Skip to main content

Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Affective Disorders: Facts and Fictions

  • Chapter
New Directions in Affective Disorders

Abstract

The cycling nature of affective disorders has put these psychopathological conditions into the focus of medical chronobiology. However, our knowledge is still rather limited in this respect, and too often casual observations and theoretical speculations are accepted as proving profound disturbances of biological (above all, circadian) rhythms in these disorders. It is our intention to evaluate critically the present state of knowledge in this field in order to disentangle proved facts from mere fictions. Particular reference is made to carefully designed observations of affectively ill patients in a time-cue-free environment, as they provide the only solid basis for conclusions regarding the endogenous component of biological rhythms. Only those hypotheses are discussed that have drawn most attention in chronobiological research to affective disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Halberg F. Physiologic considerations underlying rhythmometry with special reference to emotional illness. In Ajuriaguerra J de (ed): Cycles Biologique et Psychiatrie. Paris: Masson, 1968; 73 – 126.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bryson RW, Martin DF. 17-Ketosteroid excretion in a case of manic-depressive psychosis. Lancet 1954;2:365 – 367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kripke DF, Mullaney DJ, Atkinson M, et al. Circadian rhythm disorders in manic-depressives. Biol Psychiatry 1978; 13: 335 – 351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Pflug B, Erikson R, Johnsson A. Depression and daily temperature: a long-term study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1976; 54: 254 – 266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Engelmann W, Pflug B. Rhythmische Aspekte der Lithiumwirkung. In Heimann H, Pflug B (eds): Rhythmusprobleme in der Psychiatrie. Stuttgart: Fischer, 1978; 65 – 74.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Pflug B, Johnsson A, Martin W. Alterations in the circadian temperature rhythms in depressed patients. In Wehr TA, Goodwin FK (eds): Circadian Rhythms in Psychiatry. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press, 1983; 71 – 76.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Von Zerssen D, Barthelmes H, Dirlich G, et al. Circadian rhythms in endogenous depression. Psychiatry Res 1985; 16: 51 – 63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dirlich G, Barthelmes H, von Lindern L, et al. A chronobiologic study of depression: discussion from a methodologic perspective. In Halaris A (ed): Chronobiology and Psychiatric Disorders. New York: Elsevier, 1987; 133 – 158.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Wehr TA, Goodwin FK. Biological rhythms and psychiatry. In Arieti S, Brodie HKH (eds): American Handbook of Psychiatry, Vol. 7: Advances and New Directions. 2nd Ed. New York: Basic Books, 1981; 46 – 74.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Wehr TA, Goodwin FK. Biological rhythms in manic-depressive illness. In Wehr TA, Goodwin FK (eds): Circadian Rhythms in Psychiatry. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press, 1983; 129 – 184.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gillin JC, Sitaram N, Wehr T, et al. Sleep and affective illness. In Post RM, Ballenger JC (eds): Neurobiology of Mood Disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1984, 157 – 189.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Schulz H, Tetzlaff W. Distribution of REM latencies after sleep interruption in depressive patients and control subjects. Biol Psychiatry 1982; 17: 1367 – 1376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kupfer DJ, Gillin JC, Coble PA, et al. REM sleep, naps and depression. Psychiatry Res 1981; 5: 195 – 203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Pugnetti L, Colombo A, Cazzullo CL, et al. Daytime sleep patterns of primary depressives: a morning nap study. Psychiatry Res 1982; 7: 287 – 298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Elsenga S, Wiegand M, Lauer C, et al. Nocturnal sleep and napping after total sleep deprivation in depression, in prep.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Von Zerssen D. Chronobiology of depression. In Angst J (ed): The Origins of Depression: Current Concepts and Approaches. Berlin: Springer, 1983; 253 – 271.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Von Zerssen D. What is wrong with circadian clocks in depression? In Halaris A (ed): Chronobiology and Psychiatric Disorders. New York: Elsevier, 1987; 159 – 179.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Von Zerssen D, Doerr P, Emrich HM, et al. Diurnal variation of mood and the cortisol rhythm in depression and normal states of mind. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1987; 237: 36 – 45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Avery DH, Wildschiødtz G., Rafaelsen OJ. Nocturnal temperature in affective disorder. J Affective Disord 1982; 4: 61 – 71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lund R, Kammerloher A, Dirlich G. Body temperature in endogenously depressed patients during depression and remission. In Wehr TA, Goodwin FK (eds): Circadian Rhythms in Psychiatry. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press, 1983; 77 – 88.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dietzel M, Saletu B, Lesch OM, et al. Light treatment in depressive illness: polysomnography, psychometric and neuroendocrinological findings. Eur Neurol 1986; 25 (suppl 2): 93 – 103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Yamaguchi N, Maeda K, Kuromaru S. The effects of sleep deprivation on the circadian rhythm of plasma Cortisol levels in depressive patients. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1978; 32: 479 – 487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jarrett DB, Coble PA, Kupfer DJ. Reduced cortisol latency in depressive illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40: 506 – 511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Linkowski P, Mendlewicz J, Leclercq R, et al. The 24-hour profile of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol in major depressive illness. J Clin Endocrinol 1985; 61: 429 – 439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sherman BM, Pfohl B. Rhythm-related changes in pituitary-adrenal function in depression. J Affective Disord 1985; 9: 55 – 61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Halbreich U. The circadian rhythm of cortisol and MHPG in depressives and normals. In Halaris A (ed): Chronobiology and Psychiatric Disorders. New York: Elsevier, 1987; 49 – 73.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wehr TA, Wirz-Justice A, Goodwin FK, et al. Phase advance of the circadian sleep-wake cycle as an antidepressant. Science 1979; 206: 710 – 713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Souêtre E, Salvati E, Pringuey D, et al. Antidepressant effects of the sleep/wake cycle phase advance: preliminary report. J Affective Disord 1987; 12: 41 – 46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Schilgen B, Tölle R. Partial sleep deprivation as therapy for depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37: 267 – 271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wehr TA, Wirz-Justice A. Circadian rhythm mechanisms in affective illness and in antidepressant drug action. Pharmacopsychiatry 1982; 15: 31 – 39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wirz-Justice A. Light and dark as a “drug.” Prog Drug Res 1987; 31: 383 – 425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Thompson C, Mezey G, Corn T, et al. The effect of desipramine upon melatonin and cortisol secretion in depressed and normal subjects. Br J Psychiatry 1985; 147: 389 – 393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sachar EJ, Hellman L, Roffwarg HP, et al. Disrupted 24-hour patterns of cortisol secretion in psychotic depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 28: 19 – 24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Horne J. Why We Sleep: The Functions of Sleep in Humans and Other Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Borbély AA. A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol 1982; 1: 195 – 204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Daan S, Beersma D. Circadian gating of human sleep-wake cycles. In Moore-Ede MC, Czeisler CA (eds): Mathematical Models of the Circadian Sleep-Wake Cycle. New York: Raven Press, 1984; 129 – 158.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Wever RA. The Circadian System of Man. New York: Springer, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Pilato SF, et al. Mathematical model of the human circadian system with two interacting oscillators. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: R3 – R17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Wirz-Justice A, et al. 48-Hour sleep-wake cycles in manic-depressive illness: naturalistic observations and sleep deprivation experiments. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 559 – 565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Borbély A A, Wirz-Justice A. Sleep, sleep deprivation and depression. Hum Neurobiol 1982; 1: 205 – 210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Doerr P, Von Zerssen D, Fischler M, et al. Relationship between mood changes and adrenal cortical activity in a patient with 48-hour unipolar-depressive cycles. J Affective Disord 1979; 1: 93 – 104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Dirlich G, Kammerloher A, Schulz H, et al. Temporal coordination of rest-activity cycle, body temperature, urinary free cortisol, and mood in a patient with 48-hour unipolar-depressive cycles in clinical and time-cue-free environments. Biol Psychiatry 1981; 16: 163 – 179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Von Zerssen D, Dirlich G, Fischler M. Influence of an abnormal time routine and therapeutic measures on 48-hour cycles of affective disorders: chronobiological considerations. In Wehr TA, Goodwin FK (eds): Circadian Rhythms in Psychiatry. Pacific Grove: Boxwood Press, 1983; 109 – 127.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Wehr TA, Sack DA, Duncan WC, et al. Sleep and circadian rhythms in affective patients isolated from external time cues. Psychiatry Res 1985; 15: 327 – 339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Campbell SS, Zulley J. Induction of depressive-like sleep patterns in normal subjects. In Halaris A (ed): Chronobiology and Psychiatric Disorders. New York: Elsevier, 1987; 177 – 132.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

von Zerssen, D., Dirlich, G., Zulley, J. (1989). Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Affective Disorders: Facts and Fictions. In: Lerer, B., Gershon, S. (eds) New Directions in Affective Disorders. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3524-8_54

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3524-8_54

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-96769-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3524-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics