Abstract
In modern societies the violation of personal values (personal property, health, honor, liberty) is widely regarded as a violation of social values. While personal values are primarily protected by civil law, criminal law with its penalties is supposed to defend the same values inasmuch as they are defined to be of social relevance. This distinction, of course, is not obvious. In early Germanic and Frankish law the concept of negative sanctions covered both restitution and vengeance, restitution predominating over and even superseding vengeance (Schafer, 1968; Schmidt, 1965).
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Boers, K., Sessar, K. (1991). Do People Really Want Punishment? On the Relationship between Acceptance of Restitution, Needs for Punishment, and Fear of Crime. In: Sessar, K., Kerner, HJ. (eds) Developments in Crime and Crime Control Research. Research in Criminology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2990-2_7
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