Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Disasters and Population Health

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Lifespan Perspectives on Natural Disasters

Abstract

Events of mass trauma are relatively common global phenomena with widespread impact on human health. We conducted this systematic literature review using the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database. We investigated the effect of disasters on six main topic areas of interest: injury and mortality, health systems and infrastructure, mental health, infectious disease, chronic disease, and health behavior. This review covers 182 articles on both natural and man-made disasters, excluding war. We present the results by topic area, across disaster type. This work highlights the scope and heterogeneity of disaster research today, providing a contextual background in which to formulate interventions and disaster planning efforts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, R. E., Boscarino, J. A., & Galea, S. (2006a). Social and psychological resources and health outcomes after the World Trade Center Disaster. Social Science & Medicine, 62 (1), 176–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, R. E., Boscarino, J. A., & Galea, S. (2006b). Alcohol use, mental health status and psychological well-being 2 years after the World Trade Center attacks in New York City. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32 (2), 203–224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahern, J., & Galea, S. (2006). Social context and depression after a disaster: The role of income inequality. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60, (9), 766–770.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altntas, K. H., & Delooz, H. (2004). The problems faced by three government disaster response teams of Ankara City during the Marmara earthquake – 1999 response. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 11 (2), 95–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, N., Ajwani, M. K., Mahashabde, S., Tiwari, M. K., Muir, M. K., Mehra, V., et al. (1990). Delayed eye and other consequences from exposure to methyl isocyanate: 93% follow up of exposed and unexposed cohorts in Bhopal. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47 (8), 553–558.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armenian, H. K., Melkonian, A. K., & Hovanesian, A. P. (1998). Long term mortality and morbidity related to degree of damage following the 1998 earthquake in Armenia. American Journal of Epidemiology, 148 (11), 1077–1084.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armenian, H. K., Morikawa, M., Melkonian, A. K., Hovanesian, A., Akiskal, K., & Akiskal, H. S. (2002). Risk factors for depression in the survivors of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. Journal of Urban Health, 79 (3), 373–382.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armenian, H. K., Morikawa, M., Melkonian, A. K., Hovanesian, A. P., Haroutunian, N., Saigh, P. A., et al. (2000). Loss as a determinant of PTSD in a cohort of adult survivors of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia: Implications for policy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102 (1), 58–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asaeda, G. (2002). The day that the START triage system came to a STOP: Observations from the World Trade Center Disaster. Academic Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 9 (3), 255–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, C. C., Oppenheimer, L., Stephens, B., Lewis, F. R., & Trunkey, D. D. (1980). Epidemiology of trauma deaths. American Journal of Surgery, 140 (1), 144–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banauch, G. I., Alleyne, D., Sanchez, R., Olender, K., Cohen, H. W., Weiden, M., et al. (2003). Persistent hyperreactivity and reactive airway dysfunction in firefighters at the World Trade Center. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 168 (1), 54–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banauch, G. I., Hall, C., Weiden, M., Cohen, H. W., Aldrich, T. K., Christodoulou, V., et al. (2006). Pulmonary function after exposure to the World Trade Center collapse in the New York City fire department. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 174 (3), 312–319.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beckett, W. S. (1998). Persistent respiratory effects in survivors of the Bhopal disaster. Thorax, 53 (Suppl. 2), S43–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bijlsma, J. A., Slottje, P., Huizink, A. C., Twisk, J. W., van der Voet, G. B., de Wolff, F. A., et al. (2008). Urinary uranium and kidney function parameters in professional assistance workers in the epidemiological study air disaster in Amsterdam (ESADA). Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association, 23 (1), 249–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bland, S. H., Farinaro, E., Krogh, V., Jossa, F., Scottoni, A., & Trevisan, M. (2000). Long term relations between earthquake experiences and coronary heart disease risk factors. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151 (11), 1086–1090.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Born, C. T., Briggs, S. M., Ciraulo, D. L., Frykberg, E. R., Hammond, J. S., Hirshberg, A., et al. (2007). Disasters and mass casualties: II. Explosive, biologic, chemical, and nuclear agents. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 15 (8), 461–473.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., & Figley, C. R. (2005). A prospective cohort study of the effectiveness of employer-sponsored crisis interventions after a major disaster. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 7 (1), 9–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., & Figley, C. R. (2006). Worker productivity and outpatient service use after the September 11th attacks: Results from the New York City terrorism outcome study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 49 (8), 670–682.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., & Galea, S. (2006). Alcohol use in New York after the terrorist attacks: A study of the effects of psychological trauma on drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 31 (4), 606–621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., Stuber, J., & Galea, S. (2005). Disparities in mental health treatment following the World Trade Center Disaster: Implications for mental health care and health services research. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18 (4), 287–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradt, D. A. (2003). Site management of health issues in the 2001 World Trade Center Disaster. Academic Emergency Medicine, 10 (6), 650–660.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68 (5), 746–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bromet, E. J., & Havenaar, J. M. (2007). Psychological and perceived health effects of the chernobyl disaster: A 20-year review. Health Physics, 93 (5), 516–521.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. L. (1999). Disparate effects of the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes on hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction: Importance of superimposition of triggers. American Heart Journal, 137 (5), 830–836.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunkard, J., Namulanda, G., & Ratard, R. (2008). Hurricane Katrina deaths, Louisiana, 2005. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, EPub August 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carballo, M., Hernandez, M., Schneider, K., & Welle, E. (2005). Impact of the tsunami on reproductive health. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 98 (9), 400–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catalano, R., Bruckner, T., Gould, J., Eskenazi, B., & Anderson, E. (2005). Sex ratios in California following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Human Reproduction, 20 (5), 1221–1227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chemtob, C. M., Nomura, Y., & Abramovitz, R. A. (2008). Impact of conjoined exposure to the World Trade Center attacks and to other traumatic events on the behavioral problems of preschool children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162 (2), 126–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, F. H., Wu, H. C., Chou, P., Su, C. Y., Tsai, K. Y., Chao, S. S., et al. (2007). Epidemiologic psychiatric studies on post-disaster impact among chi-chi earthquake survivors in Yu-Chi, Taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61 (4), 370–378.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, Y. J., Huang, N., Lee, C. H., Tsai, S. L., Chen, L. S., & Chang, H. J. (2004). Who is at risk of death in an earthquake? American Journal of Epidemiology, 160 (7), 688–695.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, Y. J., Huang, N., Lee, C. H., Tsai, S. L., Tsay, J. H., Chen, L. S., et al. (2003). Suicides after the 1999 Taiwan earthquake. International Journal of Epidemiology, 32 (6), 1007–1014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, M. C., Farmer, S., Werrett, J., Easthope, Y., & Chung, C. (2001). Traumatic stress and ways of coping of community residents exposed to a train disaster. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35 (4), 528–534.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crabtree, J. (2006). Terrorist homicide bombings: A primer for preparation. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 27 (5), 576–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, T., Miller, B. C., & Berry, E. H. (2000). Changes in reports and incidence of child abuse following natural disasters. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24 (9), 1151–1162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Mel, S., McKenzie, D., & Woodruff, C. (2008). Mental health recovery and economic recovery after the tsunami: High-frequency longitudinal evidence from Sri Lankan small business owners. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 66 (3), 582–595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deeg, D. J., Huizink, A. C., Comijs, H. C., & Smid, T. (2005). Disaster and associated changes in physical and mental health in older residents. European Journal of Public Health, 15 (2), 170–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demetriades, D., Kimbrell, B., Salim, A., Velmahos, G., Rhee, P., Preston, C., et al. (2005). Trauma deaths in a mature urban trauma system: Is “trimodal” distribution a valid concept? Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 201 (3), 343–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • den Ouden, D. J., Dirkzwager, A. J., & Yzermans, C. J. (2005). Health problems presented in general practice by survivors before and after a fireworks disaster: Associations with mental health care. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 23 (3), 137–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dhara, V. R., & Dhara, R. (2002). The Union Carbide Disaster in Bhopal: A review of health effects. Archives of Environmental Health, 57 (5), 391–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhara, V. R., Dhara, R., Acquilla, S. D., & Cullinan, P. (2002). Personal exposure and long-term health effects in survivors of the Union Carbide Disaster at Bhopal. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110 (5), 487–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz, J. H. (2007). The impact of hurricanes and flooding disasters on hymenopterid-inflicted injuries. American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 2 (5), 257–269.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dikshit, R. P., & Kanhere, S. (1999). Cancer patterns of lung, oropharynx and oral cavity cancer in relation to gas exposure at Bhopal. Cancer Causes & Control: CCC, 10 (6), 627–636.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dirkzwager, A. J., Kerssens, J. J., & Yzermans, C. J. (2006). Health problems in children and adolescents before and after a man-made disaster. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45 (1), 94–103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dirkzwager, A. J., van der Velden, P. G., Grievink, L., & Yzermans, C. J. (2007). Disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69 (5), 435–440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dirkzwager, A. J., Yzermans, C. J., & Kessels, F. J. (2004). Psychological, musculoskeletal, and respiratory problems and sickness absence before and after involvement in a disaster: A longitudinal study among rescue workers. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 61 (10), 870–872.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doliashvili, K., & Buckley, C. J. (2008). Women’s sexual and reproductive health in post-socialist Georgia: Does internal displacement matter? International Family Planning Perspectives, 34 (1), 21–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorn, T., Yzermans, C. J., Guijt, H., & van der Zee, J. (2007). Disaster-related stress as a prospective risk factor for hypertension in parents of adolescent fire victims. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165 (4), 410–417.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorn, T., Yzermans, C. J., Kerssens, J. J., Spreeuwenberg, P. M., & van der Zee, J. (2006). Disaster and subsequent healthcare utilization: A longitudinal study among victims, their family members, and control subjects. Medical Care, 44 (6), 581–589.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorn, T., Yzermans, C. J., Spreeuwenberg, P. M., Schilder, A., & van der Zee, J. (2008). A cohort study of the long-term impact of a fire disaster on the physical and mental health of adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21 (2), 239–242.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorn, T., Yzermans, C. J., Spreeuwenberg, P. M., & van der Zee, J. (2007). Physical and mental health problems in parents of adolescents with burns – a controlled, longitudinal study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 63 (4), 381–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drogendijk, A. N., Dirkzwager, A. J., Grievink, L., van der Velden, P. G., Marcelissen, F. G., & Kleber, R. J. (2007). The correspondence between persistent self-reported post-traumatic problems and general practitioners’ reports after a major disaster. Psychological Medicine, 37 (2), 193–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelthaler, D., Lewis, K., Anderson, S., Snow, S., Gladden, L., Hammond, R. M., et al. (2005). Vibrio illnesses after Hurricane Katrina – multiple states, August – September 2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 54 (37), 928–931.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, D. M., Baron, S. L., Bernard, B. P., Lushniak, B. D., Banauch, G., Arcentales, N., et al. (2004). Symptoms, respirator use, and pulmonary function changes among New York City firefighters responding to the World Trade Center Disaster. Chest, 125 (4), 1256–1264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floret, N., Viel, J. F., Mauny, F., Hoen, B., & Piarroux, R. (2006). Negligible risk for epidemics after geophysical disasters. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12 (4), 543–548.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D., Adams, M. L., & Dailey, W. F. (2006). Factors associated with receiving help and risk factors for disaster-related distress among Connecticut adults 5–15 months after the September 11th terrorist incidents. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41 (4), 261–270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J. D., Adams, M. L., & Dailey, W. F. (2007). Psychological and health problems in a geographically proximate population time-sampled continuously for three months after the September 11th, 2001 terrorist incidents. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 20 (2), 129–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, R. P. (2002). The long-term mental health effects of nuclear trauma in recent Russian immigrants in the United States. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72 (4), 492–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, R. P., & Goldstein, M. F. (2007). Chernobyl disaster sequelae in recent immigrants to the United States from the Former Soviet Union (FSU). Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 9 (2), 115–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, B., Dewart, T., Schmeidler, J., & Demirjian, A. (2006). The impact of 9/11 on New York City’s substance abuse treatment programs: A study of program administrators. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25 (1), 5–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frasier, P. Y., Belton, L., Hooten, E., Campbell, M. K., DeVellis, B., Benedict, S., et al. (2004). Disaster down east: Using participatory action research to explore intimate partner violence in eastern North Carolina. Health Education & Behavior, 31 (Suppl. 4), 69–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freese, J., Richmond, N. J., Silverman, R. A., Braun, J., Kaufman, B. J., & Clair, J. (2006). Impact of a citywide blackout on an urban emergency medical services system. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 21 (6), 372–378.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaher, R. M., Simons, J. S., Jacobs, G. A., Meyer, D., & Johnson-Jimenez, E. (2006). Coping motives and trait negative affect: Testing mediation and moderation models of alcohol problems among American Red Cross disaster workers who responded to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Addictive Behaviors, 31 (8), 1319–1330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gautschi, O. P., Cadosch, D., Rajan, G., & Zellweger, R. (2008). Earthquakes and trauma: Review of triage and injury-specific, immediate care. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 23 (2), 195–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gewalli, F., & Fogdestam, I. (2003). Triage and initial treatment of burns in the Gothenburg Fire Disaster 1998: On-call plastic surgeons’ experiences and lessons learned. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 37 (3), 134–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaffari-Nejad, A., Ahmadi-Mousavi, M., Gandomkar, M., & Reihani-Kermani, H. (2007). The prevalence of complicated grief among Bam earthquake survivors in Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 10 (4), 525–528.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, R. I., & Zack, M. M., Jr. (1979). Increase in deaths from ischaemic heart-disease after blizzards. Lancet, 1 (8114), 485–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, S. A., Busch, M. P., Schreiber, G. B., Murphy, E. L., Wright, D. J., Tu, Y., et al. (2003). Effect of a national disaster on blood supply and safety: The September 11 experience. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289 (17), 2246–2253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goenjian, A. K., Molina, L., Steinberg, A. M., Fairbanks, L. A., Alvarez, M. L., Goenjian, H. A., et al. (2001). Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after Hurricane Mitch. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158 (5), 788–794.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grievink, L., van der Velden, P. G., Stellato, R. K., Dusseldorp, A., Gersons, B. P., Kleber, R. J., et al. (2007). A longitudinal comparative study of the physical and mental health problems of affected residents of the Firework Disaster Enschede, the Netherlands. Public Health, 121 (5), 367–374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, L. E., Mahoney, M. C., Lawvere, S., Chunikovskiy, S. P., Michalek, A. M., Khotianov, N., et al. (2005). Patterns of childhood mortality in a region of Belarus, 1980–2000. European Journal of Pediatrics, 164 (9), 544–551.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guha-Sapir, D., van Panhuis, W. G., & Lagoutte, J. (2007). Short communication: Patterns of chronic and acute diseases after natural disasters – a study from the international committee of the Red Cross field hospital in Banda Aceh after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 12 (11), 1338–1341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guidry, V. T., & Margolis, L. H. (2005). Unequal respiratory health risk: Using GIS to explore hurricane-related flooding of schools in eastern North Carolina. Environmental Research, 98 (3), 383–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gul, S., Ghaffar, H., Mirza, S., Fizza Tauqir, S., Murad, F., Ali, Q., et al. (2008). Multitasking a telemedicine training unit in earthquake disaster response: Paraplegic rehabilitation assessment. Telemedicine Journal and e-Health, 14 (3), 280–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guzman-Tapia, Y., Ramirez-Sierra, M. J., Escobedo-Ortegon, J., & Dumonteil, E. (2005). Effect of Hurricane Isidore on triatoma dimidiata distribution and Chagas disease transmission risk in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73 (6), 1019–1025.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hashizume, M., Kondo, H., Murakami, T., Kodama, M., Nakahara, S., Lucas, M. E., et al. (2006). Use of rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in an emergency situation after the flood disaster in Mozambique. Public Health, 120 (5), 444–447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, W. (2001). Fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear disaster and congenital malformations in Europe. Archives of Environmental Health, 56 (6), 478–484.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., & Mandell, D. J. (2003). Children’s mental health after disasters: The impact of the World Trade Center attack. Current Psychiatry Reports, 5 (2), 101–107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huizink, A. C., Slottje, P., Witteveen, A. B., Bijlsma, J. A., Twisk, J. W., Smidt, N., et al. (2006). Long term health complaints following the Amsterdam Air Disaster in police officers and fire-fighters. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63 (10), 657–662.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyre, A. D., Cohen, A. J., Kutner, N., Alper, A. B., & Muntner, P. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder among hemodialysis patients following Hurricane Katrina. American Journal of Kidney Disease, 50 (4), 585–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivers, L. C., & Ryan, E. T. (2006). Infectious diseases of severe weather-related and flood-related natural disasters. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, 19 (5), 408–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jayatissa, R., Bekele, A., Piyasena, C. L., & Mahamithawa, S. (2006). Assessment of nutritional status of children under five years of age, pregnant women, and lactating women living in relief camps after the tsunami in Sri Lanka. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 27 (2), 144–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeremijenko, A., McLaws, M. L., & Kosasih, H. (2007). A tsunami related tetanus epidemic in Aceh, Indonesia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 19 Spec No, 40–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. J., & Travis, A. R. (2006). Trimodal death and the injuries of survivors in Krabi Province, Thailand, post-tsunami. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 76 (5), 288–289.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, N. N., Hoge, C. W., Tobler, S. K., Wells, J., Dydek, G. J., & Egerton, W. E. (2004). Mental health impact of 9/11 Pentagon attack: Validation of a rapid assessment tool. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 26 (4), 284–293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalebi, A. Y., & Olumbe, A. K. (2006). Forensic findings from the Nairobi U.S. Embassy terrorist bombing. East African Medical Journal, 83 (7), 380–388.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keenan, H. T., Marshall, S. W., Nocera, M. A., & Runyan, D. K. (2004). Increased incidence of inflicted traumatic brain injury in children after a natural disaster. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 26 (3), 189–193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, S., & Laplante, D. P. (2005). The effects of prenatal maternal stress on children’s cognitive development: Project ice storm. Stress, 8 (1), 35–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirigia, J. M., Sambo, L. G., Aldis, W., & Mwabu, G. M. (2002). The burden of natural and technological disaster-related mortality on gross domestic product (GDP) in the WHO African region. African Journal of Health Sciences, 9 (3–4), 169–180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kissinger, P., Schmidt, N., Sanders, C., & Liddon, N. (2007). The effect of the Hurricane Katrina disaster on sexual behavior and access to reproductive care for young women in New Orleans. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 34 (11), 883–886.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, B. G., Gatz, M., Heller, K., & Bengtson, V. L. (2000). Age and emotional response to the Northridge earthquake: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15 (4), 627–634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, H., Seo, N., Yasuda, T., Hasizume, M., Koido, Y., Ninomiya, N., et al. (2002). Post-flood–infectious diseases in Mozambique. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 17 (3), 126–133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ladona, M. G., Izquierdo-Martinez, M., Posada de la Paz, M. P., de la Torre, R., Ampurdanes, C., Segura, J., et al. (2001). Pharmacogenetic profile of xenobiotic enzyme metabolism in survivors of the Spanish toxic oil syndrome. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109 (4), 369–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larrance, R., Anastario, M., & Lawry, L. (2007). Health status among internally displaced persons in Louisiana and Mississippi travel trailer parks. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 49 (5), 590–601, 601, e1–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leor, J., Poole, W. K., & Kloner, R. A. (1996). Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake. The New England Journal of Medicine, 334 (7), 413–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ligon, B. L. (2006). Infectious diseases that pose specific challenges after natural disasters: A review. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 17 (1), 36–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llewellyn, M. (2006). Floods and tsunamis. The Surgical Clinics of North America, 86 (3), 557–578.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loganovsky, K., Havenaar, J. M., Tintle, N. L., Guey, L. T., Kotov, R., & Bromet, E. J. (2008). The mental health of clean-up workers 18 years after the Chernobyl accident. Psychological Medicine, 38 (4), 481–488.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loveridge, B. W., Henner, J. R., & Lee, F. C. (2003). Accurate clinical diagnosis of malaria in a postflood epidemic: A field study in Mozambique. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 14 (1), 17–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maegele, M., Gregor, S., Steinhausen, E., Bouillon, B., Heiss, M. M., Perbix, W., et al. (2005). The long-distance tertiary air transfer and care of tsunami victims: Injury pattern and microbiological and psychological aspects. Critical Care Medicine, 33 (5), 1136–1140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maegele, M., Gregor, S., Yuecel, N., Simanski, C., Paffrath, T., Rixen, D., et al. (2006). One year ago not business as usual: Wound management, infection and psychoemotional control during tertiary medical care following the 2004 Tsunami Disaster in Southeast Asia. Critical Care, 10 (2), R50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mallonee, S., Shariat, S., Stennies, G., Waxweiler, R., Hogan, D., & Jordan, F. (1996). Physical injuries and fatalities resulting from the Oklahoma City bombing. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 276 (5), 382–387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauer, M. P., Cummings, K. R., & Carlson, G. A. (2007). Health effects in New York state personnel who responded to the World Trade Center Disaster. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49 (11), 1197–1205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCredie, J., & Willert, H. G. (1999). Longitudinal limb deficiencies and the sclerotomes. An analysis of 378 dysmelic malformations induced by thalidomide. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery British Volume, 81 (1), 9–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meislin, H., Criss, E. A., Judkins, D., Berger, R., Conroy, C., Parks, B., et al. (1997). Fatal trauma: The modal distribution of time to death is a function of patient demographics and regional resources. The Journal of Trauma, 43 (3), 433–440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mettler, F. A., Jr, Gus’kova, A. K., & Gusev, I. (2007). Health effects in those with acute radiation sickness from the Chernobyl accident. Health Physics, 93 (5), 462–469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, H. J. (2003). The Kaprun cable car fire disaster – aspects of forensic organisation following a mass fatality with 155 victims. Forensic Science International, 138 (1–3), 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mocarelli, P., Gerthoux, P. M., Ferrari, E., Patterson, D. G., Jr, Kieszak, S. M., Brambilla, P., et al. (2000). Paternal concentrations of dioxin and sex ratio of offspring. Lancet, 355 (9218), 1858–1863.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, O. (2004). Infectious disease risks from dead bodies following natural disasters. Pan American Journal of Public Health, 15 (5), 307–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, O., Ahern, M., & Cairncross, S. (2005). Revisiting the tsunami: Health consequences of flooding. PLoS Medicine, 2 (6), e184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morren, M., Dirkzwager, A. J., Kessels, F. J., & Yzermans, C. J. (2007). The influence of a disaster on the health of rescue workers: A longitudinal study. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 176 (9), 1279–1283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Movaghar, A. R., Goodarzi, R. R., Izadian, E., Mohammadi, M. R., Hosseini, M., & Vazirian, M. (2005). The impact of Bam earthquake on substance users in the first 2 weeks: A rapid assessment. Journal of Urban Health, 82 (3), 370–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nandi, A., Galea, S., Tracy, M., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Gershon, R., et al. (2004). Job loss, unemployment, work stress, job satisfaction, and the persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder one year after the September 11 attacks. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46 (10), 1057–1064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38 (4), 467–480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, R., Hoek, H. W., & Susser, E. (1999). Prenatal exposure to wartime famine and development of antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 282 (5), 455–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikiori, N., Abe, T., Costa, D. G., Dharmaratne, S. D., Kunii, O., & Moji, K. (2006a). Timing of mortality among internally displaced persons due to the tsunami in Sri Lanka: Cross sectional household survey. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Edition, 332 (7537), 334–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikiori, N., Abe, T., Costa, D. G., Dharmaratne, S. D., Kunii, O., & Moji, K. (2006b). Who died as a result of the tsunami? Risk factors of mortality among internally displaced persons in Sri Lanka: A retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Public Health, 6, 73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishiwaki, Y., Maekawa, K., Ogawa, Y., Asukai, N., Minami, M., Omae, K., et al. (2001). Effects of sarin on the nervous system in rescue team staff members and police officers 3 years after the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109 (11), 1169–1173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H., Baker, C. K., Murphy, A. D., & Kaniasty, K. (2005). Social support mobilization and deterioration after Mexico’s 1999 flood: Effects of context, gender, and time. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36 (1–2), 15–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981–2001. Psychiatry, 65 (3), 207–239.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • North, C. S., McCutcheon, V., Spitznagel, E. L., & Smith, E. M. (2002). Three-year follow-up of survivors of a mass shooting episode. Journal of Urban Health, 79 (3), 383–391.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • North, C. S., Pfefferbaum, B., Narayanan, P., Thielman, S., McCoy, G., Dumont, C., et al. (2005). Comparison of post-disaster psychiatric disorders after terrorist bombings in Nairobi and Oklahoma City. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 487–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nufer, K. E., & Wilson-Ramirez, G. (2004). A comparison of patient needs following two hurricanes. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 19 (2), 146–149.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Odhiambo, W. A., Guthua, S. W., Macigo, F. G., & Akama, M. K. (2002). Maxillofacial injuries caused by terrorist bomb attack in Nairobi, Kenya. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 31 (4), 374–377.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Keefe Gatewood, M., & Zane, R. D. (2004). Lightning injuries. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 22(2), 369–403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olff, M., Meewisse, M. L., Kleber, R. J., van der Velden, P. G., Drogendijk, A. N., van Amsterdam, J. G., et al. (2006). Tobacco usage interacts with postdisaster psychopathology on circadian salivary cortisol. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 59 (3), 251–258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129 (1), 52–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parslow, R. A., & Jorm, A. F. (2006). Tobacco use after experiencing a major natural disaster: Analysis of a longitudinal study of 2063 young adults. Addiction, 101 (7), 1044–1050.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parslow, R. A., Jorm, A. F., & Christensen, H. (2006). Associations of pre-trauma attributes and trauma exposure with screening positive for PTSD: Analysis of a community-based study of 2,085 young adults. Psychological Medicine, 36 (3), 387–395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peleg, K., Reuveni, H., & Stein, M. (2002). Earthquake disasters – lessons to be learned. The Israel Medical Association Journal, 4 (5), 361–365.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Person, C., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2006). Risk factors for depression after a disaster. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194 (9), 659–666.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pesatori, A. C., Consonni, D., Bachetti, S., Zocchetti, C., Bonzini, M., Baccarelli, A., et al. (2003). Short- and long-term morbidity and mortality in the population exposed to dioxin after the “Seveso Accident”. Industrial Health, 41 (3), 127–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, B., & Doughty, D. E. (2001). Increased alcohol use in a treatment sample of Oklahoma City bombing victims. Psychiatry, 64 (4), 296–303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, B., North, C. S., Pfefferbaum, R. L., Christiansen, E. H., Schorr, J. K., Vincent, R. D., et al. (2008). Change in smoking and drinking after September 11, 2001, in a national sample of ever smokers and ever drinkers. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196 (2), 113–121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, B., Stuber, J., Galea, S., & Fairbrother, G. (2006). Panic reactions to terrorist attacks and probable posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19 (2), 217–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum, B., Vinekar, S. S., Trautman, R. P., Lensgraf, S. J., Reddy, C., Patel, N., et al. (2002). The effect of loss and trauma on substance use behavior in individuals seeking support services after the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 14 (2), 89–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahu, M., Tekkel, M., Veidebaum, T., Pukkala, E., Hakulinen, T., Auvinen, A., et al. (1997). The Estonian study of Chernobyl cleanup workers: II. Incidence of cancer and mortality. Radiation Research, 147 (5), 653–657.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rathore, M. F., Rashid, P., Butt, A. W., Malik, A. A., Gill, Z. A., & Haig, A. J. (2007). Epidemiology of spinal cord injuries in the 2005 Pakistan earthquake. Spinal Cord, 45 (10), 658–663.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reijneveld, S. A., Crone, M. R., Schuller, A. A., Verhulst, F. C., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2005). The changing impact of a severe disaster on the mental health and substance misuse of adolescents: Follow-up of a controlled study. Psychological Medicine, 35 (3), 367–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reijneveld, S. A., Crone, M. R., Verhulst, F. C., & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2003). The effect of a severe disaster on the mental health of adolescents: A controlled study. Lancet, 362 (9385), 691–696.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Remennick, L. I. (2002). Immigrants from Chernobyl-affected areas in Israel: The link between health and social adjustment. Social Science & Medicine, 54 (2), 309–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roseboom, T. J., van der Meulen, J. H., Ravelli, A. C., Osmond, C., Barker, D. J., & Bleker, O. P. (2001). Effects of prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine on adult disease in later life: An overview. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 185 (1–2), 93–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sauaia, A., Moore, F. A., Moore, E. E., Moser, K. S., Brennan, R., Read, R. A., et al. (1995). Epidemiology of trauma deaths: A reassessment. The Journal of Trauma, 38 (2), 185–193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, C. H., Koenig, K. L., & Lewis, R. J. (2007). Decision making in hospital earthquake evacuation: Does distance from the epicenter matter? Annals of Emergency Medicine, 50 (3), 320–326.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selten, J. P., van der Graaf, Y., van Duursen, R., Gispen-de Wied, C. C., & Kahn, R. S. (1999). Psychotic illness after prenatal exposure to the 1953 Dutch Flood Disaster. Schizophrenia Research, 35 (3), 243–245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sepehri, G., & Meimandi, M. S. (2006). Pattern of drug prescription and utilization among Bam residents during the first six months after the 2003 Bam earthquake. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 21 (6), 396–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sever, M. S., Erek, E., Vanholder, R., Ozener, C., Yavuz, M., Kayacan, S. M., et al. (2002). Lessons learned from the Marmara Disaster: Time period under the rubble. Critical Care Medicine, 30 (11), 2443–2449.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shoaf, K. I., Sareen, H. R., Nguyen, L. H., & Bourque, L. B. (1998). Injuries as a result of California earthquakes in the past decade. Disasters, 22 (3), 218–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, J. S., Gaher, R. M., Jacobs, G. A., Meyer, D., & Johnson-Jimenez, E. (2005). Associations between alcohol use and PTSD symptoms among American Red Cross disaster relief workers responding to the 9/11/2001 attacks. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31 (2), 285–304.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skloot, G., Goldman, M., Fischler, D., Goldman, C., Schechter, C., Levin, S., et al. (2004). Respiratory symptoms and physiologic assessment of ironworkers at the World Trade Center Disaster Site. Chest, 125 (4), 1248–1255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slottje, P., Smidt, N., Twisk, J. W., Huizink, A. C., Witteveen, A. B., van Mechelen, W., et al. (2006). Attribution of physical complaints to the air disaster in Amsterdam by exposed rescue workers: An epidemiological study using historic cohorts. BMC Public Health, 6, 142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slottje, P., Twisk, J. W., Smidt, N., Huizink, A. C., Witteveen, A. B., van Mechelen, W., et al. (2007). Health-related quality of life of firefighters and police officers 8.5 years after the air disaster in Amsterdam. Quality of Life Research, 16 (2), 239–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slottje, P., Witteveen, A. B., Twisk, J. W., Smidt, N., Huizink, A. C., van Mechelen, W., et al. (2008). Post-disaster physical symptoms of firefighters and police officers: Role of types of exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13 (Pt 2), 327–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. W., Christiansen, E. H., Vincent, R., & Hann, N. E. (1999). Population effects of the bombing of Oklahoma City. The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association, 92 (4), 193–198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sniffen, J. C., Cooper, T. W., Johnson, D., Blackmore, C., Patel, P., Harduar-Morano, L., et al. (2005). Carbon monoxide poisoning from hurricane-associated use of portable generators – Florida, 2004. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 54 (28), 697–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soeteman, R. J., Yzermans, C. J., Kerssens, J. J., Dirkzwager, A. J., Donker, G. A., ten Veen, P. M., et al. (2007). Health problems presented to family practices in the Netherlands 1 year before and 1 year after a disaster. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 20 (6), 548–556.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sonmezoglu, M., Kocak, N., Oncul, O., Ozbayburtlu, S., Hepgul, Z., Kosan, E., et al. (2005). Effects of a major earthquake on blood donor types and infectious diseases marker rates. Transfusion Medicine, 15 (2), 93–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spiess, H. (2002). Peteosthor – a medical disaster due to radium-224A personal recollection. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, 41 (3), 163–172.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spinhoven, P., & Verschuur, M. (2006). Predictors of fatigue in rescue workers and residents in the aftermath of an aviation disaster: A longitudinal study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68 (4), 605–612.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stalnikowicz, R., & Tsafrir, A. (2002). Acute psychosocial stress and cardiovascular events. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 20 (5), 488–491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stratton, S. J., & Tyler, R. D. (2006). Characteristics of medical surge capacity demand for sudden-impact disasters. Academic Emergency Medicine, 13 (11), 1193–1197.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stuber, J., Galea, S., Pfefferbaum, B., Vandivere, S., Moore, K., & Fairbrother, G. (2005). Behavior problems in New York City’s children after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75 (2), 190–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sur, D., Dutta, P., Nair, G. B., & Bhattacharya, S. K. (2000). Severe cholera outbreak following floods in a northern district of west Bengal. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 112, 178–182.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, H., Oda, J., Iwai, A., Kuwagata, Y., Matsuoka, T., Takaoka, M., et al. (1999). Morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients after the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17 (2), 186–191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tao, X. G., Massa, J., Ashwell, L., Davis, K., Schwab, M., & Geyh, A. (2007). The World Trade Center clean up and recovery worker cohort study: Respiratory health amongst cleanup workers approximately 20 months after initial exposure at the disaster site. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49 (10), 1063–1072.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taormina, D. P., Rozenblatt, S., Guey, L. T., Gluzman, S. F., Carlson, G. A., Havenaar, J. M., et al. (2008). The Chernobyl accident and cognitive functioning: A follow-up study of infant evacuees at age 19 years. Psychological Medicine, 38 (4), 489–497.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tauqir, S. F., Mirza, S., Gul, S., Ghaffar, H., & Zafar, A. (2007). Complications in patients with spinal cord injuries sustained in an earthquake in northern Pakistan. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 30 (4), 373–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teague, D. C. (2004). Mass casualties in the Oklahoma City bombing. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, 422, 77–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. R. (2006). Psychiatric sequelae of disasters. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 27 (5), 600–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, B. (2006). Infection control and Hurricane Katrina. What nurses can learn in the aftermath of the disaster. The American Journal of Nursing, 106 (3), 29–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trichopoulos, D., Katsouyanni, K., Zavitsanos, X., Tzonou, A., & Dalla-Vorgia, P. (1983). Psychological stress and fatal heart attack: The Athens (1981) earthquake natural experiment. Lancet, 1 (8322), 441–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trout, D., Nimgade, A., Mueller, C., Hall, R., & Earnest, G. S. (2002). Health effects and occupational exposures among office workers near the World Trade Center Disaster site. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44 (7), 601–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, P. M., Pfefferbaum, B., North, C. S., Kent, A., Burgin, C. E., Parker, D. E., et al. (2007). Physiologic reactivity despite emotional resilience several years after direct exposure to terrorism. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164 (2), 230–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, K. A. (2006). The impact of support received and support provision on changes in perceived social support among older adults. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 62 (1), 21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uckay, I., Sax, H., Harbarth, S., Bernard, L., & Pittet, D. (2008). Multi-resistant infections in repatriated patients after natural disasters: Lessons learned from the 2004 Tsunami for hospital infection control. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 68 (1), 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg, B., Grievink, L., Stellato, R. K., Yzermans, C. J., & Lebret, E. (2005). Symptoms and related functioning in a traumatized community. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165 (20), 2402–2407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg, B., Grievink, L., van der Velden, P. G., Yzermans, C. J., Stellato, R. K., Lebret, E., et al. (2008). Risk factors for physical symptoms after a disaster: A longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine, 38 (4), 499–510.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg, B., van der Velden, P. G., Yzermans, C. J., Stellato, R. K., & Grievink, L. (2006). Health-related quality of life and mental health problems after a disaster: Are chronically ill survivors more vulnerable to health problems? Quality of Life Research, 15 (10), 1571–1576.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berg, B., Yzermans, C. J., van der Velden, P. G., Stellato, R. K., Lebret, E., & Grievink, L. (2007). Are physical symptoms among survivors of a disaster presented to the general practitioner? A comparison between self-reports and GP data. BMC Health Services Research, 7, 150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Velden, P. G., Grievink, L., Kleber, R. J., Drogendijk, A. N., Roskam, A. J., Marcelissen, F. G., et al. (2006). Post-disaster mental health problems and the utilization of mental health services: A four-year longitudinal comparative study. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 33 (3), 279–288.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Velden, P. G., Kleber, R. J., Fournier, M., Grievink, L., Drogendijk, A., & Gersons, B. P. (2007). The association between dispositional optimism and mental health problems among disaster victims and a comparison group: A prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 102 (1–3), 35–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Velden, P. G., Yzermans, C. J., Kleber, R. J., & Gersons, B. P. (2007). Correlates of mental health services utilization 18 months and almost 4 years postdisaster among adults with mental health problems. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20 (6), 1029–1039.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Harten, S. M., Bierens, J. J., Welling, L., Patka, P., Kreis, R. W., & Boers, M. (2006). The Volendam fire: Lessons learned from disaster research. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 21 (5), 303–309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vetter, S., Rossegger, A., Rossler, W., Bisson, J. I., & Endrass, J. (2008). Exposure to the Tsunami Disaster, PTSD symptoms and increased substance use – an internet based survey of male and female residents of Switzerland. BMC Public Health, 8, 92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Rudenstine, S., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., et al. (2006). Alcohol drinking problems among New York City residents after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Substance Use & Misuse, 41 (9), 1295–1311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Boscarino, J. A., Bucuvalas, M., et al. (2002). Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan, New York, residents after the September 11 terrorist attacks. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155 (11), 988–996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X., Gao, L., Zhang, H., Zhao, C., Shen, Y., & Shinfuku, N. (2000). Post-earthquake quality of life and psychological well-being: Longitudinal evaluation in a rural community sample in northern China. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 54 (4), 427–433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. T., Gayer, M., & Connolly, M. A. (2007). Epidemics after natural disasters. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13 (1), 1–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wayment, H. A. (2004). It could have been me: Vicarious victims and disaster-focused distress. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30 (4), 515–528.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, C. K., Henker, B., King, P. S., Jamner, L. D., & Levine, L. (2004). Adolescents react to the events of September 11, 2001: Focused versus ambient impact. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32 (1), 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zichittella, L. J., Mahoney, M. C., Lawvere, S., Michalek, A. M., Chunikhovskiy, S. P., & Khotianov, N. (2004). Infant mortality trends in a region of Belarus, 1980–2000. BMC Pediatrics, 4, 3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health Center for Global Health, University of Michigan, 109 Observatory Street, Room 3663, 48109-2029, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Jennifer Johnson

  2. School of Public Health, Institute for Social Research, and Center for Global Health, University of Michigan, 48109-2029, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Sandro Galea

Authors
  1. Jennifer Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sandro Galea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sandro Galea .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and permissions

    Copyright information

    © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

    About this chapter

    Cite this chapter

    Johnson, J., Galea, S. (2009). Disasters and Population Health. In: Cherry, K. (eds) Lifespan Perspectives on Natural Disasters. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0393-8_14

    Download citation

    Publish with us

    Policies and ethics

    Search

    Navigation