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Balancing Cooperation and Competition in Callitrichid Primates: Examining the Relative Risk of Infanticide Across Species

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The Smallest Anthropoids

Abstract

At least eight cases of infanticide by females other than the mother have been observed in wild groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), with several more cases described for captive groups. Infanticide by females other than the mother has not, however, been documented for wild groups of other callitrichid species. Why might such overt aggression toward infants be more likely in one species than in others? In the common marmoset, a variety of social, reproductive and ecological characteristics – including short inter-birth intervals (and the resulting potential for overlap of pregnancies and births), habitat saturation, small home ranges, and low cost of infant care (including decreased travel costs and short dependency periods compared to other callitrichids) – may contribute to an increased likelihood of two breeding females being present in a group, which in turn may give rise to the potential for competition between breeding females and, ultimately, to infanticide. These conditions are less common in wild groups of most other callitrichid species. All callitrichids balance the need for cooperative care of young with the reproductive competition that results from limited reproductive opportunities; however, ecological and social conditions appear to tip the balance toward infanticide more frequently in common marmosets than in other callitrichid species.

Resumen

Al menos ocho casos de infanticidio por hembras distintas a la madre han sido observados en grupos silvestres de marmosetas comunes (Callithrix jacchus), con muchos más casos descritos para grupos cautivos. Sin embargo, infanticidio por hembras distintas a la madre no ha sido documentado en grupos silvestres de otras especies de calitrícidos ¿Porqué podría la agresión tan evidente hacia infantes ser más probable en una especie que en otras? En las marmosetas comunes, una variedad de características sociales, reproductivas y ecológicas – incluyendo intervalos cortos entre nacimientos (y el resultado potencial de traslape de embarazos y nacimientos), la saturación del hábitat, ámbitos hogareños pequeños y bajo costo de cuidado infantil (incluyendo disminución de costos de viaje y períodos cortos de dependencia comparados con otros calitrícidos) – pueden contribuir al aumento de la posibilidad de que dos hembras reproductoras se presenten en un grupo, lo cual aumenta el potencial para competencia entre la hembras reproductoras y, ultimadamente, a cometer infanticidio. Dichas condiciones son menos comunes en los grupos silvestres de otras especies calitrícidos. Todos los calitrícidos equilibran la necesidad de cuidado cooperativo de los jóvenes con la competencia reproductiva que resulta de oportunidades reproductivas limitadas; no obstante, las condiciones ecológicas y sociales parecen inclinar la balanza hacia el infanticidio con más frecuencia en las marmosetas comunes que en otras especies de calitrícidos.

Resumo

Pelo menos oito casos de infanticídio realizados por fêmeas que não as mães foram observados em grupos de sagüi comum selvagens (Callithrix jacchus), com vários outros casos sendo descritos para grupos vivendo em cativeiro. Entretanto, infanticídios por fêmeas que não as mães não têm sido bem documentados em grupos selvagens de outras espécies de calitriquídeos. Por que esta agressão em relação aos infantes é mais comum em uma espécie do que em outras? Em sagüi comum, uma variedade de características sociais, reprodutivas e ecológicas – incluindo o intervalo curto entre nascimentos (e o resultante potencial de sobreposição de gestações e nascimentos) saturação de habitat, áreas de uso pequenas e baixo custo do cuidado parental (incluindo diminuição no custo do deslocamento e o período de dependência curto comparado com outros calitriquídeos) – podem contribuir para o aumento da probabilidade de duas fêmeas reprodutoras estarem presentes em um mesmo grupo, que por sua vez favorece o surgimento de competição potencial entre as fêmeas reprodutoras e, eventualmente, o infanticídio. Estas condições são menos comuns em grupos selvagens da maioria das demais espécies de calitriquídeos. Todos os calitriquídeos fazem o balanço entre a necessidade de cuidado cooperativo dos infantes e a competição reprodutiva que resulta das oportunidades limitadas de reprodução; entretanto, as condições ecológicas e sociais parecem inclinar a balança em relação ao infanticídio mais frequentemente em sagüis comuns do que em outras espécies de calitriquídeos.

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Digby, L., Saltzman, W. (2009). Balancing Cooperation and Competition in Callitrichid Primates: Examining the Relative Risk of Infanticide Across Species. In: Ford, S., Porter, L., Davis, L. (eds) The Smallest Anthropoids. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0293-1_7

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