Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adhesion and Association Mechanisms of Candida albicans

  • Chapter
Current Topics in Medical Mycology

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Medical Mycology ((CT MYCOLOGY,volume 2))

Abstract

Candida albicans is commonly found residing in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and female genital tract of humans (197). The yeast is usually commensal, but in predisposed persons clinical infection can occur as the result of its opportunistic nature. In patients who are compromised immunologically and undergoing prolonged antimicrobic therapy, C. albicans can reach high numbers in the GI tract and, subsequently, pass through the intestinal mucosa to initiate systemic infection by the hematogenous route (196).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Allen CM, Blozis GG, Rosen S, Bright JS: Chronic candidiasis of the rat tongue: A possible model for human median rhomboid glossitis. J Dent Res 61:1287–1291, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson ML, Odds FC: Adherence of Candida albicans to vaginal epithelial Significance of morphological form and effect of ketoconazole. Mykosen 28: 531–540, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bacon JSD, Davidson ED, Jones D, Taylor IF: The location of chitin in the yeast cell wall. Biochem 101:36C–38C, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bagg J, Silverwood RW: Coagglutination reactions between Candida albicans and oral bacteria. J Med Microbiol 22:165–169, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Balish E, Balish MJ, Salkowski CA, Lee KW, Bartzal KF: Colonization of congenitally athymic, gnotobiotic mice by Candida albicans. Appl Envrion Microbiol 47:647–652, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Balish E, Phillipis AW: Growth, morphogenesis, and virulence of Candida albicans after oral inoculation in the germ free and conventional chick. J. Bacterial 91: 1736–1743, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ballou C: Structure and biosynthesis of the mannan component of yeast cell envelope. Adv Microbiol Physiol 14:93–158, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Banwell JG, Howard R. Cooper D, Costerton JW: Intestinal microbial flora after feeding phytohemagglutinin lectins (Phaseolus vulgar is) to rats. Appl Environ Microbiol 50, 68–80, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Barnes JL, Osgood W, Lee JC, King RD, Stein JH: Host-parasite interactions in the pathogenesis of experimental renal candidiasis. Lab Invest 49:460–467, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Barrett-Bee K, Hayes Y, Wilson RG, Ryley JF: A comparison of phospholipase activity, cellular adherence and pathogenicity of yeast. J Gen Microbiol 131: 1217–1221, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bartnicki-Garcia S : Fungal cell wall composition, in Laskin AI, Lechevalier HA (eds.)Handbook of Microbiology Vol. II: Microbial Composition. CRC Press, Cleveland, 201–214, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bartnicki-Garcia S: Cell wall chemistry, morphogenesis, and taxonomy of fungi. Ann Rev Microbiol 22:87–108, 1968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bianchi DE: The lipid content of cell walls obtained from juvenile, yeast like and filamentous cells of Candida albicans. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J Microbiol Serol 33:324–332, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bishop CT, Blank F, Gardner P: The cell wall polysaccharides of Candida albicans, glucan, mannan and chitin. Can J Chem 38:869–881, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Blumershine RV, Savage DC: Filamentous microbes indigenous to the murine small bowel: A scanning electron microscopic study of their morphology and attachment to the epithelium. Microbial Ecol 4:95–103, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bollard JE, Vanderwee MA, Smith GW, Tasman-Jones C, Gavin JB, Lee SP: Location of bacteria in the mid-colon of the rat. Appl Environ Microbiol 51:604–608, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Braun P, Calderone R: Chitin synthesis in Candida albicans: Comparison of yeasts and hyphal forms. J. Bacterial 133:1472–1477, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Brawner DL, Cutler JE: Changes in surface topography of Candida albicans during morphogenesis. Sabouraudia: J Med Vet My col 23:389–393, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Budtz-Jorgensen E : Denture stomatitis IV. An experimental model in monkeys. Acta Odont Scand 29:513–526, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Budtz-Jorgensen E: Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on experimental oral candidiasis in monkeys. ScandJ Dent Res 83:171–178, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Budtz-Jorgensen E: Proteolytic activity of Candida sas related to the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis. Sabouraudia 12:266–271, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cabib E. Roberts R, Bowers B: Synthesis of yeast cell wall and its regulation. Ann Rev Biochem 51:763–793, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Calderone RA, Rotondo MF, Sande MA: Candida albicans endocarditis: Ultrastructural studies of vegetation formation. Infect Immun 20:279–289, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Calderone RA, Cihlar RL, Lee DOS, Hoberg K, Scheld WM: Yeast adhesion in the pathogenesis of endocarditis due to Candida albicans: Studies with adherence negative mutants. J Infect Dis 152:710–715, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Calderone RA, Lehrer N, Segal E: Adherence of Candida albicans to buccal and vaginal epithelial cells: Ultrastructural observations. Can J Microbiol 30: 1001–1007, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cassone A: Improved visualization of wall structure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experientia 29:1302–1309, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Cassone A: Cell wall of pathogenic yeasts and implications for antimycotic therapy. Drugs Exp Clin Res 12:635–643, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cassone A, Kerridge D, Gale EF: Ultrastructural changes in the wall of Candida albicans following cessation of growth and their possible relationship to the development of polyene resistance. J Gen Microbiol 110:339–349, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cassone A, Mattia E, Boldrini L: Agglutination of blastospores of Candida albicans by Concanavalin A and its relationship with the distribution of mannan polymers and ultrastructure of the cell wall. J Gen Microbiol 105:263–273, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cassone A, Simonette N, Strippoli V: Ultrastructural changes in the wall during germ-tube formation from blastospores of C. albicans . J Gen Microbiol 77: 417–426, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cassone A, Sullivan PA, Shepherd MG: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-induced morphogenesis of Candida albicans. Microbiologica 18:17, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Cawson RA, Rajasingham KC: Ultrastructural features of the invasive phase of C. albicans . Br J Dermatol 87:435–443, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Centeno A, Davis CP, Cohen MS, Warren MM: Modulation of Candida albicans attachment to human epithelial cells by bacteria and carbohydrates. Infect Immun 39:1354–1360, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Chaffin LW, Stocco DM: Cell wall proteins of Candida albicans. Can J Microbiol 29:1438–1444, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chattaway FW, Bishop R, Holmes MR, Odds FC, Barlow AJE: Enzyme activities associated with carbohydrate synthesis and mycelial forms of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 15:97–109, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Chattaway FW, Holmes MR, Barlow AJE: Cell wall composition of the mycelial and blastospore forms of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 51:367–376, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Chattaway FW, Shenolikar S, O’Reilly J: Changes in the cell surface of the dimorphic forms of Candida albicans by treatment with hydrolytic enzymes. J Gen Microbiol 95:335–347, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cheng KJ, Irvin RT, Costerton JW: Autochthonous and pathogenic colonization of animal tissues by bacteria. Can J Microbiol 27:461–490, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chiew YY, Shephered MG, Sullivan PA: Regulation of chitin synthesis during germ-tube formation in Candida albicans. Arch Microbiol 125:97–104, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Beachey EH: Adhesion of bacteria to animal tissues: complex mechanisms, in Savage DC Fletcher M (eds):Bacterial Adhesion: Mechanisms and Physiological Significance. New York, Plenum Press, 279–305, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Collins-Lech C, Kalbfleisch JH, Franson TR, Sohnle PG: Inhibition by sugars of Candida albicans adherence to human buccal mucosal cells and corneocytes in vitro. Infect Immun 46:831–834, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Costerton JW, Irvin RT, Cheng K-J: The role of bacterial surface structures in pathogenesis. CRC Crit Rev in Microbiol 8:303–338, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Costerton JW, Manic TJ, Cheng K-J: Phenomena of bacterial adhesion, in Savage DC Fletcher M (eds): Bacterial Adhesion: Mechanisms and Physiological Significance. New York, Plenum Press, 3–43, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Cox F: Adherence of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells in children and adults. J Lab Clin Med 102:960–972, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cox F: Candida albicans adherence in newborn infants. J Med Vet My col 24:121–125, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Critchley IA, Douglas LJ: Differential adhesion of pathogenic Candida species to epithelial and inert surfaces. FEMS Microbiol Lett 28:199–203, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Croucher SC, Houston AP, Bayliss CE, Turner RJ: Bacterial populations associated with different regions of the human colon wall. Appl Environ Microbiol 45:1025–1033, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Davenport JC: The oral distribution of Candida in denture stomatitis. Br Dent 129:151–156, 1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Davidson S, Brish M, Rubinstein E: Adherence of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells of neonates. Mycopathologia 85:171–173, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Davis CP: Postmortem alterations of bacterial localization. Scan Electron Microsc 3:523–526, 1980.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Davis CP: Preservation of gastronintestinal bacteria and their microenvironmental associations in rats by freezing. Appl Environ Microbiol 31:304–312, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Davis CP, McAllister JS, Savage DC: Microbial colonization of the intestinal epithelium in suckling mice. Infect Immun 1:666–672, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Demaria A, Buckly H, von Lichtenberg F. Gastrointestinal candidiasis in rats treated with antibiotics, cortisone, and azathrioprine. Infect Immun 13: 1761–1770, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Derjagiun BV, Landau L: Theory of the stability of strongly charged lyophobic sols and of the adhesion of strongly charged particles in solutions of electrolytes. Acta Physiochim USSR 14:633–662, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Diamond RD, Krzesicki R: Mechanisms of attachment of neutrophils to Candida albicans pseudohyphae in the absence of serum, and of subsequent damage to pseudohyphae by microbial processes of neutrophils in vitro. J Clin Invest 61:360–369,1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Djaczenko W, Cassone A: Visualization of new ultrastructural components in the cell wall of Candida albicans with fixatives containing tapo. J Cell Biol 52:186–190, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Douglas LJ: Adhesion of pathogenic Candida species to host surfaces. Microbiol Sri 2:243–247, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Douglas LJ: Surface composition and adhesion of Candida albicans. Biochem Soc Trans 13:982–984, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Douglas LJ, Houston JG, McCourtie J: Adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells after growth on different carbon sources. FEMS Microbiol Letters 12:241–243, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Douglas LJ, McCourtie J: Effect of tunicamycin treatment on the adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells. FEMS Microbiol Letters 16:199–202, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Doyle RJ, Nesbitt WE, Taylor KG: On the mechanism of adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to hydroxylapatite. FEMS Microbiol Letters 15:1–5, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Dubos R, Schaedler RW, Costello R, Hoet P: Indigenous, normal, and autochothonous flora of the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med 122:67–76, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Elorza MV, Mugui A. Sentandraeu R: Dimorphism in Candida albicans: Contribution of mannoproteins to the architecture of yeast and mycelial cell walls. J Gen Microbiol 131:2209–2216, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Elorza MV, Ricco H, Gozalbo D, Sentandreu R: Cell wall composition and protoplast regeneration in Candida albicans. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 49: 457–469, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. English MP: The saprophytic growth of keratinophilic fungi on keratin. Sabouraudia 2:115–130, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Epstein JB, Kimura LH, Menard TW, Truelove EL, Pearsall NN: Effects of specific antibodies on the interaction between the fungus Candida albicans and human oral mucosa. Arch Oral Biol 27:469–474, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Epstein JB, Pearsall NN, Truelove EL: Quantitative relationships between Candida albicans in saliva and the clinical status of human subjects. J Clin Microbiol 12:475–476, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Eras P, Goldstein MJ, Sherlock P: Candida infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Medicine (Baltimore) 51:367–379, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Evron R, Drewe JA: Demonstration of the polysaccharides in the cell wall of Candida albicans blastospores, using silver methenamine staining and a sequence of extraction procedures. Mycopathologia 84:141–149, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Farell SM, Hawkins DF, Ryder TA: Scanning electron microscope study of Candida albicans invasion of cultured human cervical epithelial cells. Sabouraudia 21:251–254, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Fekety R, Brown R, Silva J, Hofmann A F: Fecal bile acids and cholestyramine in hamsters with clindamycin-associated coitis. ICCAC Abstracts No. 129, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Field LH, Pope LM, Cole GT, Guentzel MN, Berry LJ: Persistence and spread of Candida albicans after intragastric inoculation of infant mice. Infect Immun 31:783–791, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Fisker AV, Schiott CR, Philipsen HP: Short-term oral candidiasis in rats, with special reference to the site of infection. Ada Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 90:49–57, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Fisher AV, Rindon C, Schiott CR, Philipsen HP: Long-term oral candidiasis in rats. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand Sect B 90:221–227, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Fletcher M: The question of passive versus active attachment mechanisms in non-specific bacterial adhesion, Berkley RCW Lynch JM Rutter PR Vincent B : Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces. London, Ellis Horwood Limited, 1980, 197–210

    Google Scholar 

  76. Franklin CD, Martin MW: The effects of Candida albicans on turpentineinduced hyperplasia of hamster cheek pouch epithelium. J Med Vet Mycol 24:281–287, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Freedman LR, Johnson ML: Experimental endocarditis. Ann NY Acad Sci 236:456–465, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Freter R: Association of enterotoxigenic bacteria with the mucosa of the small intestine: Mechanisms and pathogenic implications, in Ouchterlony Õ Holmgren J (eds):Cholera and Related Diarrheas. S Karger, Basel155–170, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Freter R: Bacterial association with the mucus gel system of the gut, in Schlessinger D (ed):Microbiology—1982. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology, 278–281, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Freter R: Mechanisms of association of bacteria with mucosal surfaces, in Elliott K O’Connor M Whelan J (eds):Adhesion and Microorganism Pathogenicity. Pitman Medical Ltd, London36–55, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Freter R: Mechanisms that control the microflora in the large intestine, in Hentge DJ (ed) : Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease. Academic Press, New York, 33–54, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Freter R: Prospects for preventing the association of harmful bacteria with host mucosal surfaces, in Beachey EH (e d):Bacterial Adherence. Chapman & Hall, Ltd, London, 439–458, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Freter R, Allweiss B, O’Brien PCM, Halstead SA, Macsai MS: Role of chemotaxis in the association of motile bacteria with intestinal mucosa: In vitro studies. Infect Immun 34:241–249, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Freter R, Brickner H, Botney M, Cleven D, Aranki A: Mechanisms that control bacterial populations in continuous-flow culture models of mouse large intestinal flora. Infect Immun 39:676–685, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Freter R, Brickner H, Fekete J, O’Brien PCM, Vickerman MM: Testing of host-vector systems in mice. Recomb DNA Tech Bull 2:68–76, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Freter R, Brickner H, Fekete J, Vickerman MM, Carey KE: Survival and implantation of Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract. Infect Immun 39: 686–703, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Freter R, Jones GW: Adhesive properties of Vibrio cholera: Nature of the interaction with intact mucosal surfaces. Infect Immun 6:918–927, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Freter R, Jones GW: Models for studying the role of bacterial attachment in virulence and pathogenesis. Rev Infect Dis 5: S647–S658, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Freter R, O’Brien PCM: Role of chemo taxis in the association of motile bacteria with Vibrio cholerae mutants in infant mice. Infect Immun 34:222–233, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Freter R, O’Brien PCM, Macsai MS: Role of chemotaxis in the association of motile bacteria with intestinal mucosa: In vivo studies. Infect Immun 34:234–240, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Freter R, Stauffer E, Cleven D, Holdeman LV, Moore WEC: Continuous-flow cultures as in vitro models of the ecology of large intestinal flora. Infect Immun 39:666–675, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Gardiner R, Podgorski C, Day AW: Serological studies on the fimbriae of yeasts and yeast-like species. Bot Gaz 143:534–541, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Garrison RG: Vegetative ultrastructure, in Arnold WN (ed): Yeast Cell Envelopes infrastructure, Vol1. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, 139–160,1981.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Ghannoum MA, Burns GR, Elteen K, Radwin SS: Experimental evidence for the role of lipids in adherence of Candida sto human buccal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 54:189–193, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Ghannoum MA, Elteen KA: Correlative relationship between proteinase production, adherence and pathogenicity of various strains of Candida albicans. J Med Vet Mycol 24:407–4l3, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Ghannoum MA, Janini G, Khamis L, Radwan SS: Dimorphism-associated variations in the lipid composition of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 32: 2367–2375, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Gibbons RJ: Adhesion of bacteria to the surfaces of the mouth, in Berkley RCW Lynch JM Rutter PR Vincent B (eds): Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces. London, Ellis Horwood Limited, 351–388, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Gibbons RJ, Etherden I, Peros W: Aspects of the attachment of oral streptococci to experimental pellicles, in Mergenhagen SE Rosan B (eds):Molecular Basis of Oral Microbial Adhesion. Washington, American Society for Microbiology, 77–84, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Gibbons RJ, Spinell DM, Skobe Z: Selective adherence as a determinant of host tropisms of certain indigenous and pathogenic bacteria. Infect Immun 13:238–246, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Gibbons RJ, vanHoute J: Selective bacterial adherence to oral epithelial surfaces and its role as an ecological determinant. Infect Immun 3:567–573, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Gooday GW : Biosynthesis of fungal wall: Mechanisms and implications. J Gen Microbiol 99:1–18 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Gopal P, Sullivan PA, Sheperd MG: Isolation and structure of glucan from regenerating spheroplasts of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol 130:1217–1225, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Gorman SP, McCafferty DF, Anderson L: Application of an electronic particle counter to the quantification of bacterial and Candida adherence to mucosal epithelial cells. Lett Appl Microbiol 2:97–100, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Guentzel MN, Cole GT, Pope LM: Animal models for candidiasis, in McGinnis MR (ed):Current Topics in Medical Mycology, Vol 1. New York, Springer-Verlag, 57–116, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Haley LD: Yeast infections of the lower urinary tract 1. In vitro studies of the tissue phase of Candida albicans . Sabouraudia 4 :98–105, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Hassan OE, Jones JH, Russell C : Experimental oral candidal infection and carriage of oral bacteria in rats subjected to a carbohydrate-rich diet and tetracycline treatment. JMedMicrobiol 20:291–298, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Hattori M, Yoshiura K, Negi M, Ogawalt : Keratinolytic proteinase produced by Candida albicans. Sabouraudia : J Med Vet My col 22:175–183, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hazen KC, Plotkin BJ, Klimas DM: Influence of growth conditions on cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Infect Immun 54:269–271, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Hector RF, Domer JE: Mammary gland contamination as a means of establishing long-term gastrointestinal colonization of infant mice with Candida albicans. Infect Immun 38:788–790, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Helstrom PB, Balish E: Effect of oral tetracycline, the microbial flora, and the athymic state on gastrointestinal colonization and infection to BALB/c mice with Candida albicans. Infect Immun 23:764–774, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Horisberger M, Vonlanthen M: Location of mannan and chitin on thin sections of budding yeasts with gold markers. Arch Microbiol 115:1–7, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hewlett JA: Candidial infection of the oral mucosa: An in vitro model. Proc Roy Soc Med 69:766–770, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Hewlett JA: The infection of rat tongue mucosa in vitro with five species of Candida. J Med Microbiol 9:309–316, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Hewlett JA, Squier CA: Candida albicans ultrastructure: Colonization and invasion of oral epithelium. Infect Immun 29:252–260, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Isaacson RE: Pilus adhesins, in Savage DC Fletcher M (eds): Bacterial Adhesion: Mechanisms and Physiological Significance. New York, Plenum Press, 307–336, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Isenberg H, Allerhand J, Berkman JJ, Goldberg D: Immunological and toxic differences between mouse virulent and mouse avirulent Candida albicans. J Bacterial 86:1010–1016, 1963.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Ito S: Structure and function of the glycocalyx. Fed Proc 28:12–25, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Jones GW: The attachment of bacteria to the surfaces of animal cells, in Reissig JL (ed):Microbial Inter actions. Receptors and Recognition, series B vol 3. New York, Chapman and Hall, 139–176, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Jones GW: Adhesion to animal surfaces, in Marshall KC (ed):Microbial Adhesion and Aggregation. New York, Springer-Verlag, 71–84, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Jones GW: Mechanisms of the attachment of bacteria to animal cells, in Klug MJ, Reddy CA (eds): Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology. Washington, DC, 136-143, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Jones GW, Abrams GD, Freter R: Adhesive properties of Vibrio cholera: Adherence to isolated rabbit brush border membranes and hemagglutinating activity. Infect Immun 14:232–239, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Jones GW, Freter R: Adhesive properties of Vibrio cholera: Nature of the interaction with isolated rabbit brush border membranes and human erythrocytes. Infect Immun 14:240–245, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Jones GW, Isaacson RE: Proteinaceous bacterial adhesins and their receptors. CRC Crit Rev Microbiol 10:229–260, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Jones GW, Richardson LA: The attachment to, and invasion of HeLa cells by Salmonella typhimurium: The contribution of mannose-sensitive and mannoseresistant haemagglutinating activities. J Gen Microbiol 127:361–370, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Jones GW, Richardson LA, Uhlman D: The invasion of HeLa cells by Salmonella typhimurium: Reversible and irreversible bacterial attachment and the role of bacterial motility. J Gen Microbiol 127:351–360, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Jones GW, Rutter JM: Role of the K88 antigen in the pathogenesis of neonatal diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli in piglets. Infect Immun 6:918–927, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Jones JH, Adams D: Experimentally induced acute oral candidiasis in the rat. Br J Dermatol 83:670–673, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Jones JH, Russell C: The histology of chronic candidal infection of the rat’s tongue. JPathol 113:97–100, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Jones JH, Russell C, Young C, Owen D: Tetracycline and the colonization and infection of the mouths of germ-free and conventionalized rats with Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2:247–253, 1976.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Joshi SN, Garvin PJ, Sunwoo YC: Candidiasis of the duodenum and jejunum. Gastroenterology 80:829–833, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Kappeli O, Walther P, Mueller M, Fiechter A: Structure of the cell surface of the yeast Candida tropicalis and its relation to hydrocarbon transport. Arch Microbiol 138:279–282, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Karaev ZO, Velichko EV, Bykov VL: Main characteristics of the process of adhesion of Candida to human epithelial cells. Zhurnal Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunol 7:59–61, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Kaye D: Infecting microorganisms, in Kaye D (ed):Infective Endocarditis. Baltimore, UniversityPark Press, 45–54, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Kearns MJ, Davies P, Smith H: Variability of the adherence of Candida albicans strains to human buccal epithelial cells: Inconsistency of differences between strains related to virulence. Sabouraudia 21:93–98, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Kennedy M J: Inhibition of Candida albicans by the anaerobic oral flora of mice in vitro. Sabouraudia 19:205–208, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Kennedy MJ: Role of motility, chemotaxis, and adhesion in microbial ecology. Annal New York Acad Sci (in press), 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Kennedy MJ, Bajwa PS, Volz PA: Gastrointestinal inoculation of Sporothrix schenckii in mice. Mycopathologia 78:141–143, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Kennedy MJ, Volz PA: Dissemination of yeasts after gastrointestinal inoculation in antibiotic-treated mice. Sabouraudia 21:27–33, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Kennedy MJ, Volz PA: Ecology of Candida albicans gut colonization: Inhibition of Candida adhesion, colonization, and a dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract by bacterial antagonism. Infect Immun 49:654–663, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Kennedy MJ, Volz PA: Effect of various antibiotics on gastrointestinal colonization and dissemination by Candida albicans. Sabouraudia: J Med Vet My col 23:265–274, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kennedy MJ, Volz PA, Edwards CA, Yancey RJ: Mechanisms of association of Candida albicans with intestinal mucosa. J Med Microbiol (in press), 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Kessler G, Nickerson WJ: Glucomannan-protein complexes from cell walls of yeast. J Biol Chem 234:2281–2285, 1959.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Kimura LH, Pearsall NN: Adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 21:64–68, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Kimura LH, Pearsall NN: Relationship between germination of Candida albicans and increased adherence to human buccal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 28:464–468, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. King RD, Lee JC, Morris AL: Adherence of Candida albicans and other Candida species to mucosal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 27:667–674, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Klotz SA, Drutz DJ, Harrison JL, Huppert M: Adherence and penetration of vascular endothelium by Candida yeasts. Infect Immun 42:374–384, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Klotz SA, Drutz DJ, Zajic JE: Factors governing adherence of Candida species to plastic surfaces. Infect Immun 50:97–101, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Kobayashi K, Suginaka H: Comparison of cell wall and membrane proteins from eight Candida species. Sabouraudia: J Med Vet My col 22:341, 334, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Koch Y, Rodemacher KH: Chemical and enzymatic changes in the cell walls of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by scanning electron microscopy. Can J Microbiol 26:965–970, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Kolarova N, Masler L, Sikl D: Cell wall glycopeptides of Candida albicans serotypes A and B. Biochim Biophys Ada 328:221–227, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Kotarski SF, Savage DC: Models for study of the specificity by which indigenous lactobacilli adhere to murine gastric epithelia. Infect Immun 26:966–975, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Krause W, Matheis H, Wulf K: Fungaemia and funguria after oral administration of Candida albicans. Lancet 1:498–599, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Kulkarni RK, Hollingsworth PJ, Volz PA: Variation in cell surface features of Candida albicans with respect to carbon sources. Sabouraudia 18:255–260, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Kuo-SC, Lampen JO: Tunicamycin—an inhibitor of yeast glycoprotein synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 58:287–295, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Lee KL, Buckley HR, Campbell CC: An amino acid liquid synthetic medium for development of mycelial and yeast forms of Candida albicans. Sabouraudia 13:148–153, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Lee A, Gemmelle E: Changes in the mouse intestinal microflora during weaning: Role of volatile fatty acids. Infect Immun 5:1–7, 1972.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Lee A, O’Rourke JL, Barrington PJ, Trust TJ: Mucus colonization as a determinant of pathogenicity in intestinal infection by Campylobacter jejuni: A mouse cecal model. Infect Immun 51:536–546, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Lee JC, King RD: Characterization of Candida albicans adherence to human vaginal epithelial cells in vitro. Infect Immun 41:1024–1030, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Lee JC, King RD: Adherence mechanisms of Candida albicans, in Schlessinger D (ed) : Microbiology—1983. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology269–272, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Lehrer N, Segal E, Barr-Nea L: In vitro and in vivo adherence of Candida albicans to mucosal surfaces. Ann Microbiol 134:293–306, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Lehrer N, Segal E, Cihlar RL, Calderone RA: Pathogenesis of vaginal candidiasis: Studies with a mutant which has reduced ability to adhere in vitro. J Med Vet Mycol 24:127–132, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Liljemark WF, Gibbons R J: Suppression of Candida albicans by human oral streptococci in gnotobiotic mice. Infect Immun 8:846–849, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Lin JHC, Savage DC: Host specificity of the colonization of murine gastric epithelium by lactobacilli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 24:67–71, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Locci R, Peters G, Pulverer G: Microbial colonization of prosthetic devices. IV. Scanning electron microscopy of intravenous catheters invaded by yeasts. Zentralbl Bakteriol Hyg (B) 173:419–424, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Loeb GI : The properties of nonbiological surfaces and their characterization, in Savage DC Fletcher M (eds): Bacterial Adhesion: Mechanisms and Physiological Significance. New York, Plenum Press, 111–129, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Luft JH : Ruthenium red and ruthenium violet. II. Fine structural purification, methods for use for electron microscopy and localization in animal tissues. Anat Rec 171:369–416, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Lyon FL, Domer JE: Chemical and enzymatic variation in the cell walls of pathogenic Candida species. Can J Microbiol 31:590–597, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. MacDonald F: Secretion of inducible proteinase by pathogenic Candida species. Sabouraudia: J Med Vet My col 22:79–82, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. MacDonald F, Odds FC: Inducible proteinase of Candida albicans in diagnostic serology and in the pathogenesis of systemic candidiasis. J Med Microbiol 13:423–435, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. MacDonald F, Odds FC: Virulence for mice of a proteinase-secreting strain of Candida albicans and a proteinase-deficient mutant. J Gen Microbiol 129: 431–438, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Macura AB: Adherence of Candida to mucosal epithelial cells. Ada Microbiolog Polon 34:55–58, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Macura AB, Pawlik B, Wita B: Candida adherence to mucosal epithelial cells with regard to its pathogenicity. Zbl Bakt Hyg I Abt Orig 254:561–565, 1983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Maisch PA, Calderone RA: Adherence of Candida albicans to a fibrin-platelet matrix formed in vitro. Infect Immun 21:650–656, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Maisch PA, Calderone RA: Role of surface mannan in the adherence of Candida albicans to fibrin-platelet clots formed in vitro. Infect Immun 32:92–97, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Makrides HC, MacFarlane TW: Effect of commensal bacteria on the adherence of Candida albicans to epithelial cells in vitro. Microbios Lett 21:55–61, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Marrie TJ, Costerton JW: The ultrastructure of Candida albicans infections. Can J Microbiol 27:1156–1164, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Marshall KC: Interfaces in Microbial Ecology. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Marshall KC (ed):Microbial Adhesion and Aggregation. Berlin, Springer-Verlag 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Marshall KC, Bitton G: Microbial adhesion in perspective, in Bitton G Marshall KC (eds): Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1–5, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  180. McCourtie J, Douglas LJ: Relationship between cell surface composition of Candida albicans and adherence to acrylic after growth on different carbon sources. Infect Immun 32:1234–1241, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. McCourtie J, Douglas LJ: Relationship between cell surface composition, adherence and virulence of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 45:6–12, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. McCourtie J, Douglas LJ: Extracellular polymer of Candida albicans: Isolation, analysis and role in adhesion. J Gen Microbiol 131:495–503, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. McCourtie J, Douglas LJ: Unequal distribution of adhesins within populations of Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 27:111–115, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. McCourtie J, MacFarlane TW, Samaranayake LP: Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the adherence of Candida species to denture acrylic. J Med Microbiol 20:97–104, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. . McCourtie J, MacFarlane TW, Samaranayake LP: Effect of saliva and serumon the adherence of Candida species to chlorhexidine-treated denture acrylic. J Med Microbiol 21:209–213, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. McNabb PC, Tomasi TB: Host defense mechanisms at mucosal surfaces. Ann Rev Microbiol 35:477–496, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. McRipley RJ: Animal models of candidiasis: Experimental chemotherapy, Schlessinger D : Microbiology—1981. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology, 1981, 218–221.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Miles MR, Olsen L, Rogers A: Recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Importance of an intestinal reservoir. JAMA 238:1836–1837, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Minagi S, Miyaka Y, Fugioka Y, Tsuru H, Suginaka H: Cell-surface hydrophobicity of Candida species as determined by the contact-angle and hydrocarbon-adherence methods. J Gen Microbiol 132:1111–1115, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Minagi S, Miyake Y, Inagaki K, Tsuru H, Suginaka H: Hydrophobic interaction in Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis adherence to various denture base resin materials. Infect Immun 47:11–14, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Mirelman D (ed):Microbial Lectins and Agglutinins: Properties and Biological activity. New York, John-Wiley & Sons, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Mirelman D, Altmann G, Eshdat Y: Screening of bacterial isolates for mannose-specific lectin activity by aggulation of yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 11:328–331, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Miyake Y, Fujita Y, Minagi S, Suginaka H: Surface hydrophobicity and adherence of Candida to acrylic surfaces. Microbios 46:7–14, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Montes LF, Wilborn WH: Ultrastructure features of host-parasite relationship in oral candidiasis. J Bacteriol 96:1349–1356, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Montes LF, Wilborn WH: Fungus-host relationship in candidiasis. Arch Dermatol 121:119–124, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Montplaisir S, Nabarra B, Drouhet E: Susceptibility and resistance of Candida to 5-Fluorocytosine in relation to the cell wall ultrastructure. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 9:l028–1032, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Myerowitz RL: Gastrointestinal and disseminated candidiasis: An experimental model in the immunosuppressed rat. Arch Pathol Lab Med 105:138–143, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Myerowitz RL, Pazin GJ, Allen CM: Disseminated candidiasis: Changes in incidence, underlying diseases, and pathology. Am J Clin Pathol 68:29–38, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Odds FC: Candida and Candiosis. Baltimore, University Park Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Odds FC: Biotyping of medically important fungi, in McGinnis MR (ed):Current Topics in Medical Mycology, Vol 1. New York, Springer-Verlag, 155–171, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Odds FC, Hall CA, Abbott AB: Peptones and mycological reproducibility. Sabouraudia 16:237–246, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Ofek I, Beachey EH: Mannose binding and epithelial adherence of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 22:247–254, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Ofek I, Lis H, Sharon N: Animal cell surface membranes, in Savage DC Fletcher M (eds): Bacterial adhesion: Mechanisms and Physiological Significance. New York, Plenum Press,71–88, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Okubo Y, Honma Y, Suzuki S: Relationship between phosphate content and serological activities of the mannans of Candida albicans strains NIHA-207, NIHB-792, and J-1012. J Bacteriol 137:677–680, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Olsen I, Bondevik O: Experimental Candida-induced denture stomatiti in the wister rat. ScandJ Dent Res 86:392–398, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Olsen I, Haanaes HR: Experimental palatal candidiasis and saliva flow in monkeys. Scand J Dent Res 85:135–141, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Paerl HW: Influence of attachment on microbial metabolism and growth in aquatic ecosystems, in Savage DC Fletcher M (eds): Bacterial Adhesion: Mecha nisms and Physiological Significance. New York, Plenum Press, 363–400, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Persi M, Burnham J: Use of tannic acid as a fixative-mordant to improve the ultrastructural appearance of Candida albicans blastospores. Sabouraudia 19: 1–8, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Persi MA, Burnham JC, Duhring JL: Effects of carbon dioxide and pH on adhesion of Candida albicans to vaginal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 50:82–90, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Persi MA, Whalen SA, Burnham JC: Use of a controlled environment chamber to study interactions between Candida albicans (ATCC 18804) and cultured vaginal cells. Micron 12:217–218, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Pethica BA: Microbial and cell adhesion, in Berkley RCW Lynch JM Rutter PR Vincent B (eds): Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces. London, Elis Horwood Limited, 19–45, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Phillips AW, Balish E: Growth and invasiveness of Candida albicans in the germ-free and conventional mouse after oral challenge. Appl Microbiol 14:737–741, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Phillips MW, Lee A: Microbial colonization of rat colonic mucosa following intesting pertubation. Microb Ecol 10:79–88, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Ponton J, Jones JM: Analysis of cell wall extracts of Candida albicans by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel elecrophoresis and western blot techniques. Infect Immun 53:565–572, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Ponton J, Jones JM: Identification of two germ-tube-specific cell wall antigens of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 54:864–868, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Pope LM, Cole GT, Guentzel MN, Berry LJ: An experimental model of candidiasis in infant mice: Systemic infection following gastrointestinal colonization, Kutt ES Baum GL : Human and Animal Mycology. Amsterdam, Escerpta Medica, 1979, 71–74.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Pope LM, Cole GT, Guentzel MN, Berry LJ: Systemic and gastrointestinal candidiasis of infant mice after intragastric challenge. Infect Immun 25: 702–707, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Pope LM, Cole GT: SEM studies of adherence of Candida albicans to the gastrointestinal tract of infant mice. Scan Electron Microsc 3:73–80, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Pope LM, Cole GT: Comparative studies of gastrointestinal colonization and systemic spread by Candida albicans and nonlethal yeast in the infant mouse. Scan Electron Microsc 4:1667–1676, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Poulain D, Hopwood V, Vernes A: Antigen variability of Candida albicans. Crit Rev Microbiol 12:223–271, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Poulain D, Trouchin G, Dubremetz JF, Bigvet J: Ultrastructure of the cell wall of Candida albicans blastospores. Ann Microbiol 125:141–153, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Poulain D, Tronchin G, Dubrementz JF, Bigvet J: Ultrastructure of the cell wall of Candida albicans blastospores: Study of its constitutive layers by the use of a cytochemical technique revealing polysaccharides. Ann Microbiol (Inst Past) 129:141–153, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Poulain D, Tronchin G, Jouvert S, Herbant J, Biguet J: Architecture parietale des blastospores de Candida albicans localization de composants chimiques et antigeniques. Ann Microbiol 132A: 219–223, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Price MF, Cawson RA: Phospholipase activity in Candida albicans. Sabouraudia 15:179–185, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Price MF, Wilkinson ID, Gentry LO: Plate method for detection of phospholipase activity in Candida albicans. Sabouraudia 20:7–14, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Pugh D, Cawson RA: The cytochemical localization of phospholipase and lysophoslipase in Candida albicans. Sabouraudia 13:110–115, 1975.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  227. Pugh D, Cawson RA: The cytochemical localization of acid hydrolases in four common fungi. Cell Mol Biol 22:125–132, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Pugh D, Cawson RA: The cytochemical localization of phospholipase in Candida albicans infecting the chick chorio-allantoic membrane. Sabouraudia 15: 29–35, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Pugh D, Cawson RA: The surface layer of Candida albicans. Microbios 23: 19–23, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Ray TL, Digre KB, Payne CD: Adherence of Candida species to human epidermal corneocytes and buccal mucosal cells: Correlation with cutaneous pathogenicity. J Invest Dermatol 83:37–41, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Ray TL, Hanson AN, Ray LF, Wuepper KD: Purification of a mannan from Candida albicans which activates serum complement. J Invest Dermatol 73: 269–274, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Reinhart H, Muller G, Sobel JD: Specificity and mechanism of in vitro adherence of Candida albicans. Ann Clin Lab Sci 15:406–413, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Reiss E: Molecular Immunology of Mycotic and Actinomycotic Infections. New York, Elsevier, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Rippon JW: Medical Mycology: The Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, p 842, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Rosenberg M, Gutnick D, Rosenberg E: Adherence of bacteria to hydrocarbons: A simple method for measuring cell-surface hydrophobicity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 9:29–33, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Rossano F, Tufano MA: Effect of concanavalin A on the adhesiveness of Candida albicans to vaginal cells. Rass Med Sper 22:313–317, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Rotrosen D, Calderone RA, Edwards JE: Adherence of Candida species to host tissues and plastic surfaces. Rev Infect Dis 8:73–85, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Rotrosen D, Edwards JE, Gibson TR, Moore JC, Cohen AH, Green I: Adherence of Candida to cultured vascular endothelial cells: Mechanisms of attachment and endothelial cell penetration. J Infect Dis 152:1264–1274, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Rotrosen D, Gibson TR, Edwards JE: Adherence of Candida species to intravenous catheters. J Infect Dis 147:594, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Rozee KR, Cooper D, Lam K, Costerton JW: Microbial flora of the mouse ilieum mucous layer and epithelial surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 43: 1451–1463, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Russell C, Jones JH: Effects of oral inoculation of Candida albicans in tetracycline-treated rats. J Med Microbiol 6:275–279, 1973.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Russell C, Jones JH: The effects of oral inoculation of the yeast and mycelial phases of Candida albicans in rats fed on normal and carbohydrate rich diets. Arch Oral Biol 18:409–412, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Russell C, Jones JH: The histology of prolonged candidal infection of the rat’s tongue. J Oral Pathol 4:330–339, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Russell C, Jones JH, Gibbs ACC: The carriage of Candida albicans in the mouths of rats treated with tetracycline briefly or for a prolonged period. Mycopathologia 58:125–129, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Rutter PR: Mechanisms of adhesion, in Marshall KC (ed ): Microbial Adhesion and Aggregation. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 5–19, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Rutter PR, Vincent B: Physiochemical interactions of the substratum, microorganisms, and the fluid phase, in Marshall KC (ed):Microbial Adhesion and Aggregation. New York, Springer-Verlag, 21–38, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Rutter PR, Vincent B: The adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces: Physiochemical aspects, in Berkley RCW Lynch JM Rutter PR Vincent B (eds): Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces. London, Ellis Horwood Limited, 79–92, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Ryley JF: Pathogenicity of Candida albicans with particular reference to the vagina. J Med Vet My col 24:5–22, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Samaranayake LP, Huges A, MacFarlane TW: The proteolytic potential of Candida albicans in human saliva supplemented with glucose. J Med Microbiol 17:13–22, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW: An in vitro study of the adherence of Candida albicans to acrylic surfaces. Arch Oral Biol 25:603–609, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW: The adhesion of the yeast Candida albicans to epithelial cells of human origin in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 26:815–820, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW: Factors affecting the in vitro adherence of the fungal oral pathogen Candida albicans to epithelial cells of human origin. Arch Oral Biol 27:869–873, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW: The effect of dietary carbohydrates on the in vitro adhesion of Candida albicans to epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 15: 511–517,1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW: On the role of dietary carbohydrates in the pathogenesis of oral candidosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 27:1–5, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Samaranayake LP, McCourtie J, MacFarlane TW: Factors affecting the in vitro adherence of Candida albicans to acrylic surfaces. Arch Oral Biol 25:611–615, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Samaranayake LP, Raeside JM, MacFarlane TW: Factors affecting the phospholipase activity of Candida species in vitro. Sabouraudia: J Med Vet My col 22:201–207, 1984.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. San-Bias G: The cell wall of fungal human pathogens: Its possible role in hostparasite relationships. Mycopathologia 79:159–184, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  258. San-Bias G, San-Bias F: Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Cell wall structure and virulence. A Review. Mycopathologia 62:249–258, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Sande MA, Bowman CR, Calderone RA: Experimental Candida albicans endocarditis: Characterization of the disease and response to therapy. Infect Immun 17:140–147, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Sandin RL: Studies on cell adhesion and concanavalin A induced agglutination of Candida albicans after mannan extraction. J Med Microbiol (in press), 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  261. . Sandin RL : The attachment to human buccal epithelial cells by Candida albicans: An in vitro kinetic study using concanavalin A. Mycopathologia 98: 179–184, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Sandin RL, Kennedy MJ: Influence of growth parameters on Candida albicans adhesion, hydrophobicity, and cell wall ultrastructure. Infect Immun (submitted for publication), 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Sandin RL, Rogers AL: Inhibition of adherence of Candida albicans to human epithelial cells. Mycopathologia 77:23–26, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Sandin RL, Rogers AL, Beneke ES, Fernandez MI: Influence of mucosal cell origin on the in vitro adherence of Candida albicans: Are mucosal cells from different sources equivalent? Mycopathologia 98:111–119, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Sandin RL, Rogers AL, Fernandez MI, Beneke ES: Variations in affinity to Candida albicans in vitro among human buccal epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol (in press), 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  266. Sandin RL, Rogers AL, Patterson RJ, Beneke ES: Evidence for mannosemediated adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal cells in vitro. Infect Immun 35:79–85, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Savage DC: Localization of certain indigenous microorganisms on the ileal villi of rats. J Bacteriol 91 :1505–1506, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  268. Savage DC: Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Ann Rev Microbiol 31:107–133, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Savage DC: Associations of indigenous microorganisms with gastrointestinal epithelial surfaces in Hentges DJ (ed) : Human Intestinal Microflora in Health and Disease. New York, Academic Press, 55–78, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  270. Schaedler RW, Dubos R, Costello R: The development of the bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract of mice. J Exp Med 122:59–66, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Scheld WM, Calderone RA, Alliegro GM, Sande MA: Yeast adherence in the pathogenesis of Candida endocarditis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 168:208–213, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Scheld WM, Calderone RA, Brodeur JP, Sande MA: Influence of preformed antibody on the pathogenesis of experimental Candida albicans endocarditis. Infect Immun 40:950–955, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Scheld WM, Strunk RW, Balian G, Calderone RA: Microbial adhesion to fibronectin in vitro correlates with production of endocarditis in rabbits. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 180:474–482, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Schwartz DS, Larsh HW: An effective medium for the selective growth of yeast or mycelial forms of Candida albicans: Biochemical aspects of the two forms. Mycopathologia 70:67–75, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Schwartz DS, Larsh HW: Comparative activities of glycolytic enzymes in yeast and mycelial forms of Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 78:93–98, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Segal E, Lehrer N, Ofek I: Adherence of Candida albicans to human vaginal epithelial cells: Inhibition by amino sugars. Exp Cell Biol 50:13–17, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Segal E, Savage DC: Adhesion of Candida albicans to mouse intestinal mucosa in vitro: Development of the assay and test of inhibitors. J Med Vet Mycol 24: 477–479, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Segal E, Soroka A, Schechter A: Correlative relationship between adherence of Candida albicans to human vaginal epithelial cells in vitro and candidal vaginitis. Sabouraudia 22:191–200, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Shakir BS, Martin MV, Smith CJ: Induced palatal candidiasis in the Wistar rat. Arch Oral Biol 26:787–793, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Sharon N, Eshdat Y, Silverbatt FJ, Ofek I: Bacterial adherence to cell surface sugars, in Ciba Foundation Symposium 80: Adhesion and Microorganism Pathogenicity. Tunbridge Wells, Pittman Medical, 119-141, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Shedlofsky S, Freter R: Synergism between ecological and immunological control mechanisms of intestinal flora. J Infect Dis 129:296–303, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Shepherd MG, Poulter RTM, Sullivan PA: Candida albicans: Biology, genetics, and pathogenicity. Ann Rev Microbiol 39:579–614, 1985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Shepherd MG, Surarit R, Gopal PK, Sullivan PA: Cell wall metabolism of C. albicans: B(l→3) and B(l→6) glucan synthesis, in Nombela C (ed).Microbial Cell Wall Synthesis and Autolysis. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, 73–83, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  284. Shibl AM: Effect of antibiotics on adherence of microorganisms to epithelial cell surfaces. Rev Infect Dis 1:51–65, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  285. Shimokawa O, Nakayama H: A Candida albicans rough-type mutant with increased cell surface hydrophobicity and a structural defect in the cell wall mannan. J Med Vet Mycol 24:165–168, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Skerl KG, Calderone RA, Sreevalsan T: Platelet interactions with Candida albicans. Infect Immun 34:939–943, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  287. Skerl KG, Calderone RA, Segal E, Sreevalsan T, Scheld WM: In vitro binding of Candida albicans yeast cells to human fibronectin. Can J Microbiol 30:221–227, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Smail EH, Jones JM: Demonstration and solubilization of antigens expressed primarily on the surfaces of Candida albicans germ tubes. Infect Immun 45: 74–81, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Smyth CJ, Jonsson P, Olsson E, Soderlind O, Rosengren J, Hjerten S, Wadstrom tp: Differences in hydrophobic surface characteristics of porcine enteropathogenic Escherichia coll with or without K88 antigen as revealed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Infect Immun 22:462–472, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Sobel JD, Muller G, Buckley HR: Critical role of germ tube formation in the pathogenesis of candidal vaginitis. Infect Immun 44:576–580, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Sobel JD, Myers PG, Kaye D, Levison ME: Adherence of Candida albicans to human vaginal and buccal epithelial cells. J Infect Dis 143:76–82, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Sobel JD, Myers P, Levison ME, Kaye D: Comparison of bacterial and fungal adherence to vaginal exfoliated epithelial cells and human vaginal epithelial tissue culture cells. Infect Immun 35:697–701, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Sobel JD, Obedeanu N: Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of ketoconazole in vitro adherence of Candida albicans to vaginal epithelial cells. Eur J Clin Microbiol 2:445–452, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Sofaer JA, Holbrook WP, Southam JC: Experimental oral infections with the yeast Candida albicans in mice with or without inherited iron-deficiency anemia (s la). Arch Oral Biol 21:491–503, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  295. Stewart TS, Ballou CE: A comparison of yeast mannans and phosphomannans by acetolysis. Biochemistry 7:1855–1863, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Stone HH, Geheber CE, Kolb LD, Litchens WR: Alimentary tract colonization by Candida albicans. J Surg Res 14:273–276, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Suegara N, Siegel JE, Savage DC: Ecological determinants in microbial colonization of the murine gastrointestinal tract: Adherence of Torulopsis pintolopesii to epithelial surfaces. Infect Immun 25:139–145, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Sullivan PA, Yin CY, Molloy C, Templeton MD, Shepherd M: An analysis of the metabolism and cell wall composition of Candida albicans during germ tube formation. Can J Microbiol 29:1514–1525, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Summers DF, Grollman AP, Hasenclever HF: Polysaccharide antigens of Candida cell walls. J Immunol 92:491–499, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Sunderstrom PM, Kenny GE: Characterization of antigens specific to the surface of germ tubes of Candida albicans by immunofluorescence. Infect Immun 43:850–855, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  301. Suzuki M, Fukazawa Y: Immunochemical characterization of Candida albicans cell wall antigens: Specific determinant of Candida albicans serotype A mannan. Microbiol Immunol 26:387–402, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Tadros TF: Particle-surface adhesion, in Berkley RCW Lynch JM Rutter PR Vincent B (eds): Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces. London, Ellis Horwood Limited, 79–92, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Tannock GW, Miller JR, Savage DC: Host specificity of filamentous, segmented microorganisms adherent to the small bowel epithelium in mice and rats. Appl Environ Microbiol 47:441–442, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Tannock GW, Savage DC: Indigenous microorganisms prevent reduction in cecal size induced by Salmonella typhimurium in vaccinated gnotobiotic mice. Infect Immun 13:172–179, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Tannock GW, Szylit O, Duval Y, Raibaud P: Colonization of tissue surfaces in the gastrointestinal tract of gnotobiotic animals by lactobacillus strains. Can J Microbiol 28:1196–1198, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Tomasi TB: Mechanisms of immune regulation at mucosal surfaces. Rev Infect Dis 5: Suppl 4: S784–S792, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Tronchin G, Poulain D, Herbaut J, Biguet J: Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies of Candida albicans. II. Evidence for a cell wall coat using concanavalin A. J Ultruct Res 15:50–59, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  308. Tronchin G, Poulain D, Herbaut J, Biguet J: Localization of chitin in the cell wall of Candida albicans by means of wheat germ agglutinin. Fluorescence and Ultrastructural Studies. Eur J Cell Biol 26:21 -128, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  309. Tronchin G, Poulain D, Vernes A: Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies of Candida albicans. III. Evidence for modifications of the cell wall coat during adherence to human buccal epithelial cells. Arch Microbiol 139:221–224, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Tronchin G, Senet J-M: Binding of human fibrinogen to Candida albicans in vitro: A preliminary study. J Med Vet My col 24:345–348, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  311. Turner JR, Butler TF, Johnson ME, Gordee RS: Colonization of the intestinal tract of conventional mice with Candida albicans and treatment with antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 9:787–792, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Umenai T: Systemic candidiasis produced by oral Candida administration in mice. Tohoku J Exp Med 126:173–175, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Umenai T, Konno S, Ishida N: Systemic candidiasis from Candida albicans colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of mice. Experientia 35:1331–1332, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Umenai T, Konno S, Yamauchi A, limura Y, Fugimoto H: Growth of Candida in the upper intestinal tract as a possible source of systemic candidiasis in mice. Tohoku J Exp Med 130:101–102, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. Verwey EJW, Overbeek JTG: Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  316. Vudhichamnog K, Walter DM, Ryley HC: The effect of secretory immunoglobulin A on the in vitro adherence of the yeast Candida albicans to human oral epithelial cells. Arch Oral Biol 21:611–621, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  317. Waid JS: Physiological and biochemical adjustment of fungi to their environment, an advanced treatise, in Ainsworth GC Sussman AS (eds): The Fungi, Vol 3. Academic Press, New York, 298–301, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  318. Wain WH, Price MF, Cawson RA: Factors affecting plaque formation by Candida albicans infecting the chick chorio-allantoic membrane. Sabouraudia 14:149–154, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Wesney E, Tannock GW: Association of rat, pig, and fowl biotypes of lactobacilli with the stomach of gnotobiotic mice. Microbial Ecol 5:35–42, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  320. Wilborn WH, Montes LF: Scanning electron microscopy of oral lesions in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. JAMA 244:2294–2297, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Winblad B: Experimental renal candidiasis in mice and guinea pigs. Act a Pat hoi Microbiol Immunol Scand Sect A83:406–414, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Wingard JR, Dick JD, Merz WG, Sandford GR, Saral R, Burns WH: Pathogenicity of Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans after gastrointestinal inoculation in mice. Infect Immun 29:808–813, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Wingard JR, Dick JD, Merz WG, Sanford GR, Saral R, Burns WH: Differences in virulence of clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis and Candida albicans in mice. Infect Immun 37:833–836, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Yu R, Bishop C, Cooper F, Hasenclever H: Glucans from Candida albicans (serotype B) and from Candida parapsilosis. Can J Chem 45:2264–2267, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Yu R, Bishop C, Cooper F, Hasenclever H, Blank F: Structural studies of mannan from Candida albicans (serotype A and B), Candida parapsilosis, Candida stellatoidea, and Candida tropicalis . Can J Chem 45:2205–2211, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Michael J. Kennedy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, USA

    Michael R. McGinnis Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kennedy, M.J. (1988). Adhesion and Association Mechanisms of Candida albicans . In: McGinnis, M.R. (eds) Current Topics in Medical Mycology. Current Topics in Medical Mycology, vol 2. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3730-3_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3730-3_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8323-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3730-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation