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Enzyme for Biosensing Applications

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Recognition Receptors in Biosensors

Abstract

Enzymes are very efficient biocatalysts, which have the ability to specifically recognize their substrates and to catalyze their transformation. These unique properties make the enzymes powerful tools to develop analytical devices. Enzyme-based biosensors associate intimately a biocatalyst-containing sensing layer with a transducer. The transformations catalyzed by an enzyme come with the variations of some physicochemical parameters. The role of the transducer is to convert those physicochemical signals into a measurable electrical signal. In biosensors, enzymes are generally immobilized on or close to the transducer. Depending on the chemical and physical characteristics of the enzyme support, different immobilization techniques can be implemented. The transduction mode will be adapted to the physicochemical parameter that is monitored. The variation of the concentration of a substrate or a product in the course of an enzymatic reaction can be detected with the help of a physical or chemical sensor, which then acts as a transducer. Electrochemical biosensors have been then developed involving oxidoreduction reactions. Optical biosensors are based either on fluorescence, absorbance, and bioluminescence or chemiluminescence measurements. Enzymatic reactions are usually associated with a high enthalpy change, which results in a temperature variation that can be recorded using a thermistor. Gravimetric biosensors are based on a mass variation induced by an enzymatic reaction.

Due to their proteic nature, enzymes are often fragile and this instability results in a decrease in the enzyme activity and consequently in a decrease in the biosensor performances. Although, fortunately, not all enzymes are concerned, this can limit the development of enzyme-based biosensors. The first biosensors described were the size of a pH electrode but now the progress in the transducer technology makes the fabrication of miniaturized systems possible and this allows the development of small-sized multi-biosensors and the integration of miniaturized biosensors in lab-on-a-chip-type devices.

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Abbreviations

AChE:

Acetylcholinesterase

ADP:

Adenosine 5′-diphosphate

AMP:

Adenosine 5′-monophosphate

ATP:

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

BuChE:

Butyrylcholinesterase

CL:

Chemiluminescence

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

DAMAB:

N,N-Didecylaminomethylbenzene

DH:

Dehydrogenase

ECL:

Electrochemiluminescence

EDC:

Ethyl-3-[1-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide

ENFET:

Enzyme field-effect transistor

EuTC:

Europium (III) tetracycline

FAD:

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

FET:

Field-effect transistor

FMN:

Flavin mononucleotide

GFOR:

Glucose–fructose oxidoreductase

GOD:

Glucose oxidase

HRP:

Horseradish peroxidase

IDA:

Interdigitated array

ISE:

Ion-selective electrode

ISFET:

Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor

ITO:

Indium tin oxide

LAPS:

Light-addressable potentiometric sensor

MWCNT:

Multiwall carbon nanotube

NAD:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NBD-PE:

Nitrobenzoxadiazole dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine

NHS:

N-Hydroxysuccinimide

NP:

Nanoparticle

NTA:

Nitriloacetic acid

OD:

Oxidase

OPH:

Organophosphorus hydrolase

PDDA:

Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)

PEG:

Poly (ethylene glycol)

PQQ:

Pyrroloquinoline quinone

PVA-SbQ:

Poly (vinyl alcohol) bearing styrylpyridinium groups

QCM:

Quartz crystal microbalance

Ru-bipy:

Ruthenium (II) trisbipyridyl

Ru-dpp:

Ruthenium (II) tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)

Ru-phen:

Ruthenium (II) tris(1,10-phenanthroline)

SAM:

Self-assembled monolayer

SAW:

Surface acoustic wave

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

SWCNT:

Singlewall carbon nanotube

TTF-TCNQ:

Tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane

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  1. Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique, Membranes Biomimétiques et Assemblages Biomoléculaires, Université Lyon 1/CNRS, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France

    Loïc J. Blum

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  1. Béatrice D. Leca-Bouvier
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  2. Loïc J. Blum
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  1. GDG Environnement Ltée, rue St-Laurent, 2e étage 430, Trois-Rivieres, G8T 6H3, Canada

    Mohammed Zourob

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Leca-Bouvier, B.D., Blum, L.J. (2010). Enzyme for Biosensing Applications. In: Zourob, M. (eds) Recognition Receptors in Biosensors. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0919-0_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0919-0_4

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