Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pesticide persistence on foliage

  • Chapter
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 100))

Abstract

The environmental fate of field-applied, agricultural pesticides has been under investigation for a number of years. Efforts to develop models for predicting the environmental fate of agricultural pesticides have revealed gaps in our understanding of the processes that regulate pesticide persistence and movement and pointed out areas where technology improvement is needed. Understanding the factors and processes affecting pesticide delivery to target plants and subsequent disappearance from these plants is required to improve methods and systems used for agricultural pest control. These improvements are needed to attain the goal of maximizing economic pest control while minimizing environmental pollution. The purpose of this review is to provide information concerning pesticide persistence on foliage as related to development and testing of predictive models. Although the literature included in this review is extensive, the cited data are intended to be representative, not all inclusive.

in cooperation with the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center

in cooperation with the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akesson NB, Yates WE (1964) Problems relating to application of agricultural chemicals and resulting drift residues. Ann Rev Entomol 9:285–318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen JG, Butt DJ, Dicker GHL, Hunter LD (1978) Comparison of the efficacy of sprays on two drop-size ranges in an apple orchard. Pestic Sci 9:545–554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Archer TE (1974) Dissipation of parathion and related compounds from field-sprayed spinach. J Agric Food Chem 22:974–977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Archer TE, Stokes JD, Bringhurst RS (1977) Fate of carbofuran and its metabolites on strawberries in the environment. J Agric Food Chem 25:536–541.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Argauer RJ, Mason HC, Corley C, Higgins AH, Sauls JN, Liljedahl LA (1968) Drift of water-diluted and undiluted formulations of malathion and azinphosmethyl applied by airplane. J Econ Entomol 61:1015–1020.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argauer RJ, Webb RE (1972) Rapid fluorometric evaluation of the deposition and persistence of carbaryl in the presence of an adjuvant on bean and tomato leaves. J Agric Food Chem 20:732–734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong JA, Nigam PC (1975) The effectiveness of the aerial application of Orthene ® against budworm at Petawawa Forest Experiment Station during 1974. Chemical Control Research Institute, Environment Canada. Rep CC-X-82 pp 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azimi AH, Carpenter TG, Reichard DL (1985) Nozzle spray distribution for pesticide application. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 28:1410–1414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babiker AGT, Duncan HJ (1975) Penetration of bean leaves by asulam as influenced by adjuvants and humidity. Pestic Sci 6:655–664.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck EW, Dawsey LH, Woodham DW, Leuck DB (1966) Dimethoate residues on soybean, corn, and grass forage. J Econ Entomol 59:78–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belal MH, Gomaa EAA (1979) Determination of dimethoate residue in some vegetables and cotton plants. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 22:726–730.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellows Jr TS, Morse JG, Hadjidemetriou DG, Iwata Y (1985) Residual toxicity of four insecticides used for control of citrus thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on three beneficial species in a citrus agroecosystem. J Econ Entomol 78:681–686.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett RS, Klaas EE, Coats JR, Kolbe EJ (1986) Fenvalerate concentrations in the vegetation, insects, and small mammals of an old-field ecosystem. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 36:785–792.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bigley WS, Plapp Jr FW, Hanna RL, Harding JA (1981) Effect of toxaphene, camphene, and cedar oil on methyl parathion residues on cotton. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27:90–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blazquez CH, Vidyarthi AD, Sheehan TD, Bennett MJ, McGrew GT (1970) Effect of pinolene (β-pinene polymer) on carbaryl foliar residues. J Agric Food Chem 18:681–684.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bobb ML (1954) Parathion residues on peach bark and foliage. J Econ Entomol 47:190–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchard DC, Lavy TL (1982) Fate of acephate in the cotton plant. J Econ Entomol 75:921–923.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouse LF, Carlton JB (1985) Factors affecting size distribution of vegetable oil spray droplets. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 28:1068–1073.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowman MC, Leuck DB (1971) Determination and persistence of phoxim and its oxygen analog in forage corn and grass. J Agric Food Chem 19:1215–1218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun HE, Ritcey GM, Frank R, McEwen FL, Ripley BD (1980) Dissipation rates of insecticides in six minor vegetable crops grown on organic soils in Ontario, Canada. Pestic Sci 11:605–616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brazzel JR, Watson WW, Hursh JS, Adair MH (1968) The relative efficiency of aerial application of ultra-low-volume and emulsifiable concentrate formulations of insecticide. J Econ Entomol 61:408–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brett CH, Bowery TG (1958) Insecticide residues on vegetables. J Econ Entomol 51:818–821.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks GT (1974) Chlorinated insecticides. Vol II. Biological and environmental aspects. CRC Press, Cleveland, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunskill RT (1956) Physical factors affecting the retention of spray droplets on leaf surfaces. Proc 3rd Brit Weed Cont Conf 2:593–603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buck NA, Estesen BJ, Ware GW (1980) Dislodgable insecticide residues on cotton foliage: Fenvalterate, permethrin, sulprofos, chlorpyrifos, methyl parathion, EPN, oxamyl, and profenofos. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 24:283–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bull DL (1968) Metabolism of O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate-S-ester with 4-(mercaptomethyl)-2-methoxy-Δ2-l,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-one (Geigy GS-13005) in plants and animals. J Agric Food Chem 16:610–616.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bull DL (1973) Metabolism of chlordimeform in cotton plants. Environ Entomol 2:869–871.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bull DL (1974) Fate of methomyl on cotton. Environ Entomol 3:723–724.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bull DL (1979) Fate and efficacy of acephate after application to plants and insects. J Agric Food Chem 27:268–272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bull DL, Ivie GW (1978) Fate of diflubenzuron in cotton, soil, and rotational crops. J Agric Food Chem 26:515–520.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bull DL, Ivie GW, MacConnell JC, Gruber VF, Ku CC, Arison BH, Stevenson JM, VandenHeuval WJA (1984) Fate of avermectin B1a in soil and plants. J Agric Food Chem 32:94–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bull DL, Whitten CJ, Ivie GW (1976) Fate of O-ethyl O-[4-(methylthio)phenyl] S-propyl phosphorodithioate (BAY NTN 9306) in cotton plants and soil. J Agric Food Chem 24:601–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cadogan BL, Zylstra BF, Nystrom C, Pollock LB, Ebling PM (1986) Spray deposits and drop size spectra from a high wing monoplane fitted with rotary atomizers. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 29:402–406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill WP, Estesen B, Ware GW (1975) Foliage residues of insecticides on cotton. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 13:334–337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casida JE, Gatterdam PE, Getzin Jr LW, Chapman RK (1956) Residual properties of the systemic insecticide O, O-dimethyl l-carbomethoxy-l-propen-2-yl phosphate. J Agric Food Chem 4:236–243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang-Yen I, Nickless G, Pickard JA (1983) Effect of pesticide formulation on the distribution of fenitrothion on apple foliage. J Agric Food Chem 31:1137–1139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chiba M (1978) A gas chromatographic determination of permethrin isomers on peach foliage. J Environ Sci Health B13:261–268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiba M, Veres DF (1981) Fate of benomyl and its degradation compound methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate on apple foliage. J Agric Food Chem 29:588–590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrzanowski RL, Leitch RE (1982) Metabolism of O-ethyl O-(4-nitrophenyl) [14C]phenyl-phosphonothioate in cotton and soil. J Agric Food Chem 30:155–161.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cole LM, Casida JE, Ruzo LO (1982) Comparative degradation of the pyrethroids tralomethrin, tralocythrin, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin on cotton and bean foliage. J Agric Food Chem 30:916–920.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clay VE, Fukuto TR (1984) Metabolism of carbosulfan in Valencia orange tree leaves and fruit. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13:53–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crafts AS, Foy CL (1962) The chemical and physical nature of plant surfaces in relation to the use of pesticides and their residues. Residue Reviews 1:112–139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby DG (1972) Environmental photooxidation of pesticides. In Degradation of synthetic organic molecules in the biosphere. Conf Proc, San Francisco, CA, June 12–13, 1971. Natl Acad of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp 260–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby DG (1976) Herbicide photodecomposition. In Kearney PC, Kaufman DD (eds) Herbicides — chemistry, degradation, and mode of action. Vol II, 2nd Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, pp 835–890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis JE, Staiff DC, Butler LC, Stevens ER (1981) Potential exposure to dislodgable residues after application of two formulations of methyl parathion to apple trees. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 27:95–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Batista GC, Stamper JH, Nigg HN, Knapp SL (1985) Dislodgeable residues of carbophenothion in Florida citrus: Implications for safe worker reentry. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 35:213–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson RC, Throneberry GO, Belling TE (1960) Residues in established alfalfa treated with granulated phorate (Thimet) and their effect on cattle fed the hay. J Econ Entomol 53:306–310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dogger JR, Bowery TG (1958) A study of residues of some commonly used insecticides on alfalfa. J Econ Entomol 51:392–394.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorough HW, Jones GA, Lusk CI (1973) Residual nature of endosulfan in burley tobacco. Environ Entomol 2:845–849.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorough HW, Randolph NM (1967) Dissipation of Zolone insecticide from treated alfalfa. J Econ Entomol 60:285–286.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorough HW, Randolph NM, Wimbish GH (1966) Residual nature of certain organophosphorus insecticides in grain sorghum and coastal bermudagrass. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1:46–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorough HW, Whiteacre DM (1977) Persistence and metabolism of 14C-leptophos in burley tobacco. J Econ Entomol 70:153–155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Draper WM, Street JC (1981) Drift from a commercial, aerial application of methyl and ethyl parathion: An estimation of potential human exposure. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 26:530–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebeling W (1963) Analysis of the basic processes involved in the deposition, degradation, persistence, and effectiveness of pesticides. Residue Reviews 3:35–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estesen BJ, Buck NA, Ware GW (1979) Dislodgable insecticide residues on cotton foliage: Permethrin, curacron, fenvalerate, sulprofos, decis, and endosulfan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 22:245–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estesen BJ, Buck NA, Ware GW (1982) Dislodgable insecticide residues on foliage: Carbaryl, Cypermethrin, and methamidophos. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28:490–493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahey JE, Hamilton DW, Rings RW (1952) Longevity of parathion and related insecticides in spray residues. J Econ Entomol 45:700–703.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson DG, MacCarthy HR (1973) Pesticide residues in plants. In Edwards CA (ed) Environmental pollution by pesticides. Plenum Press, New York, pp 57–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gains JC, Mistric WJ (1951) Effect of rainfall and other factors on the toxicity of certain insecticides. J Econ Entomol 44:580–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galoux MP, Van Damme JC, Bernes AC, Salembier JF (1983) Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of residue dissipation of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid in sugar beets. J Agric Food Chem 31:759–762.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gannon N, Decker GC (1960) The excretion of dieldrin, DDT, and heptachlor epoxide in milk of dairy cows fed on pastures treated with dieldrin, DDT, and heptachlor. J Econ Entomol 53:411–415.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner AM, Damico JN, Hansen EA, Lustig E, Storherr RW (1969) Previously unreported homolog of malathion found as residue on crops. J Agric Food Chem 17:1181–1185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gebhardt MR, Webber III CL, Bouse LF (1985) Comparison of a rotary atomizer to a fan nozzle for herbicide application. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 18:382–385, 392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert M (1976) Fate of chlorothalonil in apple foliage and fruit. J Agric Food Chem 24:1004–1007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsburg JM, Filmer RS, Reed JP (1952) Recovery of organic insecticides from sprayed and dusted crops. J Econ Entomol 45:428–431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunther FA, Iwata Y, Carman GE, Smith CA (1977) The citrus reentry problem: Research on its causes and effects and approaches to its minimization. Residue Reviews 67:1–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagin RD, Linscott DL, Dawson JE (1970) 2,4-D metabolism in resistant grasses. J Agric Food Chem 18:848–850.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamaker JW (1972) Decomposition: Quantitative aspects. In Goring CAI and Hamaker JW (eds) Organic chemicals in the soil environment. Vol I. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, pp 253–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding JA, Corley C, Beroza M, Lovely WG (1969) Residues of diazinon on field corn treated with granular, capsular, and ULV formulations for control of the European corn borer. J Econ Entomol 62:832–833.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harper LA, McDowell LL, Willis GH, Smith Jr S, Southwick LM (1983) Microclimate effects on toxaphene and DDT volatilization from cotton plants. Agron J 75: 295–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley GS, Graham-Bryce IJ (1980) Physical principles of pesticide behaviour. 2 Vols. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill BD, Charnetski WA, Schaalje GB, Schaber BD (1982) Persistence of fenvalerate in alfalfa: Effect of growth dilution and heat units on residue half-life. J Agric Food Chem 30:653–657.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins TL (1967) Humidity effects on the persistence of malathion leaf-surface residues. J Econ Entomol 60:1167–1168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins L, Gyrisco GC, Norton LB (1952) Effects of sun, wind, and rain on DDT dust residues on forage crops. J Econ Entomol 45:629–633.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoskins WM (1962) Some important properties of pesticide deposits on various surfaces. Residue Reviews 1:66–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howell JF, Maitlen JC, Sell CR, Hutt RB (1982) Effects of volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount St. Helens on the dissipation of azinphosmethyl applied for codling moth control. J Econ Entomol 75:86–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huddleston EW, Gyrisco GG (1961) Residues of Phosdrin on alfalfa and its effectiveness on the insect complex. J Econ Entomol 54:209–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull HM (1970) Leaf structure as related to absorption of pesticides and other compounds. Residue Reviews 31:1–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata Y, Carmen GE, O’Neal JR, Barkley JH, Dusch ME, Gunther FA (1981) Phenthoate applied to California citrus trees: Residue levels on foliage and soil, in air, and on and in fruit. J Agric Food Chem 29:135–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata Y, Knaak JB, Dusch ME, O’Neal JR, Pappas JL (1983) Worker reentry research for carbosulfan applied to California citrus trees. J Agric Food Chem 31:1131–1136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwata Y, Westlake WE, Barkley JH, Carman GE, Gunther FA (1977) Behavior of phenthoate (Cidial) deposits and residues on and in grapefruits, lemons and lemon leaves, oranges and orange leaves, and in the soil beneath orange trees. J Agric Food Chem 25:362–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen DJ, Getzendaner ME, Hummell RA, Turley J (1983) Residue studies for (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in grass and rice. J Agric Food Chem 31:118–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen CA, Westlake WE, Butler LI, Bry RE (1954) Residual action and toxicity of methoxychlor and parathion to the cherry fruit fly. J Econ Entomol 47:746–749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalkat GS, Davidson RH, Brass CL (1961) The effect of controlled temperature and humidity on the residual life of certain insecticides. J Econ Entomol 54:1186–1190.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keiser I, Henderson CF (1951) DDT spray formulations for control of white-fringed beetles. J Econ Entomol 44:646–652.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kido H, Bailey JB, McCalley NF, Yates WE, Cowden RE (1975) The effect of overhead sprinkler irrigation on methyl parathion residue on grape leaves. Bull Environ Contain Toxicol 14:209–213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiigemagi U, Deinzer ML (1979) Dislodgable and total residues of methomyl on mint foliage. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 22:517–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein AK, Link JD (1967) Field weathering of toxaphene and chlordane. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 50:586–591.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhr RJ, Dorough HW (1976) Carbamate insecticides: Chemistry, biochemistry, and toxicology. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee YW, Westcott ND (1981) Gas chromatographic quantitative analysis and persistence of dimethoate and dimethoxon residues on and in wheat plants. J Agric Food Chem 29:860–862.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leidy RB, Sheets TJ, Nelson LA (1977) Residues from two formulations of methyl parathion on flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco Sci 21:1–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuck DB, Bowman MC (1968a) Imidan insecticide residues (Imidan and Imidoxon): Their persistance in corn, grass and soybeans. J Econ Entomol 61:705–707.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuck DB, Bowman MC (1968b) Residues of fenthion and five of its metabolites: Their persistence in corn and grass forages. J Econ Entomol 61:1594–1597.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuck DB, Bowman MC (1969) Persistence of O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitro-m-tolyl phosphorothioate, its oxygen analogue, and its cresol in corn and grass forage. J Econ Entomol 62:1282–1285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuck DB, Bowman MC (1970) Residues of phorate and five of its metabolites: Their persistence in forage corn and grass. J Econ Entomol 63:1838–1842.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuck DB, Bowman MC (1972) Persistence of residues of Dasanit and three of its metabolites in coastal bermudagrass, forage corn, and corn silage. J Econ Entomol 65:257–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuck DB, Bowman MC (1973) Chlorphoxim residues: Their persistence in coastal bermudagrass. J Econ Entomol 66:798–799.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuck DB, Bowman MC, Beck DW (1968) Dursban insecticide persistence in grass and corn forage. J Econ Entomol 61:689–690.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuck DB, Jones RL, Bowman MC (1975) Chlorpyrifos-methyl insecticide residues: Their analysis and persistence in coastal bermudagrass and forage corn. J Econ Entomol 68:287–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein EP, Medler JT (1958) Persistence of aldrin and heptachlor residues on alfalfa. J Econ Entomol 51:222–226.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindquist RK, Krueger HR (1975) Application of acephate to greenhouse tomatoes: External vs. internal foliage residues, and vegetable leafminer control. J Econ Entomol 68:122–123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindquist RK, Krueger HR, Mason JF, Spadafora RR (1973) Application of diazinon to greenhouse tomatoes: Vegetable leaf miner control and residues in foliage and fruit. J Econ Entomol 66:1001–1002.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linscott DL, Hagin RD (1968) Effects of two environmental factors on removal of 2,4-DB from forage. Weed Sci 16:114–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linskens HF, Heinin W, Stoffers AL (1965) Cuticula of leaves and the residue problem. Residue Reviews 8:136–178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch VP, Hudson HR, Pianka M (1981) Identification and determination of mecarbam and its major degradation products in water and crops. Pestic Sci 12:65–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacCollom GB, Flanagan TR (1967) Endrin, toxaphene, and dalapon effects on birdsfoot trefoil seed yields and residue disappearance. J Econ Entomol 60:1174–1175.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacNeil JD, Hikichi M (1976) Degradation of endosulfan and ethion on pears and pear and grape foliage. J Agric Food Chem 24:608–611.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen HF, Williams K (1968) Effectiveness and persistence of low dosages of azinphosmethyl for control of the codling moth. J Econ Entomol 61:878–879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews GA (1979) Pesticide application methods. Longman, Inc, New York. 334 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattson AM, Kahrs RA, Murphy RT (1969) Routine quantitative residue determinations of S-[(2-methoxy-5-OXO- 2-l,3,4-thiadiazolin-4-yl) methyl] O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate (Supracide) and its oxygen analog in forage crops. J Agric Food Chem 17:565–570.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maybank J, Yoshida K, Grover R (1978) Spray drift from agricultural pesticide applications. J Air Poll Cont Assoc 28:1009–1014.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell LL, Willis GH, Southwick LM, Smith S (1984) Methyl parathion and EPN washoff from cotton plants by simulated rainfall. Environ Sci Technol 18:423–427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDowell LL, Willis GH, Smith S, Southwick LM (1985) Insecticide washoff from cotton plants as a function of time between application and rainfall. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 28:1896–1900.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McEwen FL, Ritcey G, Braun H, Frank R, Ripley BD (1980) Foliar pesticide residues in relation to worker re-entry. Pestic Sci 11:643–650.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menzies DR, Pree DJ, Fisher RW, Chisholm D (1979) Correlation of spray coverage ratings, and phosmet residues with mortality of oriental fruit moth larvae. J Econ Entomol 72:721–724.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller DE, Shaw FR, Smith CT (1969) The comparative residual life of two formulations of Imidan on alfalfa. J Econ Entomol 62:720–721.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mistric WJ, Gaines JC (1953) Effect of wind and other factors on the toxicity of certain insecticides. J Econ Entomol 46:341–349.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mistric WJ, Martin DF (1956) Effect of sunlight and other factors on the toxicity of certain insecticides. J Econ Entomol 49:757–760.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto J (1979) Recent progress in the studies on metabolism and degradation of organophosphorus insecticides. Rev Plant Prot Res 12:1–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nambu K, Ohkawa H, Miyamoto J (1980) Metabolic fate of phenothrin in plants and soils. J Pestic Sci 5:177–197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nash RG, Beall ML (1980) Distribution of silvex, 2,4-D, and TCDD applied to turf in chambers and field plots. J Agric Food Chem 28:614–623.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nash RG, Beall ML, Harris WG (1977) Toxaphene and l,l,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chloro-phenyl)ethane (DDT) losses from cotton in an agroecosystem chamber. J Agric Food Chem 25:336–341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson KA, Menzer RE, Ditman LP (1966) Dimethoate residues on leafy crops. J Econ Entomol 59:404–406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newton M, Howard KM, Kelpasa BR, Danhaus R, Lottman CM, Dubelman S (1984) Fate of glyphosate in an Oregon forest ecosystem. J Agric Food Chem 32:1144–1151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg HN, Allen JC, Brooks RF, Edwards GJ, Thompson NP, King RW, Blagg AH (1977) Dislodgable residues of ethion in Florida citrus and relationships to weather variables. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 6:257–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg HN, Allen JC, King RW (1979) Behavior of parathion residues in the Florida “Valencia” orange agroecosystem. J Agric Food Chem 27:578–582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg HN, Allen JC, King RW, Thompson NP, Edwards GJ, Brooks RF (1978) Dislodgable residues of parathion and carbophenothion in Florida citrus: A weather model. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 19:578–588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg HN, Cannizzaro RD, Stamper JH (1986) Diflubenzuron surface residues in Florida citrus. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 36:833–838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg HN, Henry JA, Stamper JH (1983) Regional behavior of pesticide residues in the United States. Residue Reviews 85:257–276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg HN, Reinert JA, Stamper JH, Fitzpatrick GE (1981) Disappearance of acephate, methamidophos, and malathion from citrus foliage. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 26:267–272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg HN, Stamper JH (1980) Persistence of phenthoate (Cidial) and phenthoate oxon on fruit, leaf and soil surfaces and in air in Florida citrus. Chemosphere 9:343–350.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg HN, Stamper JH (1984) Dislodgable residues chlorobenzilate in Florida citrus: Worker reentry implications. Chemosphere 13:1143–1156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nigg HN, Stamper JH, Knaak JB (1984) Leaf, fruit, and soil surface residues of carbosul-fan and its metabolites in Florida citrus groves. J Agric Food Chem 32:80–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohkawa H, Nambu K, Miyamoto J (1980) Metabolic fate of fenvalerate (Sumicidin) in bean plants. J Pestic Sci 5:215–223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardue JR, Hansen EA, Barron RP, Chen JT (1970) Diazinon residues on field-sprayed kale. Hydroxydiazinon — A new alteration product of diazinon. J Agric Food Chem 18:405–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pass BC, Dorough HW (1973) Insecticidal and residual properties of EC and encapsulated formulations of methyl parathion sprayed on alfalfa. J Econ Entomol 66: 1117–1119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pieper GR, Richmond CE (1976) Residues of trichlorfon and lauroyl trichlorfon in Douglas-fir, willow, grass, aspen foliage, and in creek water after aerial application. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 15:250–256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plimmer JR (1972) Principles of photodecomposition of pesticides. In Degradation of synthetic organic molecules in the biosphere. Conf Proc,. June 12–13, 1971. Natl Acad of Sciences, Washington, DC, 279 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polles SG, Vinson SB (1969) Effect of droplet size on persistence of ULV malathion and comparison of toxicity of ULV and EC malathion to tobacco bud worm larvae. J Econ Entomol 62:89–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pree DJ, Butler KP, Kimball ER, Steward DKR (1976) Persistence of foliar residues of dimethoate and azinphosmethyl and their toxicity to the apple maggot. J Econ Entomol 69:473–478.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pree DJ, Menzies DR, Fisher RW (1981) Effects of rainfall on persistence of phosmet residues on peach: Implications for integrated pest management programs. J Econ Entomol 74:535–538.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao RR, Quadros F, Mazmudar RM, Marathe MR, Gangoli SD (1980) Toxicological effects of aerial application of monocrotophos. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 9:473–481.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes RC (1977) Studies with manganese [14C] ethylenebis (dithiocarbamate) ([14C] maneb) fungicide and [14C] ethylenethiourea ([14C] ETU) in plants, soil, and water. J Agric Food Chem 25:528–533.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richmond CE, Averill RD, Crisp CE (1978) Protection of Douglas fir foliage from western spruce bud worm (Lepidoptera: tortricidae) damage by early application of acephate (Orthene® 75S). Canadian Entomol 110:1127–1132.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruzo LO, Casida JE (1979) Degradation of decamethrin on cotton plants. J Agric Food Chem 27:572–575.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saini ML, Dorough HW (1970) Persistence of malathion and methyl parathion when applied as ultra-low-volume and emulsifiable concentrate sprays. J Econ Entomol 63:405–408.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson R, Huddleston EW, Ross JB, Henderson JA, Ferguson EW (1986) Deposition and drift of Pydrin® in cottonseed oil and water under arid conditions applied with a dual spray system aircraft. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 29:378–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seiber JN, Winterlin WL, McChesney MM (1979) Residues of toxaphene, DEF, and paraquat in plant parts and gin waste from a treated cotton field. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 8:125–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw FR, Miller D, Miller MC, Yadava CPS (1969) Persistence of carbofiiran and of 3-hydroxycarbofuran on alfalfa. J Econ Entomol 62:953–954.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw FR, Ziener WH (1964) The disappearance of dimethoate and SD-7438 from alfalfa. J Econ Entomol 57:997–998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw FR, Ziener WH (1966) Rate of disappearance of dimethoate from ladino clover and birdsfoot trefoil. J Econ Entomol 59:1303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheets TJ, Campbell WV, Leidy RB (1982) Fall army worm control and residues of methomyl on coastal bermuda grass. J Agric Food Chem 30:532–536.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SK, Singh AP (1978) Persistence of methyl parathion and ethyl parathion residues in soil and plant (mungo beans, peas). Pesticides 12:39–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith CT, Shaw F, Lavigne R, Archibald J, Fenner H, Stern D (1960) Residues of malathion on alfalfa and in milk and meat. J Econ Entomol 53:495–496.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith EH, Avens AW (1954) The ovicidal action of parathion in control of the peach tree borer. J Econ Entomol 47:912–917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southwick LM, Yanes Jr J, Boethel DJ, Willis GH (1986) Leaf residue compartmentalization and efficacy of permethrin applied to soybean. J Entomol Sci 21:248–253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spear RC, Popendorf WJ, Leffingwell JT, Jenkins D (1975) Parathion residues on citrus foliage. Decay and composition as related to worker hazard. J Agric Food Chem 23:808–810.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer WF, Cliath MM, Davis KR, Spear RC, Popendorf WJ (1975) Persistence of parathion and its oxidation to paraoxon on the soil surface as related to worker reentry into treated crops. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 14:265–272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer WF, Farmer WJ, Cliath MM (1973) Pesticide volatilization. Residue Reviews 49:1–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spillman JJ (1984) Spray impaction, retention and adhesion: an introduction to basic characteristics. Pestic Sci 15:97–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staiff DC, Comer SW, Foster RJ (1975) Residues of parathion and conversion products on apple and peach foliage resulting from repeated spray applications. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 14:135–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staiff DC, Davis JE, Robbins AL (1977) Parathion residues on apple and peach foliage as affected by the presence of the fungicides, maneb and zineb. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 17:293–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamper JH, Nigg HN, Allen JC (1979) Organophosphate insecticide disappearance from leaf surfaces: An alternative to first-order kinetics. Environ Sci Technol 13:1402–1405.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamper JH, Nigg HN, Winterlin W (1981) Growth and dissipation of pesticide oxons. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 77:512–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundaram KMS, Sundaram A, Nott R (1986) Mexacarbate deposits on simulated and live fir needles during an aerial spray trial. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 29:382–388, 392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundaram KMS, Szeto SY (1984) Persistence of aminocarb in balsam fir foliage, forest litter, and soil after aerial application of three formulations. J Agric Food Chem 32:1138–1141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szeto SY, MacCarthy HR, Oloffs PC, Shepherd RF (1978) Residues in Douglas fir needles and forest litter following an aerial application of acephate (Orthene®). J Environ Sci Health B 13:87–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szeto SY, Sundaram KMS (1981) Residues of chlorpyrifos-methyl in balsam fir foliage, forest litter, soil, stream water, sediment and fish tissue after double aerial application of Reldan. J Environ Sci Health B16:743–766.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AW (1978) Post-application volatilization of pesticides under field conditions. J Air Poll Cont Assoc 28:922–927.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AW, Glotfelty DE, Turner BC, Silver RE, Freeman HP, Weiss A (1977) Volatilization of dieldrin and heptachlor residues from field vegetation. J Agric Food Chem 25:542–548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treece RE, Ware GW (1965) Lindane residues on alfalfa and in milk. J Econ Entomol 58:218–219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uk S, Courshee RJ (1982) Distribution and likely effectiveness of spray deposits within a cotton canopy from fine ultra low-volume spray applied by aircraft. Pestic Sci 13:529–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vail PV, Stone MW, Maitlen JC, George DA, Butler LI (1967) Performance of insecticides against cabbage and green peach aphids on leafy vegetables and persistence of residues during cool weather. J Econ Entomol 60:537–541.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Middelem CH, Genung WG, Kelsheimer EG, Kuitert LC, Waites RE (1960) Toxaphene residues on pangolagrass. J Agric Food Chem 8:289–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Middelem CH, Waites RE (1958) Demeton residues in collards, lettuce, and mustard. J Agric Food Chem 6:594–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Varty IW, Yule WN (1976) The persistence and fate of phosphamidon in a forest environment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 15:257–264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waites RE, Van Middelem CH (1955) Residue studies of toxaphene, parathion, and malathion on some Florida vegetables. J Econ Entomol 48:590–593.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waites RE, Van Middelem CH (1958) Residues studies of DDT and malathion on turnip tops, collards, snap beans, and lettuce. J Econ Entomol 51:306–308.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waldron AC, Goleman DL (1969) Ethyl and methyl parathion residues in green and cured alfalfa. J Agric Food Chem 17:1066–1069.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis RL, Smith FF, Wheeler HG, Taylor EA (1957) Malathion residues on vegetable, berry, and tobacco crops. J Econ Entomol 50:362–363.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward CR, Owens JC, Turner WE (1972) Residues of diazinon remaining after application to wheat. J Econ Entomol 65:899.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Buck NA, Estesen BJ (1983) Dislodgable insecticide residues on cotton foliage: Comparison of ULV/cottonseed oil v. aqueous dilutions of 12 insecticides. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 31:551–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Buck NA, Estesen BJ (1984) Deposit and drift losses from aerial ultra-low-volume and emulsion sprays in Arizona. J Econ Entomol 77:298–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Cahill WP, Estesen BJ (1975a) Pesticide drift: Aerial applications comparing conventional flooding vs. Raindrop™ nozzles. J Econ Entomol 68:329–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Cahill WP, Estesen BJ, Kronland WC, Buck NA (1975b) Pesticide drift: Deposit efficiency from ground sprays on cotton. J Econ Entomol 68:549–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Cahill WP, Gerhardt PD, Witt JM (1970) Pesticide drift. IV. On-target deposits from aerial application of insecticides. J Econ Entomol 63:1982–1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Estesen BJ, Buck NA (1978a) Dislodgable insecticide residues on cotton (1976). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 20:24–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Estesen BJ, Buck NA (1980a) Dislodgable insecticide residues on cotton foliage: Acephate, AC 222,705, EPN, fenvalerate, methomyl, methyl parathion, permethrin, and thiodicarb. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 25:608–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Estesen BJ, Cahill WP (1972a) Organophosphate residues on cotton in Arizona. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 8:361–362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Estesen BJ, Cahill WP (1974) Dislodgable leaf residues of insecticides on cotton. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 11:434–437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Estesen BJ, Cahill WP (1978b) Dislodgable insecticides residues on cotton (1975). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 20:17–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Estesen BJ, Cahill WP, Frost KR (1972b) Pesticide drift: VI. Target and drift deposits vs. time of applications. J Econ Entomol 65:1170–1172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ware GW, Watson TF, Estesen B, Buck NA (1980b) Effects of molasses or toxaphene on residual life and efficacy of methyl parathion on cotton. J Econ Entomol 73:15–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson DG, Wolff RL (1985) Air carrier technique for row crop spraying applications. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 28:1445–1448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinman CJ (1952) Effect of early season sprays against plum curculio on peaches. J Econ Entomol 45:646–651.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westlake WE, Butler LI (1953) Residues of malathion on fruits and vegetables. J Econ Entomol 46:850–852.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westlake WE, Ittig M, Ott DE, Gunther FA (1973) Persistence of residues of the insecticide phosphamidon on and in oranges, lemons, and grapefruit, and on and in orange leaves and in dried citrus pulp cattle feed. J Agric Food Chem 21:846–850.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheatley GA (1973) Pesticides in the atmosphere. In Edwards CA (ed) Environmental pollution by pesticides. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler HG, Smith FF, Yeomans AH, Fields E (1967) Persistence of low-volume and standard formulations of malathion on lima bean foliage. J Econ Entomol 60:400–402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitney RW, Kuhlman DK, Roth LO (1985) Aircraft spray system performance using soybean oil as spray diluent. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 28:665–668, 674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis GH, McDowell LL, Harper LA, Southwick LM, Smith S (1983) Seasonal disappearance and volatilization of toxaphene and DDT from a cotton field. J Environ Qual 12:80–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis GH, McDowell LL, Meyer LD, Southwick LM (1982) Toxaphene washoff from cotton plants by simulated rainfall. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 25:642–646.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis GH, McDowell LL, Smith S, Southwick LM (1986) Permethrin washoff from cotton plants by simulated rainfall. J Environ Qual 15:116–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis GH, McDowell LL, Smith S, Southwick LM, Lemon ER (1980a) Toxaphene volatilization from a mature cotton canopy. Agron J 72:627–631.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis GH, McDowell LL, Southwick LM, Smith S (1985) Toxaphene, methyl parathion, and fenvalerate disappearance from cotton foliage in the Mid South. J Environ Qual 14:446–450.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis GH, Spencer WF, McDowell LL (1980b) The interception of applied pesticides by foliage and their persistence and washoff potential, pp 595–606. In Knisei WG (ed) CREAMS: A field-scale model for Chemicals Runoff and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems. USDA Conserv Res Rep No 26 p 643. US Govt Print Off. 0–310-945/SE A-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AGL, Desmarchelier JM, Malafant K (1983) Persistence on cotton foliage of insecticide residues toxic to Heliothis larvae. Pestic Sci 14:623–633.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winterlin W, Bailey JB, Langbehn L, Mourer C (1975) Degradation of parathion applied to peach leaves. Pestic Monit J 8:263–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winterlin W, Kilgore WW, Mourer CR, Schoen SR (1984) Worker reentry studies for captan applied to strawberries in California. J Agric Food Chem 32:664–672.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winterlin W, Mourer C, Bailey JB (1974) Degradation of four organophosphate insecticides in grape tissues. Pestic Monit J 8:59–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winterlin W, Walker G, Hall G, McFarland J, Mourer C (1980) Environmental fate of dialifor and formation of its oxygen analogue following application on grape vines in the San Joaquin Valley, California. J Agric Food Chem 28:1078–1083.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfenbarger DA, Gomes ED, Robinson SH, Parks LH (1979) Chlordimeform residues from cotton leaves. J Econ Entomol 72:128–130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yates WE, Mazariegos JF, Villagran E, deZeissig JA (1977) Comparison of concentrate and dilute aerial spray applications with rotary atomizers. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 20:610–612, 616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young JR, Bowman MC (1967) Azodrin for corn earworm and fall army worm control and its persistence in sweet corn. J Econ Entomol 60:1282–1284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yule WN, Duffy JR (1972) The persistence and fate of fenitrothion insecticide in a forest environment. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 8:10–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zweig G, Gao R, Witt JM, Popendorf W, Bogen K (1984) Dermal exposure to carbaryl by strawberry harvesters. J Agric Food Chem 32:1232–1236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soil and Water Research Unit, USDA-ARS, University Station, P. O. Box 25071, 70894-2507, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

    Guye H. Willis

  2. USDA-ARS Sedimentation Laboratory, P. O. Box 1157, 38655, Oxford, Mississippi, USA

    Leslie L. McDowell

Authors
  1. Guye H. Willis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leslie L. McDowell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    George W. Ware

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Willis, G.H., McDowell, L.L. (1987). Pesticide persistence on foliage. In: Ware, G.W. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 100. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4804-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4804-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9161-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-4804-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation