1977.Hydraulic Behavior of Estuaries. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 292 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meade, R. H., 1969. Landward transport of bottom sediments in estuaries of the Atlantic Coastal Plain.J. Sed. Petrol., 39, 222 – 234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meade, RH ., 1972. Transport and deposition of sediments in estuaries.In:Nelson, BW.(ed.), Environmental Framework of Coastal Plain Estuaries. Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir 133, Boulder, CO. pp. 91–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meade, R. H., 1982. Sources, sinks and storage of river sediments in the Atlantic drainage of the United States.J. Geol., 90, 235 – 252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meade, R. H., and Trimble, S. W., 1974. Changes in sediment loads in rivers of the Atlantic drainage of the United States since 1900.Proc. Paris Symposium IAHS-AISHPubl., 113, 99 – 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehta, A.J., Parchure, T. M., Dixit, J. G. and Ariathurai, R., 1982. Resuspension potential of deposited cohesive sediment beds.In:Kennedy, V.S. (ed.),Estuarine Comparisons. Academic Press, New York, pp. 591 – 609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middleton, G. W., 1973. Johannes Walther’s law of correlation of facies.Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull.,84, 979–988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Migniot, C., 1968. A study of the physical properties of various forms of very fine sediments and their behaviour under hydrodynamic action.La Houille Blanche, 7, 591 – 620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Migniot, C., 1971. L’évolution de la Gironde au cours des temps.Bull. Ins t. Geol. Bassin d’Aquitaine, Bordeaux, 11, 221 – 281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Migniot, C ., 1977. Effect of currents, waves and wind on sediment. La Houille Blanche32, 9–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. C., McCave, I. N., and Komar, P. D., 1977. Threshold of sediment motion under unidirectional currents.Sedimentology,24, 507 – 527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milliman, J. D., and Emery, K. O. 1968. Sea levels during the past 35,000 years.Science,162, 1121 – 1123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, DG., and PC. Scruton, 1957. Minor internal structures of some recent unconsolidated sediments.Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.,41(12), 2723–2751.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R. C., and Dickey, P. A., 1957. Modern evaporite deposition in Peru.Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull.,41, 2467–2474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, G., 1969. Sedimentary phosphate method for estimating paleosalinity: limited applicability.Science,163, 812 – 813.

    Google Scholar 

  • NEDECO, 1965.A study ofthesiltation of the Bangkok Port Channel. Vol. 2, The field investigation. Netherlands Engineering Consultants, The Hague, 474 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, B. W., 1967. Sedimentary phosphate method for estimating paleosalinity.Science,148, 917 – 920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, M., 1972. Effect of increasing depth on salinity in the James River Estuary.In:Nelson, B. W. (ed.),Environmental Framework of Coastal Plain Estuaries. Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir 133, pp. 571 – 589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, M., 1977. Response and recovery of an estuary following a river flood.J. Sed. Petrol., Al, 1171 – 1186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, M., 1978. The problem of misplaced sediment.In:Palmer and Gross (eds.),Ocean Dumping and Marine Pollution. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, pp. 147 – 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, M., and Poor, G., 1967. Sediment transport in a coastal plain estuary;J. Waterways and Harbors, Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Engr., No. WW4, Paper 5571,93, 83 – 95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowell, A. R. M., Jumars, P. A., and Eckman, J. E., 1981. Effects of biological activity on the entrainment of marine sediments.Mar. Geol., 42, 133 – 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, M. P., 1969. Dynamics of tidal inlets.In:Castañares, A., and Phleger, F. (eds.),Coastal Lagoons, A Symposium. UNAM-UNESCO, Memoir Symposium Intl. Langunas Costeras, pp. 397 – 406.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, MP ., 1976.Notes on Tidal Inlets on Sandy Shores. U.S. Army Coastal Engr. Res. Center GITI Rept. 5, 20 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oertel, G. F., 1972. Sediment transport of estuary entranced shoals and formation of swash platforms.J. Sed. Petrol.,42, 858 – 863.

    Google Scholar 

  • Officer, CB ., 1981. Physical dynamics of estuarine suspended sediments.Mar. Geol.,40, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olausson, E., and Cato, I., 1980.Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 452 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overbeek, J. T. G., 1952. Electrokineticphenomena.In:Krurgt, H. R. (ed.),Colloid Chemistry, Vol. 1, Chapter 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, M. W., 1970.Properties of a consolidating mud. Rept. INT 83, Hydraulics Research Station, Wallingford, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, MW ., 1971a.The Effect of Turbulence on Floe Settling Velocities.Paper D4, Proc. 14th Congr. Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Res., Paris, D4-1–D4-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, MW ., 1971b.The Effect of Turbulence on the Settling Velocities of Silt Floes.Paper D4, Proc. 14th Congress, Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Res. Paris, pp. 27–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, M. W., 1977. Problems in the modeling of transport erosion, and deposition of cohesive sediments.In:Goldberg, E. D., McCave, I. N., O’Brien, J. J., and Steel, J. J. (eds.),The Sea, Vol. 6. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 515 – 537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Packham, R. F. 1962. The coagulation process. 1. The effect of pH and the nature of the turbidity.J. Applied Chem.,12, 556 – 564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paerl, H. W., 1973. Detritus in Lake Tahoe: structural modification by attached microflora.Science,180, 496 – 498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paerl, H. W., 1975. Microbial attachment to particles in marine and fresh water ecosystems.Microbial Ecology,2, 73 – 83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, B. W., 1967. Sedimentary phosphate method for estimating paleosalinity.Science,148, 917 – 920.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, M., 1972. Effect of increasing depth on salinity in the James River Estuary.In:Nelson, B. W. (ed.),Environmental Framework of Coastal Plain Estuaries. Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir 133, pp. 571 – 589.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, M., 1977. Response and recovery of an estuary following a river flood.J. Sed. Petrol., Al, 1171 – 1186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, M., 1978. The problem of misplaced sediment.In:Palmer and Gross (eds.),Ocean Dumping and Marine Pollution. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA, pp. 147 – 161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, M., and Poor, G., 1967. Sediment transport in a coastal plain estuary;J. Waterways and Harbors, Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Engr., No. WW4, Paper 5571,93, 83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowell, A. R. M., Jumars, P. A., and Eckman, J. E., 1981. Effects of biological activity on the entrainment of marine sediments.Mar. Geol., 42, 133 – 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, M. P., 1969. Dynamics of tidal inlets.In:Castañares, A., and Phleger, F. (eds.),Coastal Lagoons, A Symposium. UNAM-UNESCO, Memoir Symposium Intl. Langunas Costeras, pp. 397 – 406.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, MP ., 1976.Notes on Tidal Inlets on Sandy Shores. U.S. Army Coastal Engr. Res. Center GITI Rept. 5, 20 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oertel, G. F., 1972. Sediment transport of estuary entranced shoals and formation of swash platforms./.Sed. Petrol.,42, 858 – 863.

    Google Scholar 

  • Officer, CB ., 1981. Physical dynamics of estuarine suspended sediments.Mar. Geol.,40, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olausson, E., and Cato, I., 1980.Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 452 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overbeek, J. T. G., 1952. Electrokineticphenomena.In:Krurgt, H. R. (ed.),Colloid Chemistry, Vol. 1, Chapter 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, M. W., 1970.Properties of a consolidating mud. Rept. INT 83, Hydraulics Research Station, Wallingford, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, M. W., 1971a.The Effect of Turbulence on Floe Settling Velocities. Paper D4, Proc. 14th Congr. Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Res., Paris, D4-1–D4-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, M. W., 1971b.The Effect of Turbulence on the Settling Velocities of Silt Floes. Paper D4, Proc. 14th Congress, Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Res. Paris, pp. 27– 32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, M. W., 1977. Problems in the modeling of transport erosion, and deposition of cohesive sediments.In:Goldberg, E. D., McCave, I. N., O’Brien, J. J., and Steel, J. J. (eds.),The Sea, Vol. 6. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 515 – 537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Packham, R. F. 1962. The coagulation process. 1. The effect of pH and the nature of the turbidity. /.Applied Chem.,12, 556 – 564.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paerl, H. W., 1973. Detritus in Lake Tahoe: structural modification by attached microflora.Science,180, 496 – 498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paerl, H. W., 1975. Microbial attachment to particles in marine and fresh water ecosystems.Microbial Ecology,2, 73 – 83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads, D. C., and Stanley, D. J., 1965. Biogenic graded bedding.J. Sed. Petrol.,35, 956 – 963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads, D. C., Yingst, J. Y., and Ullman, W. J., 1978. Seafloor stability in central Long Island Sound, Part I: Temporal changes in erodibility of fine-grain sediment.In:Wiley, M. L. (ed.),Estuarine Interactions. Academic Press, New York, pp. 221 – 244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhoads, D. C., and Young, D. K., 1970. The influence of deposit-feeding organisms on sediment stability and community trophic structure.J. Mar. Res.,28, 150– 178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, G. A., 1963. Organic aggregates in seawater and the dynamics of their formation and utilization.Limnol. Oceanogr., 8, 372 – 381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, P. S., 1975. Origin and processes of cuspate spit shorelines.In:Cronin, L. E. (ed.),Estuarine Research, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, pp. 77 – 92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roy, P. S., Thom, B. G., and Wright, L. D., 1980. Holocene sequences on an embayed high–energy coast: an evolutionary model.Sed. Geol.26, 1 – 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruby, W. W., 1933. Settling velocities of gravel sand and silt particles.Amer. J. Sei. 5th Series, 25, 325 – 338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rusnak, G. A., 1967. Rates of sediment accumulation in modern estuaries.In:Lauff, G. H. (ed.),Estuaries. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sei. Publ. Washington, DC 83, pp. 180 – 184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, R. C. H., and Macmillan, D. H., 1970.Waves and Tides. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 348 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J. D., 1953.The Sediments of Chesapeake Bay. Maryland Dept. of Geology, Mines and Water Resources Bull. 12, 120 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, J. J., and Goodell, G., 1972. Marine geology and estuarine history of Mobile Bay, Alabama.In:Nelson, B. W. (ed.),Environmental Framework of Coastal Plain Estuaries. Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir 133, pp. 517 – 554.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salomon, J. C., and Allen, G. P., 1983. Role sedimentologique de la maree dans les estuaires a fort marnage. Compagnie Francais des Petroles.Notes and Memoires,18, 35 – 44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salomons, W., and Eysink, W. D., 1981. Pathways of mud and particulate trace metals from rivers to the southern North Sea.Intl. Assoc. Sed. Spec. Publ., 5, pp. 429 – 450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubel, J. R., 1969. Size distributions of the suspended particles of the Chesapeake Bay turbidity maximum.Neth. J. Sea Res.,4, 283 – 309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubel, J. R., 1971. Estuarine circulation and sedimentation.In:Schubel, J. R. (ed.),The Estuarine Environment: Estuaries and Estuarine Sedimentation. Amer. Geol. Inst. Short Course Lecture Notes, Amer. Geol. Inst., Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubel, J. R., 1974. Effects of Tropical Storm Agnes on the suspended solids of the Northern Chesapeake Bay.In:Gibbs, R. (ed.),Suspended Solids in Water. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 113 – 132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubel, J., 1982. An eclectic look at fine particles in the coastal ocean.In:Kimrey, L., and Burns, R., eds.,Proc. of a Pollutant Transfer by Particulates Workshop. Seattle, WA, pp. 53 – 142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubel, J. R., and Hirschberg, D. J., 1978. Estuarine graveyard and climatic change.In:Wiley, M., ed.,Estuarine Processes, Vol. 1. p. 285 – 303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubel, J. R., and Hirschberg, D. J., 1982. The Chang Jiang (Yangtze) Estuary: Establishing its place in the community of estuaries.In:Kennedy, V. S. (ed.),Estuarine Comparisons. Academic Press, New York, pp. 649 – 666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schubel, J. R., and Kana, T. W., 1972. Agglomeration of fine-grained suspended sediment in northern Chesapeake Bay.Power Tech., 6, 9 – 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seibold, E., and Berger, W. H., 1982.The Sea Floor, an Introduction to Marine Geology. Springer-Verlag, New York, 288 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shideler,G.L., 1984. Suspended sediment responses in a wind-dominated estuary.J. Sed. Petrol., 54, 731–745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shields, A., 1936.Anwendung der Aehnlickkeits-Mechanik und der Turbulenzforschung auf die Geshiebebewegung. Mitlerlungen der Preussische Versuchsanstalt fur Wasserbau, Erd, Schiffbau, Berlin, No. 26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shizowa, T., 1970. The experimental study and differential flocculation of clay minerals—one application of its results to recent sediments in Ishikari Bay.Japanese Assoc. Mineral. Petrol. Econ. Geol. J., 63, 75 – 84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sholkovitz, E. R., 1976. Flocculation of dissolved organic and inorganic matter during the mixing of river water and seawater.Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,40, 831 – 845.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sholkovitz, E. R., 1978. The flocculation of dissolved Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Ni, Co and Cd during estuarine mixing.Earth Planet. Sei. Letters,41, 77 – 86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, H. B., 1965.Channel Depth as a Factor in Estuarine Sedimentation. U.S. Army Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Tech. Bull. 8, 15 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, H. B., 1972. Effects of man-made works on the hydraulic, salinity, and shoaling regimens of estuaries.In:Nelson, B. W. (ed.),Environmental Framework of Coastal Plain Estuaries. Geol. Soc. Amer. Memoir 133, pp. 555 – 570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smoluchowski, M., 1917. Versuch einer mathematischen theorie der koagulations- kinetik kolloider losungen:Z. Phys. Chem., 92, 129 – 168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, D. J., and Swift, D. J. P., 1976.Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 602 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternberg, R. W., 1972. Predicting initial motion and bed load transport of sediment particles in the shallow marine environment.In:Swift, D. J., Duane, D. B., and Pilkey, O. H. (eds.),Shelf Sediment Transport. Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Stroudsburg, PA pp. 61 – 82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strumm, W., and Morgan, J., 1970.Aquatic Chemistry. Wiley Interscience, New York, 583 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundborg, A., 1967. Some aspects on fluvial sediments and fluvial morphology. I. General views and graphic methods.Geogr. Ann,49, 333 – 343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, D. J. D., 1976. Coastal sedimentation.In:Stanley, D., and Swift, D. (eds.),Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management. John Wiley, New York, pp. 255 – 310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift, D. J. P., and Pirie, R. G., 1970. Fine-sediment dispersal in the Gulf of San Miguel, western Gulf of Panama: a reconnaissance.J. Mar. Res., 28, 69 – 95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syvitski, J. P., and Lewis, A. G., 1980. Interaction of Zooplankton and suspended sediments.J. Sed. Petrol.,50, 0869 – 0880.

    Google Scholar 

  • Syvitski, J. P., and Murray, J. W., 1981. Particle interaction in Fjord suspended sediment.Mar. Geol., 39, 215 – 242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terwindt, J. H. J., de Jong, D., and Van der Wilk, E., 1963.Sediment Movement and Sediment Properties in the Tidal Area of the Lower Rhine (Rotterdam Waterway). Trans. Jubilee Convention, Pt. 2, Kon. Ned. Geol. Mijnbowk, Genoots. Verhand. Geol. Ser., Vol. 21, Part 2, pp. 243–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorn, M. F. C., 1975.Deep Tidal Flow Over a Fine Sand Bed. Proc. 16th Congress Intl. Assoc. Hydraulic Res., Säo Paulo.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1977.Shore Protection Manual. Coastal Engineering Research Center, No. 008-022–00113-1, 1262 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers, 1973.Long Range Spoil Disposal Study. Part III, 140 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, 1970. Ocean dumping—A national policy A Report to the President. Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C., 45 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Olphen, H., 1977.An Introduction to Clay Colloidal Chemistry, 2d ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 318 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vanoni, V. A., 1975.Sedimentation Engineering. Amer. Soc. Civil Engr., New York, 745 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Straaten, L. M. J. U., 1963. Aspects of Holocene sedimentation in the Netherlands.Verhandel. Koninkl. Ned. Geol. Mignbouwk. Genool. Geol. Ser.,21–1, 149 – 172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Straaten, LMJU., and Kuenen, PH., 1957. Accumulation of fine grained sediments in the Dutch Wadden Sea.Geol. en Mijnbouw (NW. Ser.),19, 329–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Straaten, L. M. J. U., and Kuenen, P. H., 1958. Tidal action as a cause of clay accumulation./.Sed. Petrol.,28, 406 – 413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verwey, E. J. W., 1952. On the ecology of distribution of cockle and mussel in the Dutch Waddensea, their role in sedimentation and the source of their food supply.Arch. Neerl. Zool.,10, 172 – 239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verwey, E. J. W., and Overbeek, J. T. G., 1948.Theory of the Stability of Hydrophobic Colloids. Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weil, CB ., 1977. Sediment, structural framework, and evolution of Delaware Bay; a transgressive estuarine delta.Univ. of Delaware Sea Grant Tech. Rept. No. DEL-SG-4-77, 199 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, UG., Jeffrey, LM., and Debbrecht, JD., 1960. Differential settling tendencies of clay minerals in saline waters.In:Swineford, A. (ed.),Clays and Clay Minerals. Proc. National Conf. on Clays and Clay Minerals, 7th, Washington, DC, 1958, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 1–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, L. D., Coleman, J. M., and Thom, B. G., 1973. Processes of channel development in a high-tide-range environment. Cambridge Gulf-Ord River Delta.J.Geol.,81, 15 – 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, LD., Coleman, JM., and Thom, BG., 1975. Sediment transport and deposition in a macrotidal river channel, Ord River, Western Australia.In:Cronin, LE. (ed.),Estuarine Research, Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York, pp. 309–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalin, M. S., 1977.Mechanics of Sediment Transport, 2d ed. Pergamon Press, New York, 298 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. K., 1971. Effects of infauna on the sediment and seston of a subtidal environment.Vie et Milieu. Supp., 22, 557 – 571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, R., 1982. Mechanisms of erosion, deposition, and transport of cohesive sediments in the boundary layer.In:Kim, L., and Burns, R. (eds.),Proc. of a Pollutant Transfer by Particulates Workshop, Seattle, WA, pp. 193 – 223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, R. A., and Southard, J. B., 1978. Erosion of fine-grained marine sediments: Seafloor and laboratory experiments.Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 89, 663 – 672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zabawa, C. F., 1978a. Flocculation in the turbidity maximum of northern Chesapeake Bay: University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C., Ph.D. dissertation, 123 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zabawa, C. F., 1978b. Microstructure of agglomerated suspended sediments in Northern Chesapeake Bay Estuary.Science, 202, 49 – 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zabawa, C. F., 1980.Estuarine Sediments and Sedimentary Processes in Winyah Bay, SC. Geologic Notes, Dept. of Geology, Univ. South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 40 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zenkovitch, V. P., 1959. On the genesis of cuspate spits along lagoon shores.J. Geol.,67, 267 – 277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, J. T. F., 1973. The influence of the subaqueous profile on wave induced bottom stress. Neth. J. Sea Res., 6, 542–549.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Maynard M. Nichols
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robert B. Biggs
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, University of South Florida, 33620, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Richard A. Davis Jr.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Nichols, M.M., Biggs, R.B. (1985). Estuaries. In: Davis, R.A. (eds) Coastal Sedimentary Environments. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5078-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5078-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9554-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-5078-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation