Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Earthquake Faulting , Ground Motions and Deformations

  • Reference work entry
Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology

Definition of the Subject and Its Importance

Ground motion characteristics, deformation, and surface breaks of earthquakes depend upon the causative faults. Their effects on the seismic design of engineering structures are not considered in the present codes of design, although there are attempts to include these factors in some countries (i.e., USA, Japan, Taiwan). This chapter describes ground motions and the effect of surface ruptures associated with earthquake faulting on response and stability of engineering structures.

Introduction

Earthquakes are known to be one of the natural disasters resulting in the huge losses of human lives and properties as experienced in the recent earthquakes. Since there is no way to prevent the occurrence of earthquakes in earthquake-prone countries such as Turkey, Japan, USA, and Taiwan, the design of structures and residential and industrial developments must be done according to...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 6,999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

Damage:

The damage is defined as the disruption of the integrity/failure of a structure or function of a system.

Earthquake fault:

It is the fault, along which relative ground displacement occur during an earthquake.

Engineering structures:

Structures (i.e., dam, tunnel, slope cut, pylon, bridge, viaduct, etc.) with a given function or purpose are those designed and built according to the principles of engineering.

Ground motions:

Ground motion is a change of a material point in space in a given time and is observed as displacement, velocity or acceleration and they are caused by the application of forces on a given material body (i.e., solid, fluid).

Bibliography

Primary Literature

  1. Aydan Ö (2003) Actual observations and numerical simulations of surface fault ruptures and their effects engineering structures. In: The 8th U.S.-Japan workshop on earthquake resistant design of lifeline facilities and countermeasures against liquefaction. Technical report, MCEER-03-0003, pp 227–237

    Google Scholar 

  2. Aydan Ö, Ulusay R, Hasgür Z, Hamada M (1999) The behaviour of structures built in active fault zones in view of actual examples from the 1999 Kocaeli and Chi-chi Earthquakes. In: ITU-IAHS international conference on the Kocaeli earthquake, 17 Aug 1999: a scientific assessment and recommendations for re-building, Istanbul, pp 131–142

    Google Scholar 

  3. Aydan Ö, Ohta Y (2006) The characteristics of ground motions in the neighbourhood of earthquake faults and their evaluation. In: Symposium on the records and issues of recent great earthquakes in Japan and overseas, EEC-JSCE, Tokyo, pp 114–120

    Google Scholar 

  4. Aydan Ö, Ohta Y (2011) A new proposal for strong ground motion estimations with the consideration of characteristics of earthquake fault. In: Seventh national conference on earthquake engineering, Istanbul, paper no 66

    Google Scholar 

  5. Aydan Ö (2007) Inference of seismic characteristics of possible earthquakes and liquefaction and landslide risks from active faults (in Turkish). In: The 6th national conference on earthquake engineering of Turkey, Istanbul, vol 1, pp 563–574

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ohta Y, Aydan Ö (2004) An experimental study on ground motions and permanent deformation nearby faults. J Sch Mar Sci Technol 2(3):1–12

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ohta Y (2011) A fundamental research on the effects of ground motions and permanent ground deformations neighborhood earthquake faults on civil engineering structures (in Japanese). Doctorate Thesis, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokai University, 272 p

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ohta Y, Aydan Ö (2009) An experimental and theoretical study on stick-slip phenomenon with some considerations from scientific and engineering viewpoints of earthquakes. J Sch Mar Sci Technol 8(3):53–67

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ohta Y, Aydan Ö (2010) The dynamic responses of geomaterials during fracturing and slippage. Rock Mech Rock Eng 43(6):727–740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Chang T-Y, Cotton F, Tsai Y-B, Angelier J (2004) Quantification of hanging-wall effects on ground motion: some insights from the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 94(6):2186–2197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ulusay R, Aydan Ö, Hamada M (2002) The behavior of structures built on active fault zones: examples from the recent earthquakes of Turkey. Struct Eng/Earthquake Eng JSCE 19(2):149–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Somerville PG, Smith NF, Graves RW, Abrahamson NA (1997) Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity. Seismol Res Lett 68:199–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Tsai YB, Huang MW (2000) Strong ground motion characteristics of the Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake of 21 Sept 1999. In: 2000 NCHU-Waseda joint seminar on earthquake engineering, 17–18 Jul 2000, Taichung, pp 1–32

    Google Scholar 

  14. Aydan Ö, Kumsar H, Toprak S, Barla G (2009) Characteristics of 2009 l’Aquila earthquake with an emphasis on earthquake prediction and geotechnical damage. J Mar Sci Technol Tokai Univ 9(3):23–51

    Google Scholar 

  15. Abrahamson NA, Somerville PG (1996) Effects of the hanging wall and footwall on ground motions recorded during the Northridge earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 86(1B):593–599

    Google Scholar 

  16. Aydan Ö (2003) An experimental study on the dynamic responses of geomaterials during fracturing. J Sch Mar Sci Technol Tokai Univ 1(2):1–7

    Google Scholar 

  17. Aydan Ö, Ohta Y, Geniş M, Tokashiki N, Ohkubo K (2010) Response and earthquake induced damage of underground structures in rock mass. J Rock Mech Tunnell Technol 16(1):19–45

    Google Scholar 

  18. Aydan Ö, Ohta Y, Geniş M, Tokashiki N, Ohkubo K (2010) Response and stability of underground structures in rock mass during earthquakes. Rock Mech Rock Eng 43(6):857–875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Aydan Ö, Daido M, Tokashiki N, Bilgin A, Kawamoto T (2007) Acceleration response of rocks during fracturing and its implications in earthquake engineering. In: 11th ISRM Congress, Lisbon, vol 2, pp 1095–1100

    Google Scholar 

  20. Nasu N (1931) Comparative studies of earthquake motions above ground and in a tunnel. Bull Earthquake Res Inst Tokyo Univ 9:454–472

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kanai K, Tanaka T (1951) Observations of earthquake motion at different depths of the earth. Bull Earthquake Res Inst Tokyo Univer 28:107–113

    Google Scholar 

  22. K-NET, KiK-Net (2007, 2008) Digital acceleration records of earthquakes since 1998. http://www.k-net.bosai.go.jp/ and http://www.kik.bosai.go.jp/

  23. Kawashima K, Aydan Ö, Aoki T, Kishimoto I, Konagai K, Matsui T, Sakuta J, Takahashi N, Teodori SP, Yashima A (2010) Reconnaissance investigation on the damage of the 2009 L’Aquila, Central Italy earthquake. J Earthquake Eng 14:817–841

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Joyner WB, Boore DM (1981) Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong motion records from the 1979 Imperial Valley California earthquake. Bull Seismol Soc Am 71(6):2011–2038

    Google Scholar 

  25. Aydan Ö, Sezaki M, Yarar R (1996) The seismic characteristics of Turkish earthquakes. In: The 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Eng., CD-2, Paper No:1270

    Google Scholar 

  26. Aydan Ö (2001) Comparison of suitability of submerged tunnel and shield tunnel for subsea passage of Bosphorus (in Turkish). Geol Eng J 25(1):1–17

    Google Scholar 

  27. Campbell KW (1981) Near source attenuation of peak horizontal acceleration. Bull Seismol Soc Am 71(6):2039–2070

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ambraseys NN (1988) Engineering seismology. Earthquake Eng Struct Dynam 17:1–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Aydan Ö, Shimizu Y, Akagi T, Kawamoto T (1997) Development of fracture zones in rock masses. In: Int Symp. on deformation and progressive failure in geomechanics, IS-NAGOYA, Nagoya, pp 533–538

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hamada M, Aydan Ö (1992) A report on the site investigation of the March 13 earthquake of Erzincan, Turkey. ADEP, Association for Development of Earthquake Prediction, 86 p

    Google Scholar 

  31. Reilinger RE, Ergintav S, Burgmann R, McClusky S, Lenk O, Barka A, Gürkan O, Hearn L, Feigl KL, Çakmak R, Aktug B, Özener H, Toksöz MN (2000) Coseismic and postseismic fault slip for the 17 Aug 1999, M = 7.5, Izmit, Turkey earthquake. Science 289:1519–1524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Asakura T, Sato Y (1998) Mountain tunnels damage in the 1995 in Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. Railway Tech Res Inst (RTRI) 39(1):9–16

    Google Scholar 

  33. Aydan Ö (1996) Faulting and characteristics of earthquake waves in Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake of 17 Jan 1995 (in Turkish). Jeoloji Mühendisliği 48:63–77

    Google Scholar 

  34. Aydan Ö, Kawamoto T (2004) The damage to abandoned lignite mines caused by the 2003 Miyagi-Hokubu earthquake and some considerations on its causes. In: 3rd Asian rock mechanics symposium, Kyoto, pp 525–530

    Google Scholar 

  35. Aydan Ö, Kumsar H (2010) An experimental and theoretical approach on the modeling of sliding response of rock wedges under dynamic loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng 43(6):821–830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Aydan Ö, Hamada M (2006) Damage to civil engineering structures by 8 Oct 2005 Kashmir earthquake and recommendations for recovery and reconstruction. J Disaster Res 1(3):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  37. Aydan Ö, Hamada M, Suzuki Y (2005) Some observations and considerations on the damage induced by the tsunami of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake on structures and coast. J Sch Mar Sci Technol 3(1):79–94

    Google Scholar 

  38. Aydan Ö, Miwa S, Kodama H, Suzuki T (2005) The characteristics of M8.7 Nias earthquake of 28 Mar 2005 and induced tsunami and structural damages. J Sch Mar Sci Technol Tokai Univ 3(2):66–83

    Google Scholar 

  39. Aydan Ö, Ohta Y, Hamada M (2009) Geotechnical evaluation of slope and ground failures during the 8 Oct 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake in Pakistan. J Seismol 13(3):399–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Aydan Ö, Hamada M, Itoh J, Ohkubo K (2009) Damage to civil engineering structures with an emphasis on rock slope failures and tunnel damage induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. J Disaster Res 4(2):153–164

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hashimoto S, Miwa K, Ohashi M, Fuse K (1999) Surface soil deformation and tunnel deformation caused by the 3 Sept 1998, Mid-North Iwate earthquake. In: 7th Tohoku regional convention, Japan Society of Engineering Geology

    Google Scholar 

  42. Yashiro K, Kojima Y, Shimizu M (2007) Historical earthquake damage to tunnels in Japan and case studies of railways tunnels in the 2004 Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake. Q RTRI 48(3):136–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Asakura T, Shiba Y, Sato Y, Iwatate T (1996) Mountain tunnels performance in 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. Special report of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, Committee of Earthquake Engineering, JSCE

    Google Scholar 

  44. Aydan Ö, Kumsar H (1997) A site investigation of 1 Oct 1995 Dinar earthquake. Turkish Earthquake Foundation, TDV/DR 97–003, Istanbul, p 115

    Google Scholar 

  45. Aydan Ö, Ulusay R, Kumsar H, Sönmez H, Tuncay E (1998) A site investigation of Adana-Ceyhan earthquake of 27 June 1998. Turkish Earthquake Foundation, TDV/DR 006–30, 131 p

    Google Scholar 

  46. Aydan Ö, Ulusay R, Hasgür Z, Taşkın B (1999) A site investigation of Kocaeli earthquake of 17 Aug 1999. Turkish Earthquake Foundation, TDV/DR 08–49, 180 p

    Google Scholar 

  47. Aydan Ö, Ulusay R, Kumsar H, Tuncay E (2000a) Site investigation and engineering evaluation of the Düzce-Bolu earthquake of 12 Nov 1999. Turkish Earthquake Foundation, TDV/DR 095–51, 307 p

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ulusay R, Aydan Ö, Erken E, Kumsar H, Tuncay E, Kaya Z (2003) Site investigation and engineering evaluation of the Cay-Eber earthquake of 3 Feb 2002. Turkish Earthquake Foundation, TDV/DR 012–79, 213 p

    Google Scholar 

  49. Wang WL, Wang TT, Su JJ, Lin CH, Seng CR, Huang TH (2001) Assessment of damage in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. Tunnel Undergr Space Technol 16:133–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Aydan Ö, Ohta Y, Hamada M, Ito J, Ohkubo K (2009) The response and damage of structures along the fault rupture traces of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. In: International conference on earthquake engineering: the 1st anniversary of Wenchuan earthquake, Chengdu, pp 625–633

    Google Scholar 

  51. Aydan Ö, Dalgıç S, Kawamoto T (2000) Prediction of squeezing potential of rocks in tunnelling through a combination of an analytical method and rock mass classifications. Italian Geotech J 34(1):41–45

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kuno H (1935) The geologic section along the Tanna tunnel. Bull Earthquake Res Inst Univ Tokyo 14:92–103

    Google Scholar 

  53. Sakurai T (1999) A report on the earthquake fault appearing in the Tanna tunnel under construction by North-Izu earthquake 1930 (in Japanese). J Jpn Soc Eng Geol 39(6):540–544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Kawakami H (1984) Evaluation of deformation of tunnel structure due to Izu-Oshima Kinkai earthquake of 1978. Earthquake Eng Struct Dynam 12(3):369–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Tsuneishi Y, Ito T, Kano K (1978) Surface faulting associated with the 1978 Izu-Oshima- Kinkai earthquake. Bull Earthquake Res Inst Univ Tokyo 53:649–674

    Google Scholar 

  56. Aydan, Shimizu Y, Kawamoto T (1992) The stability of rock slopes against combined shearing and sliding failures and their stabilisation. Int. Symp. on Rock Slopes, New Delhi, pp 203–210

    Google Scholar 

Books and Reviews

  • Fowler CMR (1990) The solid earth – an introduction to global geophysics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto S (1973) Introduction to earthquake engineering. Univ of Tokyo Press, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeats RS, Sieh K, Allen CR (1997) The geology of earthquakes. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geomechanics and Geoengineering, Tokai University, Ocean Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan

    Prof., Dr. Ömer Aydan

Authors
  1. Prof., Dr. Ömer Aydan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ömer Aydan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, Larkspur, CA, USA

    Robert A. Meyers

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this entry

Cite this entry

Aydan, Ö. (2012). Earthquake Faulting , Ground Motions and Deformations. In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_906

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation