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Seaweed Aquaculture for Human Foods in Land-Based and IMTA Systems

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Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology

Definition of the Subject and Its Importance

The production of seaweeds for human foods in land-based aquaculture, is an activity poorly presented by the scientific community. Of the thousands of seaweed species identified, a remarkably small subset is actually farmed in the marine environment (i.e., open water) and even fewer are grown in land-based aquaculture systems. Of those that are used in land-based systems, most are monocultures grown for specific high value uses. For instance, C. crispus, P. palmata, and Saccharina latissima are grown for human consumption; Chondrocanthus and the “Trailiella” stage of Bonnemaisonia/Asparagopsis for the cosmetic industry; and Gracilaria spp., Palmaria and Ulvaspp. as feed for abalone). Given the many centuries history of terrestrial production of land plants for human and animal feed crops and the tremendous efforts given over to the selection and crossbreeding of these plants, by contrast, selection and improvement of seaweed crops is very...

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Abbreviations

Algae:

A group of autotrophic organisms, containing chlorophyll a and sometimes other accessory pigments, which are able to convert solar energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis.

Aquaculture:

The farming of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms in aquatic systems.

Bioextraction:

An environmental management strategy by which nutrients are removed from an aquatic ecosystem through the harvest of enhanced biological production, including the aquaculture of suspension-feeding shellfish and/or marine macroalgae.

Ecosystem:

Is the grouping of all living organisms occupying a particular unit of space and interacting with each other and their environment.

EPA:

Eicosapentaenoic acid is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, sometimes presented with the chemical notation 20:5(n-3).

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein; composed of a high proportion of protein and relatively little cholesterol; high levels of HDL are thought to be associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis.

Heteromorphic life histories:

Life histories in which there are clear morphological differences between the different stages of the life cycle, i.e., individuals of the sporophyte and gametophyte stages are morphologically different and distinguishable. In some cases, such as the genus Porphyra and members of the kelps, there are macroscopic and microscopic stages alternating life cycle phases.

IMTA:

Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture is a form of aquaculture in which organisms from different trophic levels, with complementary resource needs, are produced in the same system. Typically, these aquaculture systems integrate the production of a fed organism, such as fish or shrimp, with that of extractive organic aquaculture such as shellfish and the extractive inorganic aquaculture of seaweed.

Isomorphic life histories:

Life histories in which there are no distinguishing morphological differences between the different stages of the life cycle, i.e., the individuals of the sporophyte (diploid, 2n) and gametophyte (haploid, n) stages are morphologically identical and can be distinguished only when their respective, characteristic reproductive structures are present, e.g., Chondrus crispus and Palmaria palmata.

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein; a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood, composed of a moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels of LDL are thought to be associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis.

Macroalgae:

A group of macroscopic algae of which at least one part of their life history is multicellular and visible with unaided eye.

Mariculture:

Farming of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms in marine systems, i.e., using seawater.

Polysaccharides:

Complex structural polymers. They have a structural function in the alga but may be extracted industrially to provide a range of polysaccharides used for their rheological properties, e.g., agar, carrageenan, and alginic acid.

Seaweed:

A group of macroscopic, marine autotrophic algae.

Sea-vegetables:

A group of macroscopic, marine autotrophic algae, also called seaweeds, seaplants, or macroalgae; they may be used as vegetables for human consumption or raw materials for a range of industrial, commercially important extracts such as bioactives or polysaccharides.

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Acknowledgments

R. Pereira is sponsored by a fellowship from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through program POCI 2010, with the support of FEDER and FSE(SFRH/BPD/36451/2007). Support to C. Yarish was provided by the Connecticut Sea Grant (DOC/NOAA/Ocean & Atmospheric Research Contract No. NA10OAR4170095); the Department of Energy’s NETL Program, FOA# 0000015 to Gas Technology Institute; NOAA-SBIR Phase I (Ocean Approved, LLC, DOC/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award/Contract #: AG100206); and National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (contract ##24266).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CIMAR/CIIMAR – Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050–123, Porto, Portugal

    Dr. Rui Pereira

  2. Departments of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, One University Place, Stamford, CT, 06901–2315, USA

    Dr. Charles Yarish

  3. Acadian Seaplants Limited, 30 Brown Avenue, Dartmouth, NS, B3B 1X8, Canada

    Alan T. Critchley

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  1. Dr. Rui Pereira
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  3. Alan T. Critchley
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Correspondence to Rui Pereira .

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  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, Larkspur, CA, USA

    Robert A. Meyers

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Pereira, R., Yarish, C., Critchley, A.T. (2012). Seaweed Aquaculture for Human Foods in Land-Based and IMTA Systems. In: Meyers, R.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_189

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