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Tests Involving Pressing for Intracranial Stimulation as an Early Procedure for Screening Likelihood of Addiction of Opioids and Other Drugs

  • Chapter
Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs

Abstract

On the basis that the medial forebrain bundle system of the anterior brainstem is a major component of the system whose activity is positive affect, it is submitted that any drug that would increase activity in that system has a high risk of becoming the focus of an addiction. When an increase in activity of that system is a contingency of an act (such as imbibing, inhaling, snorting, or injecting), then that act will occur more and more frequently (i.e., positive reinforcement occurs) and this is a basis for an addiction. The potential for a drug to increase activity in the system is often manifested by measuring the lever pressing of rats for a fixed intensity of electrical stimulation of the system. Drugs, therefore, can be screened for their addiction likelihood by observing their effects on pressing for brain stimulation.

The term “abuse liability” is extraordinarily confusing, particularly in the context of this chapter. Discussing all of the problems with the term is beyond the scope of this chapter. It will be sufficient to say here, first, we are concerned with addiction liability. Second, the word liability has two meanings: likelihood and debt. In this context, and perhaps the entire book, it seems that we are attempting to assess addiction likelihood rather than addiction debt or abuse (albeit a likely consequence of addiction). Consequently, my topic is the use of procedures involving ICS in establishing likelihood of addiction. In accordance with modern theory of addiction, particularly opioid addiction (Smith & Lane, 1983), an addiction likelihood, in turn, is strongly related to the potential for a drug to be positively reinforcing.

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  1. Department of Psychology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 12181, Troy, New York, USA

    Larry D. Reid

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  1. Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14260, Buffalo, New York, USA

    Michael A. Bozarth

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Reid, L.D. (1987). Tests Involving Pressing for Intracranial Stimulation as an Early Procedure for Screening Likelihood of Addiction of Opioids and Other Drugs. In: Bozarth, M.A. (eds) Methods of Assessing the Reinforcing Properties of Abused Drugs. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4812-5_19

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