Abstract
This chapter describes the methods used by the current authors and numerous other investigators to optimize conditions for successfully growing and maintaining both uninfected and infected Biomphalaria glabrata in the laboratory, with particular emphasis on the optimal physical, chemical, and biological factors that affect successful snail rearing and/or breeding, and the ways that they can be measured. Consideration is also given to incidental organisms that can alter aquarium ecology and affect both the snails and their intended trematode parasites. Various methods of infecting snails and maintaining snail tissues and cells in vitro are also described. The goal of this chapter is to aid researchers who have the need or desire to maintain the life cycle of this pulmonate and its trematode parasites in the laboratory.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Al-Adhami BH, Doenhoff M, Thornhill J, Akhkha A, White E, Kusel JR (2001) A study of some characteristics of individual clones of Schistosoma mansoni with emphasis on the biological and metabolic activities. Parasitology 123:563–572
Ataev GL, Fournier A, Coustau C (1998) Comparison of Echinostoma caproni mother sporocyst development in vivo and in vitro using Biomphalaria glabrata snails and a B. glabrata embryonic cell line. J Parasitol 84:227–235
Bagy MMK, Khallil AM, Obuidallah AH (1992) Fungi inhabiting some aquatic macroinvertebrates and water plants of the Nile at Egypt. Zentralblatt für Mikrobiologie 147:459–475
Barbosa FS (1962) Aspects of the ecology of the intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni interfering with the transmission of bilharziasis in north-eastern Brazil. In: Wolstenholme GEW, O’Connor M (eds) Bilharziasis. Ciba foundation symposium. Little, Brown and Co, Boston, pp 23–34
Barbosa L, Silva LM, Coelho PMZ, Santos SR, Fortes-Dias CL (2006) Primary culture of the region of the amebocyte-producing organ of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 101:639–643
Basch PF, DiConza JJ (1973) Primary cultures of embryonic cells from the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Am J Trop Med Hyg 22:805–813
Bayne CJ (1976) Culture of molluscan organs: a review. In: Maramorosch K (ed) Invertebrate tissue culture: research applications. Academic, New York, pp 61–74
Bayne CJ, Grevelding CG (2003) Cloning of Schistosoma mansoni sporocysts in vitro and detection of genetic heterogeneity among individuals within clones. J Parasitol 89:1056–1060
Bayne CJ, Owczarzak A, Noonan WE (1975) In vitro cultivation of cells and a microsporidian parasite of Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata: Basommatophora). Conference on Pathobiology of Invertebrate Vectors of Disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 266:513–527
Bean-Knudsen DE, Uhazy LS, Wagner JE, Young BM (1988) Systemic infection of laboratory-reared Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca, Gastropoda) with an acid-fast bacillus. J Invertebr Pathol 51:291–293
Becker W (1980) Metabolic interrelationship between parasitic trematodes and mollusks, especially Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 63:101–111
Benex J (1961) La survie d’explants de Planorbes (Australorbis glabratus) en milieu synthétique, antiseptique et nutritif. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 253:734–736
Benex J (1967) Possibilities of organotypic culture in liquid medium in the study of parasitic problems. II. Comparative study of the evolution of Schistosoma mansoni in explants of various species of Planorbis kept in organotypic cultures. Analysis of parasitic specificity. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 42:493–524. (In French)
Berrie AD (1970) Snail problems in African schistosomiasis. Adv Parasitol 8:43–96
Boston CJ, Layman LR, Fried B, Sherma J (1994) Calcium content of planorbid snails maintained in artificial spring water on leaf lettuce with and without chalk. Veliger 37:121–123
Boycott AE (1936) The habitats of fresh-water Mollusca in Britain. J Anim Ecol 5:116–186
Burch JB, Cuadros C (1965) A culture medium for snails and tissues. Nature 206:637–638
Chernin E (1957) A method of securing bacteriologically sterile snails (Australorbis glabrata). Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 96:204–210
Chernin E (1963) Observations on hearts explanted in vitro [sic] from the snail Australorbis glabratus. J Parasitol 49:353–364
Chernin E (1964) Maintenance in vitro of larval Schistosoma mansoni in tissues from the snail, Australorbis glabratus. J Parasitol 50:531–545
Chernin E (1966) Transplantation of larval Schistosoma mansoni from infected to uninfected snails. J Parasitol 52:473–482
Chernin E, Schork AR (1959) Growth in axenic culture of the snail Australorbis glabratus. Am J Hyg 69:146–160
Christie JD, Prentice MA (1978) The relationship between numbers of Schistosoma mansoni daughter sporocysts and miracidia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72:197–198
Chu KY, Sabbaghian H, Massoud J (1966) Host-parasite relationship of Bulinus truncatus and Schistosoma haematobium in Iran. Bull World Health Organ 34:121–130
Coelho PMZ, Figueiredo YP, Pellegrini J, Melo GR (1977) Biomphalaria glabrata: the crowding effect related to aquarium water components. J Parasitol 63:284
Cohen LM (1984) Schistosoma mansoni: cloning and its applications. Ph.D. thesis. State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center
Cohen LM, Eveland LK (1984) Schistosoma mansoni: long-term maintenance of clones by microsurgical transplantation of sporocysts. Exp Parasitol 57:15–19
Cohen LM, Eveland LK (1988) Schistosoma mansoni: Characterization of clones maintained by microsurgical transplantation of sporocysts. J Parasitol 79:963–969
Cohen LM, Neimark H, Eveland LK (1980) Schistosoma mansoni: response of cercariae to a thermal gradient. J Parasitol 66:362–364
Cooper LA, Larson SE, Lewis FA (1996) Male reproductive success of Schistosoma mansoni – infected Biomphalaria glabrata snails. J Parasitol 82:428–431
Coustau C, Ataev G, Jourdane J, Yoshino TP (1997) Schistosoma japonicum: In vitro cultivation of miracidium to daughter sporocyst using a Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic cell line. Exp Parasitol 87:77–87
Coustau C, Yoshino TP (2000) Flukes without snails: advances in the in vitro cultivation of intramolluscan stages of trematodes. Exp Parasitol 94:62–66
Crews AE, Yoshino TP (1990) Influence of larval schistosomes on polysaccharide synthesis in albumin glands of Biomphalaria glabrata. Parasitology 101:351–359
De Jong-Brink M (1995) How schistosomes profit from the stress responses they elicit in their hosts. Adv Parasitol 35:177–256
De Jong-Brink M, Elsaadany MM, Boer HH (1988) Trichobilharzia ocellata: interference with endocrine control of female reproduction of Lymnaea stagnalis. Exp Parasitol 65:91–100
De Jong-Brink M, Hordijk PL, Vergeest DP, Schallig HD, Kits KS, ter Maat A (1992) The Âanti-gonadotropic neuropeptide schistosomin interferes with peripheral and central neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the regulation of reproduction and growth in the schistosome-infected snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Prog Brain Res 92:385–396
de Souza CP, das Gracas Vilela M, de Carvalho MA, Cardillo-Vieira E (1977) Rearing of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata under axenic conditions in isolators. Am J Trop Med Hyg 26:1013–1017
DiConza JJ, Hansen EL (1972) Multiplication of transplanted Schistosoma mansoni daughter sporocysts. J Parasitol 58:181–182
Dictus WJ, De Jong-Brink M, Boer HH (1987) A neuropeptide (calfluxin) is involved in the regulation of calcium into mitochondria of the albumen gland of the fresh-water snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 65:439–450
Dönges J (1963) Die experimentelle bestimung der anzahl der rediengenerationen bei Trematoden. Naturwissenschaften 50:103–104
Dönges J (1968) Der beweis potentiell unbeschränkter generansfolge bei redien von Isthmiophora melis (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae) durch das transplantations-experiment. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaf 32:S550–S558
Dönges J (1971) The potential number of redial generations in echinostomatids (Trematoda). Int J Parasitol 1:51–59
Dönges J, Götzelmann M (1988) Digenetic trematodes: multiplication of the intramolluscan stages in some species is potentially unlimited. J Parasitol 74:884–885
Ducklow HW, Boyle PJ, Maugel PW, Strong C, Mitchell R (1979) Bacterial flora of the schistosome vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Appl Environ Microbiol 38:667–672
Ducklow HW, Clausen K, Mitchell R (1981) Ecology of bacterial communities in the schistosomiasis vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Microb Ecol 7:253–274
Dunn AM, Terry RS, Smith JE (2001) Transovarial transmission in the microsporidia. Adv Parasitol 48:57–100
Etges FJ, Gresso W (1965) Effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection upon fecundity in Australorbis glabratus. J Parasitol 51:757–760
Etges FG, Ritchie LS (1966) Comparative observations on growth rate and reproduction of Australorbis glabratus in field and laboratory conditions. Bull World Health Organ 34:963–966
Eveland LK, Ritchie LS (1972) Infectivity of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni from snails on inadequate diets. Parasitology 64:441–444
Frank GH (1963) Some factors affecting the fecundity of Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss) in glass aquaria. Bull World Health Organ 20:531–537
Fried B, Huffman JE (1996) The biology of the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni. Adv Parasitol 38:311–368
Fried B, Peoples RC, Saxton TM, Huffman JE (2008) The association of Zygocotyle lunata and Echinostoma trivolvis with Chaetogaster limnaei, an ectosymbiont of Helisoma trivolvis. J Parasitol 94:553–554
Fryer SE (1986) Studies on the epidemiology of a Nigerian strain of Schistosoma haematobium with particular reference to the molluscan hosts. Ph.D. thesis. University of Wales
Granath WO Jr, Yoshino TP (1985) Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda): Effect of urethane on the morphology and function of hemocytes, and on susceptibility to Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda). J Invertebr Pathol 45:324–330
Hansen EL (1976) A cell line from embryos of Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata): establishment and characteristics. In: Maramorosch K (ed) Invertebrate tissue culture: research applications. Academic, New York, pp 77–99
Hertel LA, Bayne CJ, Loker ES (2002) The symbiont Capsaspora owczarzaki, nov. gen. nov. sp., isolated from three strains of the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata is related to members of the Mesomycetozoea. Int J Parasitol 32:1183–1191
Hertel LA, Barbosa CS, Santos RAAL, Loker ES (2004) Molecular identification of symbionts from the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata in Brazil. J Parasitol 90:759–763
Heyneman D (1966) Successful infection with larval echinostomes surgically implanted into body cavity of the normal snail host. Exp Parasitol 18:220–223
Hopf HS, Muller RL (1962) Laboratory breeding and testing of Australorbis grabratus for Âmolluscicidal screening. Bull World Health Organ 27:783–789
Huffman JE, Fried B (1990) Echinostoma and echinostomiasis. Adv Parasitol 29:215–269
Hurd H (1990) Physiological and behavioural interactions between parasites and invertebrate hosts. Adv Parasitol 29:271–318
Ivanchenko MG, Lerner JP, McCormick RS, Toumadje A, Allen B, Fischer K, Hedstrom O, Helmrich A, Barnes DW, Bayne CJ (1999) Continuous in vitro propagation and differentiation of cultures of the intramolluscan stages of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:4965–4970
Iwanaga Y (2002) In vitro cultivation of cells from ovotestis tissue of pigmented Biomphalaria glabrata. Zool Sci 19:271–274
Jourdane J (1984) Long term maintenance of a male and a female clone of Schistosoma mansoni by microsurgical transplantation of sporocysts. Reliability of the technique. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 59:361–367. (In French)
Jourdane J (1990) Cloning of schistosomes. Parasitol Today 6:363–365
Jourdane J, Kechemir N, Combes C (1981) Mise en évidence d’une réplication des sporocystes fils de Schistosoma haematobium aprés transplantation microchirurgicale chez Bulinus truncatus. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences 293:531–533
Jourdane J, Liang Y, Bruce JI (1985) Transplantation of Schistosoma japonicum daughter sporocysts in Oncomelania hupensis. J Parasitol 71:244–247
Jourdane J, Mouahid A, Touassem R (1984) Evolution of the sporocysts of Schistosoma bovis after microsurgical transplantation into Bulinus truncatus. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 59:459–466. (In French)
Jourdane J, Théron A (1980) Schistosoma mansoni: cloning by microsurgical transplantation of sporocysts. Exp Parasitol 50:349–357
Jourdane J, Théron A, Combes C (1980) Demonstration of several sporocyst generations as a normal pattern of reproduction of Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 37:177–182
Jourdane J, Xia MY (1986) Study of schistosome-mollusk vector compatibility by the technique of microsurgical transplantation of sporocysts in two Schistosoma japonicum – Oncomelania hupensis combinations originating in mainland China. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 61:559–564. (In French)
Kapp K, Coustau C, Wippersteg V, Jourdane J, Kunz W, Grevelding CG (2003) Transplantation of in vitro-generated Schistosoma mansoni mother sporocysts into Biomphalaria glabrata. Parasitol Res 91:482–485
Khalil LF (1961) On the capture and destruction of miracidia by Chaetogaster limnaei. J Helminthol 35:269–274
Lai PF, Canning EU (1980) Infectivity of a microsporidium of mosquitoes (Nosema algerae) to larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata. Int J Parasitol 10:293–301
Laursen JR, Yoshino TP (1999) Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cell line supports in vitro miracidial transformation and early larval development of the deer liver fluke, Fascioloides magna. Parasitology 118:187–194
Lee C-L, Lewert RM (1956) The maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni in the laboratory. J Infect Dis 99:15–20
Lee FO, Cheng TC (1972) Schistosoma mansoni: alterations in total protein and hemoglobin in the hemolymph of infected Biomphalaria glabrata. Exp Parasitol 31:203–216
Leveque C, Pointier JP (1976) Study of the growth of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) and other Planorbidae in Guadeloupe (West Indies). Ann Trop Med Parasitol 70:199–204
Lewis FA, Liang Y-s, Raghavan N, Knight M (2008) The NIH-NIAID Schistosomiasis Resource Center. PloS Negl Trop Dis 2:e267
Lewis FA, Stirewalt MA, Souza CP, Gazzinelli G (1986) Large-scale laboratory maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni, with observations on three schistosome/snail host combinations. J Parasitol 72:813–829
Loker ES (2006) Research on the molluscan intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis: What are the priorities? Report of the Scientific Working Group meeting on Schistosomiasis. Nov 14–16 2005, Geneva, pp 95–104
McClelland G, Bourns TKR (1969) Effects of Trichobilharzia ocellata on growth reproduction and survival of Lymnaea stagnalis. Exp Parasitol 24:137–146
McClymont HE, Dunn AM, Terry RS, Rollinson D, Littlewood DTJ, Smith JE (2005) Molecular data suggest that microsporidian parasites in freshwater snails are diverse. Int J Parasitol 35:1071–1078
MacInnis AJ (1970) Maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosomatium douthitti. In: MacInnis AJ, Voge M (eds) Experiments and techniques in parasitology. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, pp 141–143
Matos E, Matos P, Azevedo C (2005) Observations on the intracytoplasmic microsporidian Steinhausia mytilovum, a parasite of mussel (Mytella guyanensis) oocytes from the Amazon river estuary. Brazilian. J Morphol Sci 22:183–186
Mecham JA, Holliman RB (1972) An improved feeding procedure for Biomphalaria glabrata. J Parasitol 58:835
Meier M, Meier-Brook C (1981) Schistosoma mansoni: effect on growth, fertility, and development of distal male organs in Biomphalaria glabrata exposed to miracidia at different ages. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 66:121–131
Meulman EA (1972) Host-parasite interrelationships between the freshwater pulmonate Biomphalaria pfeifferi and the trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Netherlands J Zool 22:355–427
Michelson EH (1958) A method for the relaxation and immobilization of pulmonate snails. Trans Am Microsc Soc 77:316–319
Michelson EH (1961) An acid-fast pathogen of fresh-water snails. Am J Trop Med Hyg 10:423–433
Michelson EH (1964) The protective action of Chaetogaster limnaei on snails exposed to Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 50:441–444
Mishkin EM, Jokinen EH (1986) Effects of environmental calcium on fecundity and cercarial production of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) infected with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon. J Parasitol 72:885–890
Mostafa O (2007) Effects of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infections on calcium content in their intermediate hosts. Parasitol Res 101:963–966
Newton WL (1955) The establishment of a strain of Australorbis glabratus which combines Âalbinism and high susceptibility to infection with Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 41:526–528
Nojima H, Noda S, Sato A (1980) Serial implantations of larval Schistosoma mansoni from infected to uninfected snails. J Parasitol 66:478–482
Ong JHL, Chejlava M, Fried B, Koehnlein KM, Bosavage GL, Sherma J (2004) Effects of Schistosoma mansoni infection on inorganic elements in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. J Helminthol 78:343–346
Owczarzak A, Stibbs HH, Bayne CJ (1980) The destruction of Schistosoma mansoni mother sporocysts in vitro by amoebae isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata: an ultrastructural study. J Invertebr Pathol 35:26–33
Pan CT (1965) Studies on the host-parasite relationship between Schistosoma mansoni and the snail Australorbis glabratus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 14:931–976
Rajasekariah GR (1978) Chaetogaster limnaei K von Baer 1872 on Lymnaea tomentosa: Ingestion of Fasciola hepatica cercariae. Experientia 34:1458–1459
Richards CM (1949) The inhibition of growth in crowded Rana pipiens tadpoles. Physiol Zool 16:138–151
Richards CS (1968) Two new species of Hartmannella amebae infecting freshwater mollusks. J Protozool 15:651–656
Richards CS (1978) Spirochetes in planorbid molluscs. Trans Am Microsc Soc 97:191–198
Richards CS, Sheffield HG (1970) Unique host relations and ultrastructure of a new microsporidian of the genus Coccospora infecting Biomphalaria glabrata. Proceedings of the IV Intrenational Colloqium of Insect Pathology. pp. 439–452
Ritchie LS, Berrios-Duran LA, DeWeese R (1963) Biological potentials of Australorbis glabratus: growth and maturation. Am J Trop Med Hyg 12:264–268
Ritchie LS, Hernandez A, Rosa-Amador R (1966) Biological potentials of Australorbis glabratus: life span and reproduction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 15:614–617
Rodgers JK, Sandland GJ, Joyce SR, Minchella DJ (2005) Multi-species interactions among a commensal (Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei), a parasite (Schistosoma mansoni), and an aquatic snail host (Biomphalaria glabrata). J Parasitol 91:709–712
Rowntree S, James C (1977) Single sex cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, a comparison of male and female infectivity. J Helminthol 51:69–70
Sagrista E, Bozzo MG, Bigas M, Poquet M, Durfort M (1998) Developmental cycle and ultrastructure of Stainhausia mytilovum, a microsporidian parasite of oocytes of the mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mollusca, Bivalvia). Eur J Protistol 34:58–68
Schneck JL, Fried B (2005) Growth of Biomphalaria glabrata (NMRI strain) and Helisoma trivolvis (Colorado strain) under laboratory conditions. Am Malacol Bull 20:71–73
Schwanbek A, Becker W, Rupprecht H (1986) Quantification of parasite development in the host-parasite system Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 72:365–373
Shallig HD, Sassen MJ, Hordijk PL, de Jong-Brink M (1991) Trichobilharzia ocellata: influence of infection on the fecundity of its intermediate snail host Lymnaea stagnalis and cercarial induction of the release of schistosomin, a snail neuropeptide antagonizing female gonadotropic hormones. Parasitology 101:351–359
Shaw MK, Erasmus DA (1987) Biomphalaria glabrata: changes in calcium reserves following parasitism by larval Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 95:267–276
Short RB (1952) Sex studies on Schistosomatium douthitti (Cort, 1914) Price, 1931 (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae). Am Midl Nat 47:1–54
Smith MA, Clegg JA (1979) Different levels of immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse: the role of variant cercariae. Parasitology 78:311–321
Sprague V, Ormieres R, Manier JF (1972) Creation of a new genus and a new family in the Microsporida. J Invertebr Pathol 20:228–231
Standen OD (1951) Some observations upon the maintenance of Australorbis glabratus in the laboratory. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 45:80–83
Stibbs HH, Owczarzak A, Bayne CJ, DeWan P (1979) Schistosome sporocyst-killing amoebae isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata. J Invertebr Pathol 33:159–170
Sturrock BM (1966) The influence of infection with Schistosoma mansoni on the growth rate and reproduction of Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 60:187–197
Sturrock RF, Sturrock BM (1972) The influence of temperature on the biology of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say), intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni on St. Lucia, West Indies. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 66:385–390
Thomas JD (1986) The chemical ecology of Biomphalaria glabrata (say): Sugars as attractants and arrestants. Comp Biochem Physiol A 83:457–460
Thomas JD, Lough A, Aram RH (1974) The effects of calcium in the external environment on the growth and natality rates of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say). J Anim Ecolo 43:839–860
Thompson SN (1983) Biochemical and physiological effects of metazoan endoparasites on their host species. Comp Biochem Physiol B 74:183–211
Ulmer MJ (1970) Notes on rearing of snails in the laboratory. In: MacInnis AJ, Voge M (eds) Experiments and techniques in parasitology. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, pp 143–144
Vieira EC (1967) Influence of vitamin E on reproduction of Biomphalaria glabrata under axenic conditions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 16:792–796
von Brand T (1979) Pathophysiology of the host. In: Von Brand T (ed) Biochemistry and physiology of endoparasites. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp 321–390
Wajdi N (1964) The predation of Schistosoma mansoni by the oligochaete annelid Chaetogaster. J Helminthol 38:391–392
Webbe G, James C (1971) The importation and maintenance of schistosomes of human and veterinary importance. In: Taylor AER, Muller R (eds) Isolation and maintenance of parasites in vivo. IX Symposium of the British Society of Parasitology, London, pp 77–107
Wright CA (1960) The crowding phenomenon in laboratory colonies of freshwater snails. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 54:224–232
Xia MY, Jourdane J, Combes C (1998) Local adaptation of Schistosoma japonicum in its snail host demonstrated by transplantation of sporocysts. Proceedings of the IX International Congress of Parasitology. pp. 573–576
Yoshino TP, Laursen JR (1995) Production of Schistosoma mansoni daughter sporocysts from mother sporocysts maintained in synxenic culture with Biomphalaria glabrata embryonic (Bge) cells. J Parasitol 81:714–722
Zhang S, Nian H, Wang B, Loker ES, Adema CM (2009) Schistosomin from the snail Biomphalaria glabrata: Expression studies suggest no involvement in trematode-mediated castration. Mol Biochem Parasitol 165:79–86
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Eveland, L.K., Haseeb, M.A. (2011). Laboratory Rearing of Biomphalaria glabrata Snails and Maintenance of Larval Schistosomes In Vivo and In Vitro. In: Toledo, R., Fried, B. (eds) Biomphalaria Snails and Larval Trematodes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7028-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7028-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-7027-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-7028-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)