Abstract
The concept of heterogeneity is one of the most important and most widely applicable ideas in ecology. It is relevant at all scales and levels of organization and yet is expressed differently in each context (Hutchinson, 1953). One of the principal problems in understanding heterogeneity is to discover its patterns and, subsequently, its functional significance in its various manifestations. In this chapter we take heterogeneity to be the spatial pattern of elements of a biotic assemblage. Old fields, because of their commonness, variety, and manipulability, are ideal systems in which to investigate the pattern of heterogeneity and its ecological significance. Such studies can also contribute to understanding mechanisms of succession (Finegan, 1984; Pickett et al., 1987).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen EB, Forman RTT (1976) Plant species removals and old-field community structure and stability. Ecology 57: 1233–1243
Armesto JJ, Fuentes ER (1988) Tree species regeneration in a mid-elevation, temperate rainforest in Isla de Chilo, Chile. Vegetatio 74: 157–159
Armesto JJ, Pickett STA (1985) Experiments on disturbance in oldfield plant communities: impact on species richness and abundance. Ecology 66: 230–240
Armesto JJ, Pickett STA (1986) Removal experiments to test mechanisms of plant succession in oldfields. Vegetatio 66: 85–93
Barclay-Estrup P (1971) The description and interpretation of cyclical processes in a heath community. III. Micro-climate in relation to the Calluna cycle. J Ecol 59: 143–166
Bard GE (1952) Secondary succession on the piedmont of New Jersey. Ecol Monogr 22: 195–216
Bazzaz FA (1969) Succession and species distribution in relation to erosion in southern Illinois. Trans Ill State Acad Sci 62: 430–435
Bazzaz FA (1975) Plant species diversity in old field successional ecosystems in southern Illinois. Ecology 56: 485–488
Bormann FH, Likens GE (1979) Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, New York
Brereton AJ (1971) The structure of the species populations in the initial stages of salt-marsh succession. J Ecol 59: 321–338
Christensen NL, Peet RK (1984) Convergence during secondary forest succession. J Ecol 72: 25–36
Evans FC, Dahl E (1955) The vegetational structure of an abandoned field in southeastern Michigan and its relation to environmental factors. Ecology 36: 685–706
Facelli JM, D’Angela E, Leon RJC (1987) Diversity changes during pioneer stages in a subhumid pampean grassland succession. Am Midi Nat 117: 17–24
Finegan B (1984) Forest succession. Nature 312: 109 - 114
Greig-Smith P (1961) Data on pattern within plant communities. II. Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link. J Ecol 49: 703–708
Greig-Smith P (1983) Quantitative Plant Ecology. 3rd ed. University of California Press, Berkeley
Grime JP (1979) Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Wiley, New York
Hartnett DC, Bazzaz FA (1985) The integration of neighbourhood effects by clonal genetics in Solidago canadensis. J Ecol 73: 415–427
Hutchinson GE (1953) The concept of pattern in ecology. Proc Acad Natl Sci Phila 105: 1–12
Inouye RS, Huntly NJ, Tilman D, Tester JR (1987a) Pocket gophers, Geomys bursarius, vegetation and soil nitrogen along a successional sere in East Central Minnesota, USA. Oecologia 72: 178–184
Inouye RS, Huntly NJ, Tilman D, Tester JR, Stillwell M, Zinnel KC (1987b) Old-field succession on a Minnesota sand plain. Ecology 68: 12–26
Livingston RB, Allessio ML (1968) Buried viable seed in successional fields and forest stands, Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. Bull Torrey Bot Club 95: 58–69
McDonnell MJ (1988) Landscapes, birds, and plants: dispersal patterns and vegetation change. In Downhower JF (ed) The Biogeography of the Island Region of Western Lake Erie. Ohio State University Press, Columbus, pp 214–220
McDonnell MJ, Stiles EW (1983) The structural complexity of old field vegetation and the recruitment of bird-dispersed plant species. Oecologia 56: 109–116
Mellinger M, McNaughton SJ (1975) Structure and function of successional vascular plant communities in central New York. Ecol Monogr 34: 161–182
Muraoka J, Armesto JJ, Pickett ST A (1984) Comparisons of spatial heterogeneity in fields of different successional ages. Bull Ecol Soc Am 65: 66 (abstract)
Nicholson SA, Monk CD (1974) Plant species diversity in old-field succession on the Georgia Piedmont. Ecology 55: 1075–1085
Odum EP (1960) Organic production and turnover in old field succession. Ecology 41: 34–49
Oliver CD (1981) Forest development in North America following major disturbances. Forest Ecol Manag 3: 153–168
Palmer MW (1987) Variability in species richness within Minnesota oldfields: a use of the variance test. Vegetatio 70: 61–64
Peet RH (1974) The measurement of species diversity. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 5: 285–307
Pickett ST A (1982) Population patterns through 20 years of oldfield succession. Vegetatio 49: 45–59
Pickett STA, McDonnell MJ (1989) Seed bank dynamics in temperate deciduous forest. In Leek MA, Parker VT, Simpson RL (eds) Ecology of Soil Seed Banks. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 123–147
Pickett STA, Collins SL, Armesto J J (1987) Models, mechanisms and pathways of succession. Bot Rev 53: 281–360
Piatt WJ (1975) The colonization and formation of equilibrium plant species associations on badger disturbances in a tall grass prairie. Ecol Monogr 45: 285–305
Raynal DJ, Bazzaz FA (1976) Interference of winter annuals with Ambrosia artemissifolia in early successional fields. Ecology 56: 35–49
Reader RJ, Buck J (1986) Topographic variation in the abundance of Hieracium floribundum: relative importance of differential seed dispersal, seedling establishment, plant survival, and reproduction. J Ecol 74: 815–822
Robertson GP (1987) Geostatistics in ecology: interpolating with known variance. Ecology 68: 744–748
Ross BA, Tester JR, Breckenridge WJ (1968) Ecology of mima-type mounds in northwestern Minnesota. Ecology 49: 172–177
Shafi MI, Yarranton GA (1973) Vegetation heterogeneity during a secondary (postfire) succession. Can J Bot 51: 73–90
Sterling A, Peco B, Casado MS, Galiano EF, Pineda FD (1984) Influence of micro-topography on floristic variation in the ecological succession in grassland. Oikos 42: 334–342
Tilman D (1984) Plant dominance along an experimental nutrient gradient. Am Nat 125: 1445–1453
Tramer EJ (1975) Regulation of plant species diversity on an early successional oldfield. Ecology 56: 905–914
Watt AS (1947) Pattern and process in the plant community. J Ecol 35: 1–22
Webb LJ, Tracey JG, Williams WT (1972) Regeneration and pattern in the subtropical rainforest. J Ecol 60: 675–696
Yeaton RI (1978) A cyclic relationship between Larrea tridentata and Opuntia leptocaulis in the northern Chihuahua desert. J Ecol 66: 651–656
Zedler JB, Zedler PH (1969) Association of species and their relationship to micro-topography within old fields. Ecology 50: 432–442
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Armesto, J.J., Pickett, S.T.A., McDonnell, M.J. (1991). Spatial Heterogeneity During Succession: A Cyclic Model of Invasion and Exclusion. In: Kolasa, J., Pickett, S.T.A. (eds) Ecological Heterogeneity. Ecological Studies, vol 86. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3062-5_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3062-5_13
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-7781-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4612-3062-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive