Abstract
Complex or indirect interactions can be defined as sequences of biotic interactions that functionally link components (species, size classes, functional groups, trophic levels, etc.) in a community. Most aquatic community ecologists think of trophic web interactions among species or size groups in the context of complex interactions, but other indirect linkages also occur through habitats, phenologies, and life cycles. Complex interactions are usually recognized out of the myriad of potential interactions when a perturbation applied to one component is transmitted via the linkages to other components.
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Neill, W.E. (1988). Complex Interactions in Oligotrophic Lake Food Webs: Responses to Nutrient Enrichment. In: Carpenter, S.R. (eds) Complex Interactions in Lake Communities. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3838-6_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3838-6_3
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