Abstract
The formation of crust at the soil surface, especially due to the action of rain drops but also as a result of sprinkler irrigation (Aarstad and Miller, 1973), is a common feature of many soils, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions. Surface crusts are thin (>2–3 mm) and are characterized by greater density, finer pores, and lower saturated conductivity than the underlying soil. Soil crusts have a prominent effect on many soil phenomena, e.g. the reduction of infiltration and increase in runoff (Cary and Evans, 1974; Hillel, 1980; Hillel and Gardner, 1969, 1970; Morin et al., 1981; Parr and Bertrand, 1960), slowing of the soil-atmosphere gas exchange (Domby and Kohnke, 1956), and interference with seed germination (Frelich et al., 1973; Hanks and Thorpe, 1957; Sale and Harrison, 1964; Taylor, 1962).
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Shainberg, I. (1985). The Effect of Exchangeable Sodium and Electrolyte Concentration on Crust Formation. In: Stewart, B.A. (eds) Advances in Soil Science. Advances in Soil Science, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5046-3_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5046-3_3
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