Abstract
The essential difference between male and female same-sex friendships, in words Paul Wright (1982) has used to describe it, is that female friendships are “face to face” whereas male friendships are “side by side.” These phrases capture the frequently replicated finding that female friends like to “just talk” and view this activity as central to their friendship. Females compared to males also describe their talk as more intimate and more self-disclosing. Male friends, on the other hand, prefer to do things together other than “just talking.” They share activities, such as sports, where their attention is focused on the same goals but not on one another.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allport, G.W., Vernon, P.E., & Lindzey, G. (1960). Manual: A study of values ( 3rd ed. ). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Aries, E.J., & Johnson, F.L. (1983). Close friendship in adulthood: Conversational content between same-sex friends. Sex Roles, 9, 1183–1196.
Banikotes, P.G., Neimeyer, G.J., & Lepkowsky, C. (1981). Gender and sex-role orientation effects on friendship choice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 77, 605–610.
Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence. Boston: Beacon.
Bender, V.L., Davis, Y., Glover, O., & Stapp, J. (1976). Patterns of self-disclosure in homosexual and heterosexual college students. Sex Roles, 2, 149–160.
Benton, A.A. (1971). Productivity, distributive justice, and bargaining among children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 68–78.
Booth, A. (1972). Sex and social participation. American Sociological Review, 37, 183–192.
Booth, A., & Hess, E. (1974). Cross-sex friendship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 36, 38–47.
Burda, P.C., Vaux, A., & Schill, T. (1984). Social support resources: Variation across sex and sex roles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 10, 119–126.
Caldwell, M.A., & Peplau, L.A. (1982). Sex differences in same-sex friendships. Sex Roles, 8, 721–732.
Chaikin, A.L., & Derlega, V.J. (1974). Self-disclosure. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
Chesler, M.A., & Barbarin, O.A. (1985). Difficulties of providing help in a crisis: Relationships between parents of children with cancer and their friends. Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 113–134.
Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Costanza R. (1984). Sex differences and sex-role considerations in the use of touch and distance between friends. Unpublished manuscript, Old Dominion University.
Davidson, L.R., & Duberman, L. (1982). Friendship: Communication and interactional patterns in same-sex dyads. Sex Roles, 8 (8), 809–822.
Deaux, K. (1984). From individual differences to social categories. American Psychologist, 39, 105–116.
Deaux, K. (1977). Sex differences. In T. Blass (Ed.), Personality variables in social behavior (pp. 357–377 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Deaux, K. (1977). Sex differences. In T. Blass (Ed.), Personality variables in social behavior (pp. 357–377 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Derlega, V.J., Winstead, B.A, Wong, P.T.P., & Hunter, S. (1985). Gender effects in an initial encounter: A case where men exceed women in disclosure. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 25–44.
Douvan, E., & Adelson, J. (1966). The adolescent experience. New York: Wiley.
Eder, D., & Hallinan, M.T. (1978). Sex differences in children’s friendships. American Sociological Review, 43, 237–250.
Feshbach, N., & Sones, G. (1971). Sex differences in adolescent reactions toward newcomers. Developmental Psychology, 4, 381–386.
Fischer, J.L., & Narus, L.R. (1981). Sex roles and intimacy in same sex and other sex relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 444–455.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University press.
Hacker, H.M. (1981). Blabbermouths and clams: Sex differences in self-disclosure in same-sex and cross-sex friendship dyads. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 385–401.
Hays, R.B. (1984). The development and maintenance of friendship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1, 75–98.
Heslin, R., & Boss, D. (1980). Nonverbal intimacy in airport arrival and departure. Social Psychology Quarterly, 42, 373–385.
Hill, C.T., & Stull, D.E. (1981). Sex differences in effects of social and value similarity in same-sex friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 488–502.
Hinde, R.A (1984). Why do the sexes behave differently in close relationships? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1, 471–501.
Johnson, F.L., & Aries, E.J. (1983). Conversational patterns among same-sex pairs of late-adolescent close friends. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 142, 225–238.
Laosa, L.M., & Brophy, J.E. (1971). Effects of sex and birth order on sex-role development and intelligence among kindergarten children. Developmental Psychology, 6, 409–415.
Lever, J. (1976). Sex differences in the games children play. Social Problems, 32, 478–487.
Lever, J. (1978). Sex differences in the complexity of children’s play and games. American Sociological Review, 43, 471–483.
Levitt, E., & Klassen, A (1974). Public attitudes toward homosexuality: Part of the 1970 national survey by the Institute for Sex Research. Journal of Homosexuality, 1, 29–43.
Lewis, R.A (1978). Emotional intimacy among men. Journal of Social Issues, 34, 108–121.
Lombardo, J.P., & Lavine, L.O. (1981). Sex-role stereotyping and patterns of self- disclosure. Sex Roles, 7, 403–411.
McAdams, D.P. (1982a). Experiences in intimacy and power: Relationships between social motives and autobiographical memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 292–302.
McAdams, D.P. (1982b). Intimacy motivation. In AJ. Stewart (Ed.), Motivation and society (pp. 133–171 ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
McAdams, D.P., & Constantian, C.A (1983). Intimacy and affiliation motives in daily living: An experience sampling analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 851–861.
McAdams, D.P., Healy, S., & Krause, S. (1984). Social motives and patterns of friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 828–838.
McAdams, D.P., & Losoff, M. (1984) Friendship motivation in fourth and sixth graders: A thematic analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1, 11–27.
Miller, L.C., Berg, J.H., & Archer, R.L. (1983). Openers: Individuals who elicit intimate self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1234–1244.
Miller, S. (1983). Men and friendship. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Morgan, B.S. (1976). Intimacy of disclosure topics and sex differences in self- disclosure. Sex Roles, 2, 161–166.
Narus, L.R., & Fischer, J.L. (1982). Strong but not silent: A reexamination of expressivity in the relationships of men. Sex Roles, 8, 159–168.
Newcomb, T.M. (1961). The acquaintance process. New York: Holt.
Nichols, J. (1975). Men’s liberation: A new definition of masculinity. New York: Pengu in Books.
Nisbett, R.E., & Wilson, T. (1977). Telling more than we know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.
Powers, E.A & Bultena, G.L. (1976). Sex differences in intimate friendships in old age. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 739–747.
Rands, M., & Levinger, G. (1979). Implicit theories of relationship: An intergenerational study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 645–661.
Reis, H.T. (1986). Gender effects in social participation: Intimacy, loneliness, and the conduct of social interaction. In R. Gilmour and S. Duck (Eds.), The emerging field of personal relationships (pp. 91–105 ). New York: Erlbaum.
Reis, H.T., Senchak, & Solomon, B. (1985). Sex differences in the intimacy of social interaction: Further examination of potential explanations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1204–1217.
Richey, M.H., & Richey, H.W. (1980). The significance of best friend relationships in adolescence. Psychology in the Schools, 17, 536–546.
Rokeach, M. (1968). Beliefs, attitudes and values. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Rubin, Z. (1970). Measurement of romantic love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 265–273.
Rubin Z. (1980). Children’s friendships. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Sharabany, R, Gershoni, R, & Hoffman, J.E. (1981). Girlfriend, boyfriend: Age and sex differences in intimate friendship. Developmental Psychology, 17, 800–808.
Small, A., Gross, R., Erdwins, C., & Gessner, T. (1979). Social attitude correlates of sex role. The Journal of Psychology, 101, 115–121.
Solano, C.H. (1981). Sex differences and the Taylor-Altman self-disclosure stimuli. The Journal of Social Psychology, 115, 287–288.
Stewart, A.J., & Chester, N.L. (1982). Sex differences in human social motives: Achievement, affiliation, and power. In A.J. Stewart (Ed.), Motivation and society (pp. 172–218 ). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Stokes, J., Fuehrer, A, & Childs, L. (1980). Gender differences in self-disclosure to various target persons. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 27, 192–198.
Taylor, D.A, & Altman, I. (1966). Intimacy-scaled stimuli for use in studies of interpersonal relations. Psychological Reports, 19, 729–730.
Waldrop, M.F., & Halverson, C.F., Jr. (1975). Intensive and extensive peer behavior: Longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses. Child Development, 46, 19–26.
Weiss, L., & Lowenthal, M.F. (1975). Life-course perspectives on friendship. In M.F. Lowenthal, M. Thurnher, & D. Chiriboga (Eds.), Four stages of life. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wheeler, L., & Nezlek, J. (1977). Sex differences in social participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 742–754.
Wheeler, L., Reis, H., & Nezlek, J. (1983). Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 943–954.
Winstead, B.A, & Derlega, V.J. (1984). The therapeutic value of same-sex friendships. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association Convention, New Orleans.
Winstead, B.A, Derlega, V.J., & Wong, P.T.P. (1984). Effects of sex-role orientation on behavioral self-disclosure. Journal of Research in Personality, 18, 541–553.
Wright, P.H. (1982). Men’s friendships, women$#x2019;s friendships and the alleged inferiority of the latter. Sex Roles, 8, 1–20.
Wright, P.H. & Crawford, A.C. (1971). Agreement and friendship: A close look and some second thoughts. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 2, 52–69.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Winstead, B.A. (1986). Sex Differences in Same-Sex Friendships. In: Derlega, V.J., Winstead, B.A. (eds) Friendship and Social Interaction. Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4880-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4880-4_5
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9344-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4880-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive