Skip to main content

Stereotype, Prejudice, and Discrimination: Changing Conceptions in Theory and Research

  • Chapter
Stereotyping and Prejudice

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Social Psychology ((SSSOC))

Abstract

Readers of the chapters on prejudice and discrimination in the three editions of the Handbook of Social Psychology (Harding, Kutner, Proshansky, & Chein, 1954; Harding, Proshansky, Kutner, & Chein, 1969; Stephan, 1985) will be impressed by the reduction in theoretical perspectives which this area seems to have experienced within the space of less than two decades. While the earlier chapters (Harding et al., 1954, 1969) approached prejudice and stereotypes from multiple theoretical perspectives, covering psychoanalytic, sociological, developmental, and personality-oriented explanations, Stephan’s (1985) chapter focuses only on one perspective, the cognitive approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adorno, T.W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D.J., & Sanford, R.N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1973). Attitudinal and normative variables as predictors of specific behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 41–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888–918.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G.W., & Kramer, B.M. (1946). Some roots of prejudice. Journal of Psychology, 22, 9–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N.H. (1965). Averaging versus adding as a stimulus-combination rule in impression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 70, 394–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashmore, R.D. (1970). The problem of intergroup prejudice. In: B.E. Collins, Social psychology (pp. 246–296 ). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashmore, R.D., & Del Boca, F.K. (1981). Conceptual approaches to stereotypes and stereotyping. In D. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 1–35 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettelheim, B., & Janowitz, M. (1950). Dynamics of prejudice. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettelheim, B., & Janowitz, M. (1964). Social change and prejudice: Dynamics of prejudice. London: The Free Press of Glencoe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Billig, M. (1976). Social psychology and intergroup relations. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boume, L.E. (1966). Human conceptual behavior. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breckler, S.J. (1984). Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1191–1205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brigham, J.C. (1971). Ethnic stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 15–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (1958). Words and things. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (1965). Social Psychology. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D.T. (1956). Enhancement of contrast as composite habit. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53, 350–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D.L. (1981). Illusory correlation as a basis for stereotyping. In D.L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. (pp. 115–144 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D.L., & Gifford, R.K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, D.L., & Trolier, T.K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J.F. Dovidio & S.L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 127–158 ). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, J., Kutner, B., Proshansky, H., & Chein, I. (1954). Prejudice and ethnic relations. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2 ) (pp. 1021–1061 ). Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, J., & Proshansky, H., & Kutner, B., & Chein, I. (1969). Prejudice and ethnic relations. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 5 ) (pp. 1–76 ). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heider, E (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, H.H., & Sheatsley, P.B. (1954). The authoritarian personality: A methodological critique. In R. Christie & M. Jahoda (Eds.), Studies in the scope and method of the authoritarian personality (pp. 50–122 ). Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Insko, C.A., & Nacoste, R.W., & Moe, J.L. (1983). Belief congruence and racial discrimination: Review of the evidence and critical evaluation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 153–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, K., & Hewstone, M. (1986). The assessment of national stereotypes: A methodological study. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 745–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E.E., & Davis, K.E. (1965). From acts to dispositions. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2 ) (pp. 219–266 ). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlins, M., & Coffman, T.L., & Walters, G. (1969). On the fading of social stereotypes: Studies in three generations of college students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D., & Braly, K.W. (1933). Racial stereotypes of 100 college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28, 280–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirscht, J.P., & Dillehay, R.C. (1967). Dimensions of authoritarianism: A review of research and theory. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klineberg, O. (1951). The scientific study of national stereotypes. International Social Science Bulletin, 3, 505–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koblinsky, S.G., & Cruse, D.F., & Sugawara, A.I. (1978). Sex role stereotypes and children’s memory of story content. Child Development, 49, 452–458.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krech, D., & Crutchfield, R.S. (1948). Theory and problems of social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kutner, B., Wilkins, C., & Yarrow, P.R. (1952). Verbal attitudes and overt behavior involving racial prejudice. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 649–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaPiere, R.T. (1934). Attitudes versus actions. Social Forces, 13, 230–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeVine, R.A., & Campbell, D.T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, A.M., & Harris, K.S., & Howard, S.H., & Griffith, B.C. (1957). The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54, 358–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilli, W. (1970). Das Zustandekommen von Stereotypen ĂĽber einfache and komplexe Sachverhalte: Experimente zum klassifizierenden Urteil. Zeitschrift far Sozialpsychologie, 1, 57–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilli, W., & Lehner, F. (1971). Stereotype Wahrnehmung: Eine Weiterentwicklung der Theorie Tajfel’s. Zeitschrift fur Sozialpsychologie, 2, 285–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilli, W., & Rehm, J. (1988). Judgmental bases of intergroup conflict. In W. Stroebe, A.W. Kruglanski, D. Bar-Tal, M. Hewstone (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup conflict (pp. 29–45 ). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Linville, P.W. (1982). The complexity-extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 193–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippman, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt & Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchand, B. (1970). Auswirkung einer emotional wertvollen und einer emotional neutralen Klassifikation auf die Schätzung einer Stimulusserie. Zeitschrift fĂĽr Sozialpsychologie, 1, 370–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, L.Z., & Friedman, S.A. (1980). Illusory correlation in impression formation: Variations in the shared distinctiveness effect as a function of the distinctive person’s age, race, and sex. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 615–624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, C., & Stitt, C.L. (1978). An individual and quantitative measure of stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 929–940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, C., & Stitt, C.L., & Segal, M. (1980). Stereotyping: From prejudice to prediction. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 195–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, N.E., & Bugelski, R. (1948). Minor studies in aggression: The influence of frustrations imposed by the in-group on attitudes expressed toward out-groups. Journal of Psychology, 25, 437–442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minard, R.D. (1952). Race relationships in the Pocahontas coal field. Journal of Social Issues, 8, 29–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moe, J.L., & Nacoste, R.W., & Insko, C.A. (1981). Belief versus race as determinants of discrimination: A study of southern adolescents in 1966 and 1979. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 1031–1050.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T.F. (1958). Personality and sociocultural factors in intergroup attitudes: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 29–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T.F. (1959). Regional differences in an anti-Negro prejudice. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 28–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plotkin, L. (1964). The frequency of appearance of Negroes on television. New York: The Committee on Integration, New York Society for Ethical Culture.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K.R. (1963). Conjectures and refutations. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J.E., & Insko, C.A. (1969). Attributed belief similarity-dissimilarity versus race as determinants of prejudice: A further test of Rokeach’s theory. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 4, 72–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rokeach, M., & Smith, P.W., & Evans, R.I. (1960). Two kinds of prejudice or one? In M. Rokeach (Ed.), The open and closed mind (pp. 132–168 ). New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M.J. (1960). An analysis of affective-cognitive consistency. In C.I. Hovland & M.J. Rosenberg (Eds.), Attitude organization and change (pp. 15–64 ). New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaller, M., & Maas, A. (1987). Illusory correlations and social categorization. Unpublished manuscript, University of Padova, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seago, D.W. (1947). Stereotypes: Before Pearl Harbor and after. Journal of Psychology, 23, 55–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Secord, P.F. (1959). Stereotyping and favorableness in the perception of Negro faces. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 309–314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Secord, P.F., & Bevan, W., & Katz, B. (1956). The Negro stereotype and perceptual accentuation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53, 78–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherif, M. (1967). Group conflict and cooperation. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H.A. (1955). A behavior model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69, 99–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smedley, J.W., & Bayton, J.A. (1978). Evaluation of race-class stereotypes by race and per- ceived class of subjects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 530–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stagner, R., & Congdon, C.S. (1955). Another failure to demonstrate displacement of aggression. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 695–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stapf, K.H., & Stroebe, W., & Jonas, K. (1986). Amerikaner ĂĽber Deutschland und die Deutschen: Urteile und Vorurteile. Köln: Westdeutscher Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, D.D., & Hardyck, J.A., & Smith, M.B. (1965). Race and belief: An open and shut case. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 281–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, W.G. (1985). Intergroup relations. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2 ) (pp. 599–658 ). New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, W.G., & Rosenfield, D. (1982). Racial and ethnic attitudes. In A.G. Miller (Ed.), In the eye of the beholder: Contemporary issues in stereotyping (pp. 92–136 ). New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1957). Value and the perceptual judgment of magnitude. Psychological Review, 64, 192–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1959a). The anchoring effects of value in a scale of judgments. British Journal of Psychology, 50, 294–304.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1959b). Quantitative judgment in social perception. British Journal of Psychology, 50, 192–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1969). Cognitive aspects of prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 79–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223(5) pp. 96–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H. (1982). Social psychology of intergroup relations. In M.R. Rosenzweig & L.R. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (pp. 1–39 ). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H., & Jahoda, G. (1966). Development in children of concepts and attitudes about their own and other countries. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Psychology, 36, 17–33. Moscow Symposium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W.G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47 ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1985). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W.G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24 ). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H., & Wilkes, A.L. (1963). Classification and quantitative judgment. British Journal of Psychology, 54, 101–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triandis, H.C., & Triandis, L.M. (1965). Some studies of social distance. In I.D. Steiner & M. Fishbein (Eds.), Recent studies of social psychology (pp. 207–217 ). New York: Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C. (1987). Rediscovering the social group. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitz, S. (1972). Attitude, voice, and behavior: A repressed affect model of interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 14–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wicker, A.W. (1969). Attitude versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanna, M.P., & Rempel, J.K. (1988). Attitudes: A new look at an old concept. In D. Bar-Tal & A. Kruglanski (Eds.), The social psychology of knowledge (pp. 315–334 ). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stroebe, W., Insko, C.A. (1989). Stereotype, Prejudice, and Discrimination: Changing Conceptions in Theory and Research. In: Bar-Tal, D., Graumann, C.F., Kruglanski, A.W., Stroebe, W. (eds) Stereotyping and Prejudice. Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3582-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3582-8_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-8165-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3582-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics