Abstract
Historically, as new industries form at a national level, the three pillars of economic growth have been professions, infrastructure, and investment. More fully, these pillars are necessary skills and career development paths for new types of professionals (human capital), technological and institutional infrastructure (capital deepening and governance), and research and development (R&D) investment (innovation for efficiency and transformation). However, going beyond the boundaries of a single nation, new industry growth based on professions, infrastructure, and investment faces new challenges in light of global marketplace realities. With regard to IBM, no longer are we focused exclusively on the development, manufacture, and delivery of information technology, but rather on the application and integration of technology to deliver new and lasting value to our clients around the world.
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Notes
- 1.
H-shaped are also sometimes referred to as Hybrid professionals. Many applied computer scientists are H-shaped, deep in computer science as well as some application domain such as meteorology, physics, or another area in which they build simulations or application software to perform research. If a person is deep in two areas, and also has good breadth for complex communication across disciplines, they are referred to as Pi-shaped. A professional journalist is typically T-shaped, deep in communication theory as well as a versatile communicator in many topic areas. Professional science masters students tend to be T-shaped with depth in one area of science, as well as with broad communications skills across many business functions.
- 2.
Service science, an integrative science, is short for Service Science Management Engineering and Design (SSMED). From a business perspective, service science should explain how to invest (internal, external, and interface) in exploration and exploitation (March, 1991). Investment is required to attain higher value-creation, value-capture, and opportunity-share future states. From a research perspective, service science can be conceived of as a science of the artificial. Simon (1996) in “The Sciences of the Artificial” provides a great deal of the conceptual foundations for what we now called service science. The outline of Simon’s book provides an overview of the relevant topics: (1) Understanding the Natural and Artificial World, (2) Economic Rationality: Adaptive Artifice, (3) The Psychology of Thinking: Embedding Artifice in Nature, (4) Remembering and Learning: Memory as an Environment for Thought, (5) The Science of Design: Creating the Artificial, (6) Social Planning: Designing the Evolving Artifact, (6) Alternative Views of Complexity, (7) The Architecture of Complexity: Hierarchic Systems. Over 200 universities in 50 nations have begun SSMED-related education programs (Hefley and Murphy, 2008, and personal communications update). These programs use a great variety of reference books, some undergraduate programs start with the accessible book by Teboul (2006), masters programs have started to use Ricketts (2007), and doctorate programs used the well established and top-selling Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons (2007), complemented by many other textbooks, books, and readings (see Spohrer and Kwan (2009) for an annotated reference list, which has been placed on-line – http://www.cob.sjsu.edu/ssme/refmenu.asp). Those seeking to formalize service science have benefited from “Reasoning about Knowledge” (Fagin et al., 2003). Economist approaching service science for the first time have benefited from “The Economics of Knowledge” (Foray, 2006). Business practitioners approaching service science for the first-time benefit from a focus on value propositions provided in “Value Merchants” (Anderson et al., 2007). SSMED books have begun to appear (Springer Series: Service Science: Research and Innovations in the Service Economy, Eds. B. Hefley and W. Murphy), and there are increasing activities, including a nascent professional organization (http://www.thesriii.org – Service Research and Innovation Initiative), integrations into an established annual conference (Frontiers in Service), as well as integration into an established top-rated journal (Journal of Service Research). A growing number of existing academic and professional organizations have established SERVSIG groups (e.g., AMA, INFORMS, etc.). A service scientist is a T-shaped professional, with deep, expert, contributory expertise in at least one of these areas, and broad, complex communications, and articulatory expertise across them all (Collins and Kusch, 1999; Levy and Murnane, 2004). Finally, nations are creating service innovation roadmaps to establish investment priorities (IfM and IBM, 2008).
- 3.
Normatively means when things behave as they ought to. Ought implies a value judgment by some entity.
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Donofrio, N., Sanchez, C., Spohrer, J. (2010). Collaborative Innovation and Service Systems. In: Grasso, D., Burkins, M.B. (eds) Holistic Engineering Education. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1393-7_18
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