Skip to main content

Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: A Phenomenological View

  • Chapter
Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Cognitive Development ((2116))

Abstract

My purpose in this chapter is to present recent theoretical and empirical work regarding the contribution of a phenomenological view to our understanding of self-regulated learning and how best to enhance students’ development of self-regulated learning capacities. I want to take you on an excursion through what has been said by some of our most distinguished theoreticians about the self—the self as a primary phenomenon, an experience of the experiencing self, that permeates and directs human behavior. The excursion will begin with a look historically at the roots of the “scientific”1 search into self and its associated phenomena. The evolution of these roots to the present time will then be explored as the means to understanding current theoretical positions and how they are converging on our increased knowledge of the role of self phenomena in all of human behavior, and particularly human behavior in learning contexts. As we proceed, we will explore answers to the following questions: How can properties of the self (including its structure and processes) contribute to our understanding of its role in initiating and regulating the chain of events leading to effective, self-regulated learning? How do the properties of the self further define the nature of the cognitive and affective activities students engage in while in learning situations? Can our understanding of the self-system and its operations help us provide more effective educational environments and practices to maximize student motivation and learning?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abrahams, S., Wageman, R., & Harackiewicz, J.M. (1987, August). Focus-of-evaluation and intrinsic motivation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, S.M. (1987). the role of cultural assumptions in self-concept development. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identify: Psychosocial perspectives. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ames, C. (1987, April). Social context and student cognitions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biard, J.R., & White, R.T. (1982). Promoting self-control of learning. Instructional Science, 11, 227–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baird, J.R., & White, R.T. (1984). Improving learning through enhanced metacognition: A classroom study. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1982). The self and mechanisms of agency. In J. Suis (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 3–39). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of perceived self-inefficacy. American Psychologist, 41(12), 1389–1391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borkowski, J.G., Carr, M., Rellinger, E., & Pressley, M. (in press). Self-regulated cognition: Interdependence of metacognition, attributions, and self-esteem. Submitted for publication. In B. Jones & L. Idol (Eds.), The dimensions of thinking and cognitive instruction (Vol. I). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownback, P. (1982). The danger of self love. Chicago: Moody Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B.M. (1984). The general/academic self-concept nomological network: A review of construct validation research. Review of Educational Research, 54(3), 427–456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B.M., & Shavelson, R.J. (1986). On the structure of adolescent self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(6), 474–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B.M., & Shavelson, R.J. (1987). Adolescent self-concept: Testing the assumption of equivalent structure across gender. American Educational Research Journal, 24(3), 365–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Connell, J.P., & Ryan, R.M. (1984). A developmental theory of motivation in the classroom. Teacher Education Quality, 11(4), 64–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Covington, M.V. (1985). The motive for self-worth. In C. Ames & R. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: The classroom milieu (pp. 77–113). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Covington, M.V., & Omelich, C.L. (1987). “I knew it cold before the exam”: A test of the anxiety-blockage hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(4), 393–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, R., & Elkin, R. (1987, August). The perseverance of erroneous beliefs: Differential effects on event imagination, emotional responding, and causal reasoning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M.H., Franzoi, S.L., & Markwiese, B. (1987, August). A motivational explanation of private self consciousness. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dweck, C.S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040–1048.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles (Parsons), J. (1983). Expectancies, values, and academic behaviors. In J.T. Spence (Ed.), Achievement and achievement motives: Psychological and sociological approaches (pp. 75–146). San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles (Parsons), J. (1984). Self-perceptions, task perceptions, socializing influences, and the decision to enroll in mathematics. In M.W. Steinkamp & M.L. Maehr (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement: Women in science (Vol. 2, pp. 95–121). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epsetin, J.A., Stokes, P.K., & Harackiewicz, J.M. (1987, August). Affect and intrinsic interest: An arousal mediated model. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figurski, T.J. (1987a). Self-awareness and other-awareness: The use of perspective in everyday life. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity: Psychosocial perspectives. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figurski, T.J. (1987b, August). The emotional contingencies of self awareness in everyday life. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, J.S., & Courtney, B.E. (1984). The dimensionality of self-esteem: II. Hierarchical facet model for revised measurement scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(2), 404–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, H. (1987, August). Beyond modularity: Evidence from developmental psychology and neuropsychology. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi, A. (Ed.) (1985). Phenomenology and psychological research. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, M.E., & Hill, K.T. (1987, April). Teaching elementary school children to cope with school demands: A problem-solving approach. Paper presented at the annual meeting of American Educational Research Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottfried, A.E. (1985). Academic intrinsic motivation in elementary and junior high school students. Journal of Educational psychology, 77, 631–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S. (1988). Can attribution theory tell us something about motivation in blacks? Educational Psychologist, 23, 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harre, R., & Secord, P.E. (1972). The explanation of social behavior. Oxford, England: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1982). A developmental perspective on some parameters of self-regulation in children. In P. Karoly & F.H. Kanfer (Eds.), Self-management and behavior change: From theory to practice (pp. 165–204). New York: Pergamon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1985). Processes underlying self-concept formation in children. In J. Suls & A. Greenwald (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on the self. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1986). The relationship between perceived competence, affect, and motivation: Processes and patterns of change. In A.K. Boggiano & T. Pittman (Eds.), Achievement and motivation: A social-developmental perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S. (1987). The determinants and mediational role of global self-worth in children. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Contemporary topics in developmental psychology. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harter, S., & Connell, J.P. (1984). A model of children’s achievement and related self-perceptions of competence, control, and motivational orientation. Advances in Motivation and Achievement, 3, 219–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgiris, E.T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, G.S. (1986). Dare we develop a human science? Notre Dame, IN: Academic Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, M.R., Markus, H., & Brown, D.R., & Moore, W. (1987, May). The impact of possible selves on academic achievement: A longitudinal analysis. Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, M.R., Wurf, E., Brown, D.R., & Moore, W. (1987, August). Possible selves and satisfaction with career choice—A longitudinal analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, J.L. (1986). Husserl revisited: The forgotten distinction between psychology and phenomenology. American Psychologist, 41, 1231–1240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karabenick, S.A. (1987, August). Cognitive learning strategies: Their relation to perceived need and help-seeking behavior. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, P., Stipek, D., Daniels, D. (1987, April). The relationship between teachers’ ratings and students’ self-reported motivation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maehr, M.L. (1985). Meaning and motivation: Toward a theory of personal investment. In C. Ames & R. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education: The classroom milieu (pp. 115–146). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manderlink, G., & Harackiewicz, J.M. (1984). Proximal versus distal goal setting and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 918–928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manicas, P.T., & Secord, P.F. (1983). Implications for psychology of the new philosophy of science. American Psychologist, 38, 399–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markova, I. (1987). Knowledge of the self through interaction. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity: Psychosocial perspectives (pp. 65–80). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1987). Possible selves: The interface between motivation and the self-concept. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and identity: Psychosocial perspectives. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., & Sentis, K. (1982). The self in social information processing. In J. Suis (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 41–70). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 299–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H.W. (1986). Self-serving effect (bias?) in academic attributions: Its relation to academic achievement and self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(3), 190–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H.W, Cairns, L., Relich, I, Barnes, J., & DeBus, R.L. (1984). The relationship between dimensions of self-attribution and dimensions of self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 3–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, H.W., & Shavelson, R. (1985). Self-concept: Its multifaceted, hierarchical structure. Educational Psychologist, 20(3), 107–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mays, W. (1985). Preface. In W.S. Hamrick (Ed.), Phenomenology in practice and theory. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff

    Google Scholar 

  • McCall, R.J. (1983). Phenomenological psychology. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCombs, B.L. (1984). Processes and skills underlying continuing intrinsic motivation to learn: Toward a definition of motivational skills training interventions. Educational Psychologist, 19(4), 199–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCombs, B.L. (1986). The role of the self-system in self-regulated learning. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 11, 314–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCombs, B.L. (1987a, April). The role of affective variables in autonomous learning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCombs, B.L. (1987b, August). Preliminary validation of a battery of primary motivational process variables. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W. (1977). On the future of personality measurement. American Psychologist, 32(4), 246–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Misiak, H., & Sexton, V.S. (1973). Phenomenological, existential, and humanistic psychologies. New York: Grune & Statton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J., & Tesser, A. (1987, August). Self-doubt, self-awareness, and behavior. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.G. (1983). Conceptions of ability and achievement motivation: A theory and its implications for education. In S.G. Paris, G.M. Olson, & H.W Stevenson (Eds.), Learning and motivation in the classroom. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91, 328–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls, J.G. (1987, August). Motivation, values, and education. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyquist, L.V. (1986, August). The dynamic self concept: Cognitive and behavioral responses to challenge. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oka, E.R., & Paris, S.G. (1985). In S.J. Ceci (Ed.), Handbook of cognitive, social and neuropsychological aspects of learning disabilities. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paris, S.G., Newman, R.S., & Jacobs, J.E. (1985). Social contexts and functions of children’s remembering. In M. Pressley & C.J. Brainerd (Eds.), Cognitive learning and memory in children (pp. 81–115). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, G.D., McCormick, C.B., & Esselman, E.D. (1987). Self-referent processing and recall of prose. Journal of Educational Psychology, 79(3), 243–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodewalt, F. (1987, August). Is self handicapping an effective self-protective attributional strategy? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D.N. (1987, August). What moves us? A note on human motives. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, J.E (1986). The thinking self. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruble, D.N. (1987). The acquisition of self-knowledge: A self-socialization perspective. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Contemporary topics in developmental psychology. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruvolo, A., & Markus, H. (1986, August). Possible selves and motivation. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salovey, P. (1987, August). Mood, focus of attention, and self-relevant thought. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, AJ. (1987). The social context of development. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Contemporary topics in developmental psychology. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schunk, D.H. (1984, April). Self efficacy and classroom learning. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shavelson, R.J., & Bolus, R. (1982). Self-concept: The interplay of theory and methods. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 3–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shavelson, R.J., Hubner, J.J., & Stanton, G.C. (1976). Validation of construct interpretations. Review of Educational Research, 46, 407–441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Showers, C, & Cantor, N. (1985). Social cognition: A look at motivated strategies. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 275–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiegelberg, H. (1972). Phenomenology in psychological psychiatry: A historical introduction. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spielberger, CD., Gorsuch, R.L., & Lushene, R.E. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srull, T.K., & Gaelick, L. (1983). General principles and individual differences in the self as a habitual reference point: An examination of self-other judgments of similarity. Social Cognition, 2(2), 108–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stipek, D.J., & Daniels, D.H. (1987). Declining perceptions of competence: A consequence of changes in the child or in the educational environment? Submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R.D. (1987, August). Self-monitoring and identity development in late adolescence. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M.C. (1983). Development and consequences of students’ sense of personal control. In J.M. Levine & M.C. Wang (Eds.), Teacher and student perceptions: Implications for learning (pp. 213–247). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M.C, & Lindvall, M. (1984). Individual differences and school learning environments (Report No. 1984/32). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh, Learning Research and Development Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, MC, & Peverly, S.T. (1986). The role of the learner: An individual difference variable in school learning and functioning. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh, Learning Research and Development Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westphal, M. (Ed.) (1982). Method and speculation in Hegel’s phenomenology. New Jersey: Humanities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittrock, M.C. (1987, August). The teaching of comprehension. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, B.J. (1985). The development of “intrinsic” motivation: A social learning analysis. Annals of Child Development, 2 117–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, B.J., & Pons, M.M. (1986). Development of a structured interview for assessing student use of self-regulated learning strategies. American Educational Research Journal, 23, 614–628.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

McCombs, B.L. (1989). Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: A Phenomenological View. In: Zimmerman, B.J., Schunk, D.H. (eds) Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement. Springer Series in Cognitive Development. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3618-4_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8180-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3618-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics