Abstract
Electrochemical methods based on the oxidation or reduction of specific transmitters enable exquisitely sensitive measurements of secretion from single cells. We start with a brief review of the history of their application to single cells. Then we focus on basic principles. The remainder of the chapter concerns how to make measurements and how to analyze the results.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adler, E. M., Augustine, G. J., Duffy, M. P., and Charlton, M. P., 1991, Alien intracellular calcium chelators attenuate neurotransmitter release at the squid giant synapse, J. Neurosci 11: 1496–1507.
Almers, W., 1990, Exocytosis, Annu. Rev. Physiol 52: 607–624.
Almers, W., Breckenridge, L. J., and Spruce, A. E., 1989, The mechanism of exocytosis during secretion in mast cells, in: Secretion and Its Control ( G. S. Oxford and C. M. Armstrong, eds.), Rockefeller University Press, New York, pp. 269–282.
Alvarez de Toledo, G., Fernandez-Chacóon, R., and Fernandez, J. M., 1993, Release of secretory products during transient vesicle fusion, Nature 363: 554–558.
Armstrong-James, M., and Millar, J., 1979, Carbon fiber microelectrodes, J. Neurosci. Methods 1: 279–287.
Armstrong-James, M., Fox, K., Kruk, Z. L., and Millar, J., 1981, The electrochemical detection of enkephalins in bulk solution and following iontophoresis, J. Physiol 313: 38 P.
Artalejo, C. R., Adams, M. E., and Fox, A. P., 1994, Three types of Ca“ channel trigger secretion with different efficacies in chromaffin cells, Nature 367: 72–76.
Atkins, P. W., 1990, Physical Chemistry, 4th ed., pp. 766–773, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Augustine, G. J., and Charlton, M. R, 1986, Calcium dependence of presynaptic calcium current and post-synaptic response at the squid giant synapse, J. Physiol 381: 619–640.
Augustine, G. J., and Neher, E., 1992, Calcium requirements for secretion in bovine chromaffin cells, J. Physiol 450: 247–271.
Augustine, G. J., Adler, E. M., and Charlton, M. P., 1991, The calcium signal for transmitter secretion from presynaptic nerve terminals, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 635: 365–381.
Boas, M. L., Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences,2nd ed., pp. 15–16, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Breckenridge, L. J., and Almers, W, 1987. Final steps in exocytosis observed in a cell with giant secretory granules, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 84: 1945–1949.
Ceccarelli, B., and Hurlbut, W. P., 1980, Vesicle hypothesis of the release of quanta of acetylcholine, Physiol. Rev 60: 396–441.
Chad, J. E., and Eckert, R., 1984, Calcium domains associated with individual channels can account for anomalous voltage relations of Ca-dependent responses, Biophys. J 45: 993–999.
Chow, R. H., Rüden, L. von, and Neher, E., 1992, Delay in vesicle fusion revealed by electrochemical monitoring of single secretory events in adrenal chromaffin cells, Nature 356: 60–63.
Crank, J., 1975, The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Crespi, F., 1991, In vivo voltammetric detection of neuropeptides with micro carbon fibre biosensors: Possible selective detection of somatostatin, Anal. Biochem 194: 69–76.
Crow, D. R., 1988, Principles and Applications of Electrochemistry, 3rd ed., Chapman and Hall, London. Dayton, M. A., Brown, J. C., Stutts, K. J., and Wightman, R. M., 1980, Faradaic electrochemistry at microvoltammetric electrodes, Anal. Chem 52: 946–950.
Dodge, F. A., Jr., and Rahamimoff, R., 1967, Cooperative action of calcium ions in transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, J. Physiol 193: 419–432.
Duchen, M. R., 1993, Voltammetric detection of quantal secretory events from isolated rat peritoneal mast cells, J. Physiol 467: 2 P.
Duchen, M. R., Millar, J., and Biscoe, T. J., 1990, Voltammetric measurement of catecholamine release from isolated rat chromaffin cells, J. Physiol 426: 5 P
Dudel, J., 1989, Calcium dependence of quantal release triggered by graded depolarization pulses to nerve terminals on crayfish and frog muscle, Pflügers Arch. 415: 289–298.
Fernandez, J. M., Neher, E., and Gomperts, B. D., 1984, Capacitance measurements reveal stepwise fusion events in degranulating mast cells, Nature 312: 453–455.
Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., and Sands, M., 1964, Lectures on Physics, Volume 2, pp. 6–8 to 6–9, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
Fogelson, A. L., and Zucker, R. S., 1985, Presynaptic calcium diffusion from various arrays of single channels: Implications for transmitter release and synaptic facilitation, Biophys. J 48: 1003–1017.
Fox, K., Armstrong-James, M., and Millar, J., 1980, The electrical characteristics of carbon fibre microelectrodes, J. Neurosci. Methods 3: 37–48.
Gerhardt, G. A., and Adams, R. N., 1982, Determination of diffusion coefficients by flow injection analysis, Anal. Chem 54: 2618–2620.
Gerhardt, G. A., Oke, A. F., Nagy, G., Moghaddam, B., and Adams, R. N., 1984, Nafion-coated electrodes with high selectivity for CNS electrochemistry, Brain Res. 290: 390–395.
Gonon, F., Cespuglio, R., Ponchon, J. L., Buda, M., Jouvet, M., Adams, R. N., and Pujol, J. F., 1978, Measure électrochimique continue de la libération de dopamine réalisée in vivo dans le néostriatum du rat. C. R. Acad. Sci 286: 902–904.
Gonon, F., Buda, M., and Pujol, J. F., 1984, Treated carbon fiber electrodes for measuring catechols and ascorbic acid, in: Measurement of Neurotransmitter Release in Vivo ( C. A. Marsden, ed.), pp. 153–171, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Gonon, F., Msghina, M., and Stjärne, L., 1993, Kinetics of noradrenaline released by sympathetic nerves, Neuroscience 56: 535–538.
Heinemann, C., Rüden, L. von, Chow, R. H., and Neher, E., 1993, A two-step model of secretion control in neuroendocrine cells, Pflügers. Arch 424: 105–112.
Hodgkin, A. L., and Huxley, A. E, 1952, Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo, J. Physiol 116: 449–472.
Iravani, M. M., Kruk, Z. L., and Millar, J., 1993, Electrochemical detection of nitric oxide using fast cyclic voltammetry, J. Physiol 467: 48 P.
Jackson, J. D., 1975, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Jankowski, J. A., Schroeder, T. J., Holz, R. W., and Wightman, R. M., 1992, Quantal secretion of catecholamines measured from individual bovine adrenal medullary cells permeabilized with digitonin, J. Biol. Chem 26: 18329–18335.
Jankowski, J. A., Schroeder, T. J., Ciolkowski, E. L., and Wightman, R. M., 1993, Temporal characteristics of quantal secretion of catecholamines from adrenal medullary cells, J. Biol. Chem 268: 14694–14700.
Justice, J. B., Jr., ed., 1987, Voltammetry in the Neurosciences: Principles Methods and Applications. Humana Press, Clifton, NJ.
Kawagoe, J. L., Jankowski, J. A., and Wightman, R. M., 1991 a, Etched carbon-fiber electrodes as amperometric detectors of catecholamine secretion from isolated biological cells, Anal. Chem 63: 1589–1594.
Kawagoe, J. L., Niehaus, D. E., and Wightman, R. M., 1991b, Enzyme-modified organic conducting salt microelectrode, Anal. Chem 63: 2961–2965.
Kawagoe, K. T., Zimmerman, J. B., and Wightman, R. M., 1993, Principles of voltammetry and microelectrode surface states, J. Neurosci. Methods 48: 225–240.
Kelly, R. S., and Wightman, R. M., 1986, Bevelled carbon-fibre ultramicroelectrodes, Anal. Chim. Acta 187: 79–87.
Kennedy, R. T., Huang, L., Atkinson, M. A., and Dush, P., 1993, Amperometric monitoring of chemical secretions from individual pancreatic f3-cells, Anal. Chem 65: 1882–1887.
Kissinger, R. T., Hart, J. B., and Adams, R. N., 1973, Voltammetry in brain tissue—a new neurophysiological measurement. Brain Res. 55: 209–213.
Klingauf, J., Chow, R. H., Heinemann, C., Zucker, R. S., and Neher, E., 1994, Sources of secretory delay, Biophys. J 66 (2): A55.
Leszczyszyn, D. J., Jankowski, J. A., Viveros, O. H., Diliberto, E. J., Jr., Near, J. A., and Wightman, R. M., 1990, Nicotinic receptor-mediated catecholamine secretion from individual chromaffin cells, J. Biol. Chem 265: 14736–14737.
Leszczyszyn, D. J., Jankowski, J. A., Viveros, O. H., Diliberto, E. J., Jr., Near, J. A., and Wightman, R. M., 1991, Secretion of catecholamines from individual adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, J. Neurochem 56: 1855–1863.
Malinski, T., and Taha, Z., 1992, Nitric oxide release from a single cell measured in situ by a porphyrinicbased microsensor, Nature 358: 676–678.
Marin, A., and Tabares, L., 1993, Single secretory events recorded by electrochemical methods from rat pineal cells, Biophys. J 64: A195.
McCreery, R. L., 1991. Carbon electrodes: Structural effects on electron transfer kinetics, in: Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 17 ( A. J. Bard, ed.), pp. 221–374, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Millar, J., 1991, Simultaneous in vivo voltammetric and electrophysiological recording with carbon fiber microelectrodes, Methods Neurosci. 4: 143–154.
Millar, J., and Barnett, T. G., 1988, Basic instrumentation for fast cyclic voltammetry, J. Neurosci. Methods 25: 91–95.
Millar, J., and Williams, G. V., 1990, Fast differential ramp voltammetry: A new voltammetric technique designed specifically for use in neuronal tissue, J. Electroanal. Chem 282: 33–49.
Millar, J., O’Connor, J. J., Trout, S. J., and Kruk, Z. L., 1992, Continuous scan cyclic voltammetry (CSCV): A new high-speed electrochemical method for monitoring neuronal dopamine release, J. Neurosci. Methods 43: 109–118.
Monck, J. R., Oberhauser, A. F., Alvarez de Toledo, G., and Fernandez, J. M., 1991, Is swelling of the secretory granule matrix the force that dilates the exocytotic fusion pore? Biophys. J 59: 39–47.
Monck, J. Escobar, A., Robinson, I., Vergara, J., and Fernandez, J. M., 1994, Pulsed-laser image of rapid Cat’ signaling in excitable cells, Biophys. J 66: A351.
Neher, E., 1993, Secretion without full fusion, Nature 363: 497–498.
Neher, E., and Marty, A., 1982, Discrete changes of cell membrane capacitance observed under conditions of enhanced secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 79: 6712–6716.
O’Connor, J. J., and Kruk, Z. L., 1991, Fast cyclic voltammetry can be used to measure stimulated endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine release in untreated rat brain slices, J. Neurosci Methods 38: 25–33.
Palij, P., and Stamford, J. A., 1992, Real time monitoring of endogenous noradrenaline release in rat brain slices using fast cyclic voltammetry: 1. Characterization of evoked noradrenaline efflux and uptake from nerve terminals in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, pars ventralis, Brain. Res 587: 137–146.
Pantano, P., and Kuhr, W. G., 1993, Dehydrogenase-modified carbon-fiber microelectrodes for the measurement of neurotransmitter dynamics. 2. Covalent modification utilizing avidin—biotin technology, Anal. Chem 65 (5): 623–630.
Pantano, P., Morton, T. H., and Kuhr, W. G., 1991, Enzyme-modified carbon fiber microelectrodes with millisecond response times, J. Am. Chem. Soc 113: 1832–1833.
Phillips, J. H., 1982, Dynamic aspects of chromaffin granule structure, Neuroscience 7: 1595–1609.
Ponchon, J., Cespuglio, R., Gonon, E, Jouvet, M., and Pujol, J., 1979, Normal pulse polarography with carbon fiber electrodes for in vitro and in vivo determination of catecholamines, Anal. Chem 51: 1483–1486.
Schroeder, T. J., Jankowski, J. A., Kawagoe, K. T., Wightman, R. M., Lefrou, C., and Amatore, C., 1992, Analysis of diffusional broadening of vesicular packets of catecholamines released from biological cells during exocytosis, Anal. Chem 64: (24): 3077–3083.
Schroeder, T. J., Jankowski, J. A., and Wightman, R. M., 1993, in: 7th International Symposium on Chromaffin Cell Biology and Pharmacology, p. 134, University of Ottawa, Ottawa.
Simon, S. M., and Llinas, R., 1985, Compartmentalization of the submembrane calcium activity during calcium influx and its significance in transmitter release, Biophys. J 48: 485–498.
Stamford, J. A., 1990, Fast cyclic voltammetry: Measuring transmitter release in “real time,” J. Neurosci. Methods 34: 67–72.
Tatham, P. E. R., Duchen, M. R., and Millar, J., 1991, Monitoring exocytosis from single mast cells by fast voltammetry, Pflügers Arch. 419: 409–414.
Torri-Tarelli, E, Grohovaz, F., Fesce, R., and Ceccarelli, B., 1985, Temporal coincidence between synaptic vesicle fusion and quantal secretion of acetylcholine, J. Cell. Biol 101: 1386–1399.
von Rüden, L., 1993, Untersuchungen zu verschiedenen Phasen der Sekretion in chromaffinen Zellen, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
von Rüden, L., and Neher, E., 1993, A Ca-dependent early step in the release of catecholamines from adrenal chromaffin cells, Science 262: 1061–1065.
von Rüden, L., Garcia, A. G., and López, M. G., 1993, The mechanism of Ba’-’-induced exocytosis from single chromaffin cells, FEES Lett. 336 (1): 48–52.
Wang, J., and Angnes, L., 1992, Miniaturized glucose sensors based on electrochemical codeposition of rhodium and glucose oxidase onto carbon-fiber electrodes, Anal. Chem 64: 456–459.
Wightman, R. M., Jankowski, J. A., Kennedy, R. T., Kawagoe, K. T., Schroeder, T. J., Leszczyszyn, D. J., Near, J. A., Diliberto, E. J., Jr., and Viveros, O. H., 1991, Temporally resolved catecholamine spikes correspond to single vesicle release from individual chromaffin cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 88: 10754–10758.
Urena, J., Fernandez-Chacon, R., Benot, A. R., Alvarez de Toledo, G., and Lopez-Barneo, J., 1994, Hypoxia induces voltage-dependent Ca’ entry and quantal dopamine secretion in carotid body glomus cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A,in press.
Zucker, R. S., Delaney, K. R., Mulkey, R., and Tank, D. W., 1991, Presynaptic calcium in transmitter release and posttetanic potentiation, Ann. NY Acad. Sci 635: 191–207.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chow, R.H., Von Rüden, L. (1995). Electrochemical Detection of Secretion from Single Cells. In: Sakmann, B., Neher, E. (eds) Single-Channel Recording. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1230-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-1229-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive