As a result of a number of systematic surveys to detect or enumerate ESM and PPM in water and soil throughout the world, it has been possible to identify those habitats that harbour the highest numbers of ESM and PPM. It would be expected that those sources should be linked to the highest frequencies of disease, provided that there are routes for human or animal transmission.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbes C, Parent LE, Karam A (1993) Ammonia Sorption by Peat and N-Fractionation in Some Peat-Ammonia Systems. Fertilizer Res. 36:249–257
Abdullin K, Morozovskii KK, Kiriliuk DA, Pavlova IP (1969) [Survival of avian tuberculosis mycobacteria in feed grain]. Veterinariia. 46:102–105
Ancusa M, Terbancea W (1970) [Occurrence of tuberculosis bacteria in streams]. Z. Gesamte Hyg. 16:913–916
Andersen AA (1958) New sampler for the collection, sizing, and enumeration of viable airborne particles. J. Bacteriol. 76:471–484
Andersson MA, Nikulin M, Koljalg U, Andersson MC, Rainey F, Reijula K, Hintikka EL, SalkinojaSalonen M (1997) Bacteria, molds, and toxins in water-damaged building materials. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:387–393
Argueta C, Yoder S, Holtzman AE, Aronson TW, Glover N, Berlin OG, Stelma GN, Jr., Froman S, Tomasek P (2000) Isolation and identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria from foods as possible exposure sources. J. Food Prot. 63:930–933
Asadi-Pooya AA, Pnjehshahin MR, Beheshti S (2003) The antimycobacterial effect of honey: an in vitro study. Riv. Biol. 96:491–495
Aubuchon C, Hill JJ, Jr., Graham DR (1986) Atypical mycobacterial infection of soft tissue associated with use of a hot tub. A case report. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 68:766–768
Ayele WY, Neill SD, Zinsstag J, Weiss MG, Pavlik I (2004) Bovine tuberculosis: an old disease but a new threat to Africa. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 8:924–937
Baker MG, Lopez LD, Cannon MC, de Lisle GW, Collins DM (2006) Continuing Mycobacterium bovis transmission from animals to humans in New Zealand. Epidemiol. Infect. 134:1068–1073
Bartos M, Hlozek P, Svastova P, Dvorska L, Bull T, Matlova L, Parmova I, Kuhn I, Stubbs J, Moravkova M, Kintr J, Beran V, Melicharek I, Ocepek M, Pavlik I (2006) Identification of members of Mycobacterium avium species by Accu-Probes, serotyping, and single IS900, IS901, IS1245 and IS901-flanking region PCR with internal standards. J. Microbiol. Methods. 64:333–345
Beattie VE, Walker N, Sneddon IA (1998) Preference testing of substrates by growing pigs. Anim. Welfare. 7:27–34
Bedrynska-Dobek M (1966) Investigations of sewage sediment and water from the pond Starorzecze-Naramowice for the presence of tubercle bacilli. Pol. Med. J. 5:1058–1064
Beer AM, Grozeva A, Sagorchev P, Lukanov J (2003a) Comparative study of the thermal properties of mud and peat solutions applied in clinical practice. Biomed. Tech. (Berl). 48:301–305
Beer AM, Junginger HE, Lukanov J, Sagorchev P (2003b) Evaluation of the permeation of peat substances through human skin in vitro. Int. J. Pharm. 253:169–175
Beer AM, Lukanov J, Sagorchev P (2000) The influence of fulvic and ulmic acids from peat, on the spontaneous contractile activity of smooth muscles. Phytomedicine. 7:407–415
Beer AM, Sagorchev P, Lukanov J (2002) Isolation of biologically active fractions from the water soluble components of fulvic and ulmic acids from peat. Phytomedicine. 9: 659–666
Beerwerth W (1971) [Mycobacterial soil flora in the course of the seasons]. Prax. Pneumol. 25:661–668
Beerwerth W (1973) [The use of natural substrates as culture media for mycobacteria]. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 53:355–360
Beerwerth W, Kessel U (1976) [Mycobacteria in the environment of man and animal (proceedings)]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. [Orig. A]. 235:177–183
Beerwerth W, Schurmann J (1969) [Contribution to the ecology of mycobacteria]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. [Orig.]. 211: 58–69
Bejsovec J (1962) Spreading of helminths’ germs by passage through the intestinal tract of adequate carriers (in Czech). Cs. Parasitol. 9:95–109
Bellometti S, Giannini S, Sartori L, Crepaldi G (1997) Cytokine levels in osteoarthrosis patients undergoing mud bath therapy. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res. 17:149–153
Bennett SN, Peterson DE, Johnson DR, Hall WN, Robinson-Dunn B, Dietrich S (1994) Bronchoscopy-associated Mycobacterium xenopi pseudoinfections. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 150:245–250
Beran V, Havelkova M, Kaustova J, Dvorska L, Pavlik I (2006) Cell wall deficient forms of mycobacteria: a review. Veterinarni Medicina 51:365–389
Bercovier H, Vincent V (2001) Mycobacterial infections in domestic and wild animals due to Mycobacterium marinum, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, M. porcinum, M. farcinogenes, M. smegmatis, M. scrofulaceum, M. xenopi, M. kansasii, M. simiae and M. genavense. Rev. Sci. Tech. 20: 265–290
Bernstein DI, Lummus ZL, Santilli G, Siskosky J, Bernstein IL (1995) Machine Operators Lung - A Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Disorder Associated with Exposure to Metalworking Fluid Aerosols. Chest. 108:636–641
Besser RE, Pakiz B, Schulte JM, Alvarado S, Zell ER, Kenyon TA, Onorato IM (2001) Risk factors for positive mantoux tuberculin skin tests in children in San Diego, California: evidence for boosting and possible foodborne transmission. Pediatrics. 108:305–310
Blagodarnyi I, Vaksov VM (1972) [Epidemiological and epizootiological significance of effluents coming from antituberculous establishments]. Probl. Tuberk. 50:8–12
Body BA, Boyd JC (1988) Acid-fast staining of urine and gastric contents is an excellent indicator of mycobacterial disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137:1514–1515
Bohrerova Z, Linden KG (2006) Ultraviolet and chlorine disinfection of Mycobacterium in wastewater: effect of aggregation. Water Environ. Res. 78:565–571
Bonsu OA, Laing E, Akanmori BD (2000) Prevalence of tuberculosis in cattle in the Dangme-West district of Ghana, public health implications. Acta Trop. 76:9–14
Brooks OH (1971) Observations on outbreaks of Battey type mycobacteriosis in pigs raised on deep litter. Aust. Vet. J. 47:424–427
Brooks RW, George KL, Parker BC, Falkinham JO, III, Gruff H (1984) Recovery and survival of nontuberculous mycobacteria under various growth and decontamination conditions. Can. J. Microbiol. 30:1112–1117
Brown J, Tollison JW (1979) Influence of pork consumption on human infection with Mycobacterium avian-intracellulare. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:1144–1146
Bryan FL (1977) Diseases Transmitted by Foods Contaminated by Wastewater. J. Food Prot. 40:45–56
Buczowska Z (1965) Tubercle bacilli in the Sewage and in Sewage-receiving waters. Biul. Inst. Med. Morsk. Gdansk. 16:49–56
Buraczewski O, Osinski J (1966) Acid-fast bacilli in sewage. Pol. Med. J. 5:1065–1072
Burchfield SR, Elich MS, Woods SC (1977) Geophagia in Response to Stress and Arthritis. Physiol. Behav. 19:265–267
Carpenter TE, Hird DW (1986) Time-Series Analysis of Mycobacteriosis in California Slaughter Swine. Prev. Vet. Med.. 3:559–572
Carson LA, Bland LA, Cusick LB, Favero MS, Bolan GA, Reingold AL, Good RC (1988) Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in water supplies of hemodialysis centers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:3122–3125
Carter G, Wu M, Drummond DC, Bermudez LE (2003) Characterization of biofilm formation by clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium. J. Med. Microbiol. 52:747–752
Cavanagh HM, Hipwell M, Wilkinson JM (2003) Antibacterial activity of berry fruits used for culinary purposes. J. Med. Food. 6:57–61
Chan DKO, Chaw D, Lo CYY (1994) Management of the Sawdust Litter in the Pig-On-Litter System of Pig Waste Treatment. Resour. Conserv. Recy.. 11:51–72
Chanarin I, Stephenson E (1988) Vegetarian diet and cobalamin deficiency: their association with tuberculosis. J. Clin. Pathol. 41:759–762
Chapman JS (1971) The ecology of the a typical mycobacteria Arch. Environ. Health 22:41–46
Chapman JS, Bernard JS, Speight M (1965) Isolation of mycobacteria from raw milk. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 91:351–355
Charette R, Martineau GP, Pigeon C, Turcotte C, Higgins R (1989) An outbreak of granulomatous lymphadenitis due to Mycobacterium avium in swine. Can. Vet. J. 30:675–678
Chen SK, Vesley D, Brosseau LM, Vincent JH (1994) Evaluation of single-use masks and respirators for protection of health care workers against mycobacterial aerosols. Am. J. Infect. Control. 22:65–74
Cheung PY, Kinkle BK (2001) Mycobacterium diversity and pyrene mineralization in petroleum-contaminated soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2222–2229
Chiodini RJ (1989) Crohn Disease and the Mycobacterioses - A Review and Comparison of 2 Disease Entities. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2:90–117
Chiodini RJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Merkal RS (1984) Ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease): the current status and future prospects. Cornell Vet. 74:218–262
Choi JH, Kim YH, Joo DJ, Choi SJ, Ha TW, Lee DH, Park IH, Jeong YS (2003) Removal of ammonia by biofilters: a study with flow-modified system and kinetics. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 53:92–101
Chumkaew P, Karalai C, Ponglimanont C, Chantrapromma K (2003) Antimycobacterial activity of phorbol esters from the fruits of Sapium indicum. J. Nat. Prod. 66:540–543
Clark DL, Jr., Anderson JL, Koziczkowski JJ, Ellingson JL (2006) Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis genetic components in retail cheese curds purchased in Wisconsin and Minnesota by PCR. Mol. Cell Probes. 20:197–202
Codias EK, Reinhardt DJ (1979) Distribution of serotypes of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex in Georgia. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 119:965–970
Collins CH, Grange JM, Yates MD (1984) Mycobacteria in water. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 57:193–211
Collins CH, Yates MD (1984) Infection and colonisation by Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium xenopi: aerosols as a possible source? J. Infect. 8:178–179
Combourieu B, Besse P, Sancelme M, Veschambre H, Delort AM, Poupin P, Truffaut N (1998a) Morpholine degradation pathway of Mycobacterium aurum MO1: direct evidence of intermediates by in situ 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:153–158
Combourieu B, Poupin P, Besse P, Sancelme M, Veschambre H, Truffaut N, Delort AM (1998b) Thiomorpholine and morpholine oxidation by a cytochrome P450 in Mycobacterium aurum MO1. Evidence of the intermediates by in situ 1H NMR. Biodegradation. 9:433–442
Conlon CP, Banda HM, Luo NP, Namaambo MK, Perera CU, Sikweze J (1989) Faecal mycobacteria and their relationship to HIV-related enteritis in Lusaka, Zambia. AIDS. 3:539–541
Conn VM, Franco CM (2004) Analysis of the endophytic actinobacterial population in the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing of 16S rRNA clones. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:1787–1794
Cooney R, Kazda J, Quinn J, Cook B, Muller K, Monaghan M (1997) Environmental mycobacteria in Ireland as a source of non-specific sensitization to tuberculin. Irish Vet. J. 50:370–373
Corbett EL, Churchyard GJ, Clayton T, Herselman P, Williams B, Hayes R, Mulder D, De Cock KM (1999) Risk factors for pulmonary mycobacterial disease in South African gold miners. A case-control study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159:94–99
Corbett EL, Churchyard GJ, Clayton TC, Williams BG, Mulder D, Hayes RJ, De Cock KM (2000) HIV infection and silicosis: the impact of two potent risk factors on the incidence of mycobacterial disease in South African miners. AIDS. 14:2759–2768
Corner LA, Pearson CW (1979) Response of cattle to inoculation with atypical mycobacteria isolated from soil. Aust. Vet. J. 55:6–9
Cosivi O, Grange JM, Daborn CJ, Raviglione MC, Fujikura T, Cousins D, Robinson RA, Huchzermeyer HFAK, de Kantor I, Meslin FX (1998) Zoonotic tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in developing countries. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4:59–70
Cosivi O, Meslin FX, Daborn CJ, Grange JM (1995) Epidemiology of Mycobacterium-Bovis Infection in Animals and Humans, with Particular Reference to Africa. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l Office International des Epizooties. 14:733–746
Costallat LF, Pestana de Castro AF, Rodrigues AC, Rodrigues FM (1977) Examination of soils in the Campinas rural area for microorganisms of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex. Aust. Vet. J. 53:349–350
Covert TC, Rodgers MR, Reyes AL, Stelma GN, Jr. (1999) Occurrence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:2492–2496
Cowan HE, Falkinham JO, III (2001) A luciferase-based method for assessing chlorine-susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium. J. Microbiol. Methods. 46:209–215
Cronin GM, Schirmer BN, Mccallum TH, Smith JA, Butler KL (1993) The Effects of Providing Sawdust to Pre-Parturient Sows in Farrowing Crates on Sow Behavior, the Duration of Parturition and the Occurrence of Intra-Partum Stillborn Piglets. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 36:301–315
Cummings GH, Natarajan S, Dewitt CC, Gardner TL, Garces MC (2000) Mycobacterium thermoresistible recovered from a cutaneous lesion in an otherwise healthy individual. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31:816–817
Dailloux M, Morlot M, Sirbat C (1980) [Study of factors affecting presence of atypical Mycobacteria in water of a swimming pool (author’s transl)]. Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique. 28:299–306
Dalchow W (1988) Mycobacteriosis in pigs fed cereal waters (in German). Tietärztliche Umschau. 43:62–74
Damsker B, Bottone EJ (1985) Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare from the intestinal tracts of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: concepts regarding acquisition and pathogenesis. J. Infect. Dis. 151:179–181
Danilova AK, Naidenskii MS, Shpits IS, Plotinskii I (1968) [Zoohygienic assessment of various types of peat used for litter]. Veterinariia. 45:88–91
David HL, Jones WD, Jr., Newman CM (1971) Ultraviolet light inactivation and photoreactivation in the mycobacteria. Infect. Immun. 4:318–319
Dawson DJ, Armstrong JG, Blacklock ZM (1982) Mycobacterial cross-contamination of bronchoscopy specimens. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 126:1095–1097
De Groote MA, Pace NR, Fulton K, Falkinham JO, III (2006) Relationships between Mycobacterium isolates from patients with pulmonary mycobacterial infection and potting soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:7602–7606
Debacker M, Zinsou C, Aguiar J, Meyers WM, Portaels F (2003) First case of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) following a human bite. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36: e67-e68
Delaha EC, Garagusi VF (1985) Inhibition of mycobacteria by garlic extract (Allium sativum). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27:485–486
Diamond J, Bishop KD, Gilardi JD (1999) Geophagy in New Guinea birds. Ibis. 141:181–193
Dominy NJ, Davoust E, Minekus M (2004) Adaptive function of soil consumption: an in vitro study modeling the human stomach and small intestine. J. Exp. Biol. 207: 319–324
Donoghue HD, Overend E, Stanford JL (1997) A longitudinal study of environmental mycobacteria on a farm in south-west England. J. Appl. Microbiol. 82:57–67
Dudley DJ, Guentzel MN, Ibarra MJ, Moore BE, Sagik BP (1980) Enumeration of potentially pathogenic bacteria from sewage sludges. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39: 118–126
du Moulin GC, Stottmeier KD, Pelletier PA, Tsang AY, Hedley-Whyte J (1988) Concentration of Mycobacterium avium by hospital hot water systems. JAMA. 260:1599–1601
du Moulin GC, Stottmeier KD (1986) Waterborne mycobacteria: an increasing threat to health. ASM News. 52:525–529
Durborow RM (1999) Health and safety concerns in fisheries and aquaculture. Occup. Med.-State of the Art Reviews. 14:373–406
Durrling H, Ludewig F, Uhlemann J, Gericke R (1998) Peat as a source of Mycobacterium avium infection for pigs. Tierarztliche Umschau. 53:259–261
Dutkiewicz J (1994) Bacteria, Fungi, and Endotoxin As Potential Agents of Occupational Hazard in A Potato Processing Plant. Am. J. Ind. Med.. 25:43–46
Dutkiewicz J, Pomorski ZJH, Sitkowska J, Krysinskatraczyk E, Skorska C, Prazmo Z, Cholewa G, Wojtowicz H (1994) Airborne Microorganisms and Endotoxin in Animal Houses. Grana. 33:85–90
Dvorska L, Bartos M, Ostadal O, Kaustova J, Matlova L, Pavlik I (2002) IS1311 and IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses, serotypes, and drug susceptibilities of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates obtained from a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:3712–3719
Dvorska L, Matlova L, Ayele WY, Fischer OA, Amemori T, Weston RT, Alvarez J, Beran V, Moravkova M, Pavlik I (2007) Avian tuberculosis in naturally infected captive water birds of the Ardeideae and Threskiornithidae families studied by serotyping, IS901 RFLP typing, and virulence for poultry. Vet. Microbiol. 119:366–374
Dvorska L, Parmova I, Lavickova M, Bartl J, Vrbas V, Pavlik I (1999) Isolation of Rhodococcus equi and atypical mycobacteria from lymph nodes of pigs and cattle in herds with the occurrence of tuberculoid gross changes in the Czech Republic over the period of 1996–1998. Veterinarni Medicina 44: 321–330
Edwards LB, Acquaviva FA, Livesay VT, Cross FW, Palmer CE (1969) An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin, PPD-B, and histoplasmin in the United States. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 99:Suppl-132
Egamberdiyeva D, Hoflich G (2004) Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria on growth and nutrient uptake of cotton and pea in a semi-arid region of Uzbekistan. J. Arid Environ. 56:293–301
Eichelsdorfer D (1992) [Examination and evaluation of the hygiene status of natural peloids for human medical use]. Gesundheitswesen. 54:400–405
Eilertsen E (1969) Atypical mycobacteria and reservoir in water. Scand. J. Respir. Dis. Suppl. 69:85–88
Ellertsen LK, Wiker HG, Egeberg NT, Hetland G (2005) Allergic sensitisation in tuberculosis and leprosy patients. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 138:217–224
Embil JM, Warren CPW (1997) Pneumonitis due to Mycobacterium avium complex in hot tub water - Infection or hypersensitivity? Chest. 112:1713–1714
Emde KME, Chomyc SA, Finch GR (1992) Initial Investigation on the Occurrence of Mycobacterium Species in Swimming Pools. J. Environ. Health. 54:34–36
Engel HW, Berwald LG, Havelaar AH (1980) The occurrence of Mycobacterium kansasii in tapwater. Tubercle. 61: 21–26
Engel HW, Groothuis DG, Wouda W, Konig CD, Lendfers LH (1978) “Pig-compost” as a source of Mycobacterium avium infection in swine. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B. 25:373–382
Ermolenko ZM, Kholodenko VP, Chugunov VA, Zhirkova NA, Rasulova GE (1997) A mycobacterial strain isolated from the oil of the Ukhtinskoe oil field: Identification and degradative properties. Microbiology. 66:542–545
Falkinham JO, III (1996) Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 9:177–215
Falkinham JO (2003) The changing pattern of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Can. J. Infect. Dis. 14:281–286
Falkinham JO, III (2007) Growth in catheter biofilms and antibiotic resistance of Mycobacterium avium. J. Med. Microbiol. 56:250–254
Falkinham JO, III, George KL, Parker BC (1989) Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. VIII. Absence of mycobacteria in chicken litter. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139:1347–1349
Falkinham JO, Iseman MD, de Haas P, van Soolingen D (2008) Mycobacterium avium in a shower linked to pulmonary disease. J. Water Health. 6:209–213
Falkinham JO, III, Norton CD, LeChevallier MW (2001) Factors influencing numbers of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and other Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:1225–1231
Falkinham JO, III, Parker BC, Gruft H (1980) Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. I. Geographic distribution in the eastern United States. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 121:931–937
Ferreira R, Fonseca LS, Afonso AM, da Silva MG, Saad MH, Lilenbaum W (2006) A report of mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium marinum in bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). Vet. J. 171:177–180
Fertig S (1961) [Area irrigated with sewage. Its hygienic and sanitary evaluation. II. Examination of rodents from fields irrigated with sewage for the presence of tubercle bacilli.]. Acta Microbiol. Pol. 10:429–432
Fijan S, Koren S, Cencic A, Sostar-Turk S (2007) Antimicrobial disinfection effect of a laundering procedure for hospital textiles against various indicator bacteria and fungi using different substrates for simulating human excrements. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 57:251–257
Fine PE (1995) Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity. Lancet. 346: 1339–1345
Fischer O, Matlova L, Bartl J, Dvorska L, Melicharek I, Pavlik I (2000) Findings of mycobacteria in insectivores and small rodents. Folia Microbiol. (Praha). 45:147–152
Fischer OA, Matlova L, Bartl J, Dvorska L, Svastova P, du MR, Melicharek I, Bartos M, Pavlik I (2003a) Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and mycobacteria. Vet. Microbiol. 91:325–338
Fischer OA, Matlova L, Dvorska L, Svastova P, Pavlik I (2003b) Nymphs of the Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) as passive vectors of causal agents of avian tuberculosis and paratuberculosis. Med. Vet. Entomol. 17:145–150
Fischer OA, Matlova L, Dvorska L, Svastova P, Peral DL, Weston RT, Bartos M, Pavlik I (2004) Beetles as possible vectors of infections caused by Mycobacterium avium species. Vet. Microbiol. 102:247–255
Fodstad FH (1977) Tuberculin reactions in bulls and boars sensitized with atypical Mycobacteria from sawdust. Acta Vet. Scand. 18:374–383
Frahm H (1959) Die Lebensdauer pathogener Mikroben in Milch und Milcherzeugnissen insbesondere von Tuberkulosebakterien im Kase. Kieler Milchw. ForschBer. 11:333–339
Framstad T, Hed-Opp G, Rein KA (2001) The use of peat to prevent diarrhoea after weaning. Int. Pig Topics. 16 (3):7–9
Francis J (1973) Letter: Very small public health risk from flesh of tuberculous cattle. Aust. Vet. J. 49:496–497
Fuchs B, Orda J, Pres J, Muchowicz M (1995) The effect of feeding piglets up to the 100th day of their life with peat preparation on their growth and physiological and biochemical indices. Arch. Vet. Pol. 35:97–107
Fuchs V, Kuhnert M, Golbs S, Dedek W (1990) [The enteral absorption of iron (II) from humic acid-iron complexes in suckling piglets using radiolabeled iron (59Fe)]. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 97:208–209
Garcia MM, Brooks BW, Stewart RB, Dion W, Trudel JR, Ouwerkerk T (1987) Evaluation of gamma radiation levels for reducing pathogenic bacteria and fungi in animal sewage and laboratory effluents. Can. J. Vet. Res. 51:285–289
Garcia MM, McKay KA (1970) Pathogenic microorganisms in soil: an old problem in a new perspective. Can. J. Comp. Med. 34:105–110
Gawaad AAA, Heins B, Stein W (1997) Untersuchung uber die Attraktivwierkung von Lebensmitteln fur Fliegen (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Muscidae). Alimenta. 16: 49–52
Gaynor WT, Cousins DV, Friend JA (1990) Mycobacterial Infection in Numbats (Myrmecobius-Fasciatus). J. Zoo Wildlife Med. 21:476–479
Gebesh VV, Ianchenko VI, Sukhov IuA (1999) Kaopectate in the combined treatment of patients with intestinal infection (In Russian). Lik. Sprava. 3:140–142
George KL, Parker BC, Gruft H, Falkinham JO, III (1980) Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. II. Growth and survival in natural waters. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 122:89–94
George RH (1997) Killing activity of microwaves in milk. J. Hosp. Infect. 35:319–320
Ghaemi E, Ghazisaidi K, Koohsari H, Khodabakhshi B, Mansoorian A (2006) Environmental mycobacteria in areas of high and low tuberculosis prevalence in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr. Health J. 12:280–285
Ghio AJ, Kennedy TP, Schapira RM, Crumbliss AL, Hoidal JR (1990) Hypothesis: is lung disease after silicate inhalation caused by oxidant generation? Lancet. 336:967–969
Ghittino C, Latini M, Agnetti F, Panzieri C, Lauro L, Ciappelloni R, Petracca G (2003) Emerging pathologies in aquaculture: effects on production and food safety. Vet. Res. Commun. 27 Suppl 1:471–479
Gilardi JD, Duffey SS, Munn CA, Tell LA (1999) Biochemical functions of geophagy in parrots: Detoxification of dietary toxins and cytoprotective effects. J. Chem. Ecol. 25: 897–922
Gira AK, Reisenauer AH, Hammock L, Nadiminti U, Macy JT, Reeves A, Burnett C, Yakrus MA, Toney S, Jensen BJ, Blumberg HM, Caughman SW, Nolte FS (2004) Furunculosis due to Mycobacterium mageritense associated with footbaths at a nail salon. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:1813–1817
Glazer C, Martyny J, Rose C (2008) Hot Tub Associated Granulomatous Lung Disease From Mycobacterial Bioaerosols [Interstitial, Inflammatory, and Occupational Lung Disease]. Clini. Pulm. Med. 15:138–144
Gonzalez M, Rodriguez-Bertos A, Gimeno I, Flores JM, Pizarro M (2002) Outbreak of avian tuberculosis in 48-week-old commercial layer hen flock. Avian Dis. 46:1055–1061
Gotze U (1967) [The problem of meat hygiene in pig tuberculosis with special reference to the incidence of mycobacteria in meat from pigs with “isolated” lymph node tuberculosis]. Berl Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 80:47–49
Graham L, Jr., Warren NG, Tsang AY, Dalton HP (1988) Mycobacterium avium complex pseudobacteriuria from a hospital water supply. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1034–1036
Grange JM (1996) Mycobacteria and human disease. 2nd ed. London, Arnold, 230 pp
Grange JM, Yates MD (1994) Zoonotic Aspects of Mycobacterium-Bovis Infection. Vet. Microbiol. 40:137–151
Grant IR (2005) Zoonotic potential of Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis: the current position. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98:1282–1293
Grant IR, Ball HJ, Rowe MT (1996) Thermal inactivation of several Mycobacterium spp. in milk by pasteurization. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 22:253–256
Greenlees KJ, Machado J, Bell T, Sundlof SF (1998) Food borne microbial pathogens of cultured aquatic species. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim Pract. 14:101–112
Groothuis DG (1985) [Swine tuberculosis and public health]. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. 110:716–717
Gubler JGH, Salfinger M, Vongraevenitz A (1992) Pseudoepidemic of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Due to A Contaminated Bronchoscope Cleaning Machine - Report of An Outbreak and Review of the Literature. Chest. 101:1245–1249
Guerin WF, Jones GE (1988) Mineralization of Phenanthrene by A Mycobacterium Sp. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:937–944
Gutierrez Garcia JM (2006) Meat as a vector of transmission of bovine tuberculosis to humans in Spain: a historical perspective. Vet. Herit. 29:25–27
Hahn H (1959) Ist die Herstellung von Emmentaler Markenkase aus Rohmilch vom Standpunkt des Lebensmittelhygienikers vertretbar? Tierartl. Umsch. 14:254–256
Hall-Stoodley L, Keevil CW, Lappin-Scott HM (1999) Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonae biofilm formation under high and low nutrient conditions. J. Appl. Microbiol. 85:60S–69S
Hancox M (2002) Bovine tuberculosis: milk and meat safety. Lancet. 359:706–707
Harrington R, Jr., Karlson AG (1965) Destruction of various kinds of mycobacteria in milk by pasteurization. Appl. Microbiol. 13:494–495
Hartikainen T, Ruuskanen J, Martikainen PJ (2001) Carbon disulfide and hydrogen sulfide removal with a peat biofilter. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 51:387–392
Havelaar AH, Berwald LG, Groothuis DG, Baas JG (1985) Mycobacteria in semi-public swimming-pools and whirlpools. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [B]. 180:505–514
Heavey M (2003) Low-cost treatment of landfill leachate using peat. Waste Manag. 23:447–454
Heigis G, Krimmel M, Hoffmann J, Kaiserling E, Reinert S (2005) [Oral manifestation of miliary tuberculosis]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 9:180–183
Heimann G (1984) Pharmacotherapy of acute infant enteritis (in German). Montsschr. Kinderheilkd. 132:303–305
Hietala SK, Ardans AA (1987) Neutrophil Phagocytic and Serum Opsonic Response of the Foal to Corynebacterium-Equi. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 14:279–294
Higgins DA, Kung IT, Or RS (1985) Environmental silica in badger lungs: a possible association with susceptibility to Mycobacterium bovis infection. Infect. Immun. 48:252–256
Hilborn ED, Covert TC, Yakrus MA, Harris SI, Donnelly SF, Rice EW, Toney S, Bailey SA, Stelma GN, Jr. (2006) Persistence of nontuberculous mycobacteria in a drinking water system after addition of filtration treatment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:5864–5869
Holland J, Smith C, Childs PA, Holland AJ (1997) Surgical management of cutaneous infection caused by atypical mycobacteria after penetrating injury: the hidden dangers of horticulture. J. Trauma. 42:337–340
Horsburgh CR, Jr., Chin DP, Yajko DM, Hopewell PC, Nassos PS, Elkin EP, Hadley WK, Stone EN, Simon EM, Gonzalez P (1994) Environmental risk factors for acquisition of Mycobacterium avium complex in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 170:362–367
Hsueh PR, Luh KT (1998) Catheter sepsis due to Mycobacterium chelonae - Reply. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:3444–3445
Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Yang PC, Chen YC, Ho SW, Luh KT (1998) Recurrent catheter-related infection caused by a single clone of Mycobacterium chelonae with two colonial morphotypes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:1422–1424
Huang GF, Wong JWC, Wu QT, Nagar BB (2004) Effect of C/N on composting of pig manure with sawdust. Waste Manage. 24:805–813
Hutchings MR, Harris S (1999) Quantifying the risks of TB infection to cattle posed by badger excreta. Epidemiol. Infect. 122:167–173
Hutchings MR, Service KM, Harris S (2001) Defecation and urination patterns of badgers Meles meles at low density in south west England. Acta Theriol. 46:87–96
Huttunen K, Ruotsalainen M, Iivanainen E, Torkko P, Katila ML, Hirvonen MR (2000) Inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages caused by mycobacteria isolated from moldy houses. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 8:237–244
Iannuzzi L (1968) [On the resistance of pathogenic tubercular mycobacteria in sausages]. Acta Med. Vet. (Napoli). 14:255–261
Ichiriu ET, Bushnell OA (1950) The survival time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in poi; studies in the bacteriology of poi. Hawaii Med. J. 9:163–165
Iivanainen E (1995) Isolation of Mycobacteria from Acidic Forest Soil Samples - Comparison of Culture Methods. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 78:663–668
Iivanainen E, Martikainen P, Vaananen P, Katila ML (1999a) Environmental factors affecting the occurrence of mycobacteria in brook sediments. J. Appl. Microbiol. 86:673–681
Iivanainen E, Sallantaus T, Katila ML, Martikainen PJ (1999b) Mycobacteria in runoff-waters from natural and drained peatlands. J. Environ. Qual. 28:1226–1234
Iivanainen EK, Martikainen PJ, Raisanen ML, Katila ML (1997) Mycobacteria in boreal coniferous forest soils. Fems Microbiol. Ecol. 23:325–332
Iivanainen EK, Martikainen PJ, Vaananen PK, Katila ML (1993) Environmental-Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Mycobacteria in Brook Waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:398–404
Ikonomopoulos J, Pavlik I, Bartos M, Svastova P, Ayele WY, Roubal P, Lukas J, Cook N, Gazouli M (2005) Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in retail cheeses from Greece and the Czech republic. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:8934–8936
Jackson R (2002) The role of wildlife in Mycobacterium bovis infection of livestock in New Zealand. N.Z. Vet. J. 50: 49–52
Jackson R, de Lisle GW, Morris RS (1995) A study of the environmental survival of Mycobacterium bovis on a farm in New Zealand. N.Z. Vet. J. 43:346–352
Jamieson W, Madri P, Claus G (1976) Survival of certain pathogenic microorganisms in sea water. Hydrobiologica 50:117–121
Jankowski A, Nienartowicz B, Polanska B, Lewandowicz-Uszynska A (1993) A randomised, double-blind study on the efficacy of Tolpa Torf Preparation (TTP) in the treatment of recurrent respiratory tract infections. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.). 41:95–97
Jeppsson KH (1998) Ammonia emission from different deep-litter materials for growing-finishing pigs. Swed. J. Agric. Res. 28:197–206
Jeppsson KH (1999) Volatilization of ammonia in deep-litter systems with different bedding materials for young cattle. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 73:49–57
Johns T, Duquette M (1991a) Detoxification and Mineral Supplementation As Functions of Geophagy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.. 53:448–456
Johns T, Duquette M (1991b) Traditional Detoxification of Acorn Bread with Clay. Ecol. Food Nutr. 25:221–228
Jones JJ, Falkinham JO, III (2003) Decolorization of malachite green and crystal violet by waterborne pathogenic mycobacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47:2323–2326
Jones PW, Rennison LM, Matthews PR, Collins P, Brown A (1981) The occurrence and significance to animal health of Leptospira, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli, Brucella abortus and Bacillus anthracis in sewage and sewage sludges. J. Hyg. (Lond). 86:129–137
Jones WD, Kubica GP (1965) Differential Grouping of Slowly Growing Mycobacteria Based on Their Susceptibility to Various Dyes. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 91:613–615
Jorgensen JB (1977) Survival of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in slurry. Nord. Vet. Med. 29:267–270
Jorgensen JB, Engbaek HC, Dam A (1972) An enzootic of pulmonary tuberculosis in pigs caused by M. avium. 2. Bacteriological studies. Acta Vet. Scand. 13:68–86
Kaffka A, Thiele H, Schroder KH (1979) Atypical Mycobacteria in Swimming-Pool Water. Offentliche Gesundheitswesen. 41:405–409
Kahana LM, Kay JM, Yakrus MA, Waserman S (1997) Mycobacterium avium complex infection in an immunocompetent young adult related to hot tub exposure. Chest. 111:242–245
Kamala T, Paramasivan CN, Herbert D, Venkatesan P, Prabhakar R (1994) Isolation and Identification of Environmental Mycobacteria in the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Trial Area of South India. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60: 2180–2183
Kao MM (1993) The Evaluation of Sawdust Swine Waste Compost on the Soil Ecosystem, Pollution and Vegetable Production. Water Sci. Technol. 27:123–131
Kaplan JE, Masur H, Holmes KK (2002) Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons – 2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 51:1–52
Kasi M, Kausar P, Naz R, Miller LC (1995) Treatment of diarrhoea in infants by medical doctors in Balochistan, Pakistan. J. Diarrhoeal. Dis. Res. 13:238–241
Katayama N, Tanaka Ch, Fujita T, Saitou Y, Suzuki S, Onouchi E (2000) Effect of ensilage on inactivation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Grassland Sci. 46:282–288
Katila ML, Iivanainen E, Torkko P, Kauppinen J, Martikainen P, Vaananen P (1995) Isolation of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria in the Finnish environment. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl. 98:9–11
Kauker E, Rheinwald W (1972) [Studies on the occurrence of atypical mycobacteria, group 3 Runyon, in the bedding material (sawdust) and feed of swine in North Hesse]. Berl Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 85:384–387
Kawamura Y, Li Y, Liu H, Huang X, Li Z, Ezaki T (2001) Bacterial population in Russian space station “Mir”. Microbiol. Immunol. 45:819–828
Kazda J (1966) [Isolation and description of a Mycobacterium species, the cause of a para-allergy against tuberculin in poultry]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. [Orig.]. 199:529–532
Kazda J (1967) [Atypical mycobacteria in drinking water--the cause of para-allergies against tuberculin in animals]. Z. Tuberk. Erkr. Thoraxorg. 127:111–113
Kazda J (1973a) Importance of Water for Spread of Potentially Pathogenic Mycobacteria. 1. Possibilities for Multiplication of Mycobacteria. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene Serie B-Umwelthygiene Krankenhaushygiene Arbeitshygiene Praventive Medizin. 158: 161–169
Kazda J (1973b) [The importance of water for the distribution of potentially pathogenic Mycobacteria. II. Growth of Mycobacteria in water models (author’s transl)]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. [Orig. B]. 158:170–176
Kazda J (1977) [The importance of sphagnum bogs in the ecology of Mycobacteria (author’s transl)]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. [Orig. B]. 165:323–334
Kazda J (1978a) [Multiplication of mycobacteria in the gray layer of sphagnum vegetation (author’s transl)]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. [Orig. B]. 166:463–469
Kazda J (1978b) [The behaviour of Mycobacterium intracellulare serotyp Davis and Mycobacterium avium in the head region of sphagnum moss vegetation after experimental inoculation (author’s transl)]. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. [Orig. B]. 166:454–462
Kazda J (2000) The ecology of mycobacteria. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 72 pp
Kazda J, Cooney RP, Quinn JP, Cook BR, Muller K, Monaghan M, Keane M (1997) High density of mycobacteria in the bryophyte vegetation (Musci) of moorland. Int. Peat J. 7:14–19
Kazda J, Muller K, Irgens LM (1979) Cultivable mycobacteria in sphagnum vegetation of moors in South Sweden and coastal Norway. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. [B]. 87B: 97–101
Keogh BP (1971) Reviews of the progress of dairy science. Section B. The survival of pathogens in cheese and milk powder. J. Dairy Res. 38:91–111
Khoor A, Leslie KO, Tazelaar HD, Helmers RA, Colby TV (2001) Diffuse pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in immunocompetent people (hot tub lung). Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 115:755–762
Kim BC, Park JH, Gu MB (2004) Development of a DNA microarray chip for the identification of sludge bacteria using an unsequenced random genomic DNA hybridization method. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:6767–6774
Kindle G, Busse A, Kampa D, Meyer-Konig U, Daschner FD (1996) Killing activity of microwaves in milk. J. Hosp. Infect. 33:273–278
Kirschner RA, Jr., Parker BC, Falkinham JO, III (1992) Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum in acid, brown-water swamps of the southeastern United States and their association with environmental variables. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145: 271–275
Kirschner RA, Parker BC, Falkinham JO (1999) Humic and fulvic acids stimulate the growth of Mycobacterium avium. Fems Microbiol. Ecol. 30:327–332
Kleeberg HH, Nel EE (1973) Occurrence of environmental atypical mycobacteria in South Africa. Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop. 53:405–418
Knezevich M (1998) Geophagy as a therapeutic mediator of endoparasitism in a free-ranging group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am. J. Primatol. 44:71–82
Kohlmeier S, Smits TH, Ford RM, Keel C, Harms H, Wick LY (2005) Taking the fungal highway: mobilization of pollutant-degrading bacteria by fungi. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39:4640–4646
Kozhemiakin NG, Sidorenko BV, Ivanov NE (1967) [M. tuberculosis resistance to thermal conditions adopted in the production of cooked sausages]. Vopr. Pitan. 26: 61–64
Kreiss K, CoxGanser J (1997) Metalworking fluid-associated hypersensitivity pneumonitis: A workshop summary. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32:423–432
Krulwich TA, Pelliccione NJ (1979) Catabolic Pathways of Coryneforms, Nocardias, and Mycobacteria. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 33:95–111
Kubalek I, Komenda S (1995) Seasonal variations in the occurrence of environmental mycobacteria in potable water. APMIS. 103:327–330
Kusnetsov J, Torvinen E, Perola O, Nousiainen T, Katila ML (2003) Colonization of hospital water systems by legionellae, mycobacteria and other heterotrophic bacteria potentially hazardous to risk group patients. APMIS. 111: 546–556
Larsen AB, Merkal RS, Vardaman TH (1956) Survival time of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 17:549–551
Larsson LO, Skoogh BE, Bentzon MW, Magnusson M, Olofson J, Taranger J, Lind A (1991) Sensitivity to sensitins and tuberculin in Swedish children. II. A study of preschool children. Tubercle. 72:37–42
Laukkanen H, Soini H, Kontunen-Soppela S, Hohtola A, Viljanen M (2000) A Mycobacterium isolated from tissue cultures of mature Pinus sylvestris interferes with growth of Scots pine seedlings. Tree Physiol. 20:915–920
Lavoie J, Marchand G, Drolet JY, Gingras G (1995) Biological and Chemical Contamination of the Air in A Grower-Finisher Pig Building Using Deep-Litter Systems. Can. Agric. Eng. 37:195–203
Le Dantec C, Duguet JP, Montiel A, Dumoutier N, Dubrou S, Vincent V (2002) Occurrence of mycobacteria in water treatment lines and in water distribution systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:5318–5325
Lee WJ, Kim TW, Shur KB, Kim BJ, Kook YH, Lee JH, Park JK (2000) Sporotrichoid dermatosis caused by Mycobacterium abscessus from a public bath. J. Dermatol. 27:264–268
Lenk T, Benda A (1989) Peat paste - humic acid containing animal health agent for prophylaxis and treatment of calves for diarrhoea (in German). Mh. Vet. Med. 44:563–565
Leoni E, Legnani P, Mucci MT, Pirani R (1999) Prevalence of mycobacteria in a swimming pool environment. J. Appl. Microbiol. 87:683–688
Lepper AWD (1977) Use of Bovine Ppd Tuberculin in Caudal Fold Tests - Reply. Aust. Vet. J. 53:451–452
Lumb R, Stapledon R, Scroop A, Bond P, Cunliffe D, Goodwin A, Doyle R, Bastian I (2004) Investigation of spa pools associated with lung disorders caused by Mycobacterium avium complex in immunocompetent adults. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:4906–4910
Lysons RE (1996) Pigs, peat and avian tuberculosis. Proceedings of the 14th IPVS Congress, Bologna, Italy, 7–10 July. 323–323
Mahaney WC, Bezada M, Hancock RGV, Aufreiter S, Perez FL (1996a) Geophagy of Holstein hybrid cattle in the northern Andes, Venezuela. Mt. Res. Dev. 16:177–180
Mahaney WC, Hancock RGV, Aufreiter S, Huffman MA (1996b) Geochemistry and clay mineralogy of termite mound soil and the role of geophagy in chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. Primates. 37:121–134
Mallmann WL (1972) Should tuberculosis be eradicated from all species? Health Lab. Sci. 9:133–138
Mangione EJ, Huitt G, Lenaway D, Beebe J, Bailey A, Figoski M, Rau MP, Albrecht KD, Yakrus MA (2001) Nontuberculous mycobacterial disease following hot tub exposure. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7:1039–1042
Marks J (1975) Occupation and Kansasii infection in Cardiff residents. Tubercle. 56:311–313
Marlier D, Nicks B, Canart B, Shehi R (1994) Comparison of the Evolution of the Bedding of 2 Deep Litter Systems, Deep Sawdust and Deep Straw, for Fattening Pigs. Ann. Med. Vet. 138:43–53
Marsollier L, Stinear T, Aubry J, Saint Andre JP, Robert R, Legras P, Manceau AL, Audrain C, Bourdon S, Kouakou H, Carbonnelle B (2004) Aquatic plants stimulate the growth of and biofilm formation by Mycobacterium ulcerans in axenic culture and harbor these bacteria in the environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:1097–1103
Martyny JW, Rose CS (1999) Nontuberculous mycobacterial bioaerosols from indoor warm water sources cause granulomatous lung disease. Indoor Air. 9:1–6
Masaki S, Konishi T, Sugimori G, Okamoto A, Hayashi Y, Kuze F (1989) Plasmid profiles of Mycobacterium avium complex isolated from swine. Microbiol. Immunol. 33:429–433
Matlova L, Dvorska L, Ayele WY, Bartos M, Amemori T, Pavlik I (2005) Distribution of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates in tissue samples of pigs fed peat naturally contaminated with mycobacteria as a supplement. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43:1261–1268
Matlova L, Dvorska L, Bartl J, Bartos M, Ayele WY, Alexa M, Pavlik I (2003) Mycobacteria isolated from the environment of pig farms in the Czech Republic during the years 1996 to 2002. Veterinarni Medicina 48:343–357
Matlova L, Dvorska L, Bartos M, Docekal J, Trckova M, Pavlik I (2004a) Tuberculous lesions in pig lymph nodes caused by kaolin fed as a supplement. Veterinarni Medicina 49:379–388
Matlova L, Dvorska L, Palecek K, Maurenc L, Bartos M, Pavlik I (2004b) Impact of sawdust and wood shavings in bedding on pig tuberculous lesions in lymph nodes, and IS1245 RFLP analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis of serotypes 6 and 8 isolated from pigs and environment. Vet. Microbiol. 102:227–236
Matthews PR, Collins P, Jones PW (1976) Isolation of mycobacteria from dairy creamery effluent sludge. J. Hyg. (Lond). 76:407–413
McClatchy JK (1981) The seroagglutination test in the study of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Rev. Infect. Dis. 3:867–870
McCullough NV, Brosseau LM, Vesley D (1997) Collection of three bacterial aerosols by respirator and surgical mask filters under varying conditions of flow and relative humidity. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 41:677–690
Mediel MJ, Rodriguez V, Codina G, Martin-Casabona N (2000) Isolation of mycobacteria from frozen fish destined for human consumption. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:3637–3638
Mendum TA, Chilima BZ, Hirsch PR (2000) The PCR amplification of non-tuberculous mycobacterial 16S rRNA sequences from soil. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 185: 189–192
Merkal RS, Crawford JA, Whipple DL (1979) Heat inactivation of Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex organisms in meat products. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:831–835
Merkal RS, Lyle PS, Whipple DL (1981) Heat inactivation of in vivo- and in vitro-grown mycobacteria in meat products. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:1484–1485
Merkal RS, Whipple DL (1980) Inactivation of Mycobacterium bovis in meat products. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40:282–284
Michel AL (2002) Implications of tuberculosis in African wildlife and livestock. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 969:251–255
Mijs W, de Hass P, Rossau R, van der Laan T, Rigouts L, Portaels F, van Soolingen D (2002) Molecular evidence to support a proposal to reserve the designation Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium for bird-type isolates and `M. avium subsp. hominissuis’ for the human/porcine type of M. avium. Int. J Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52:1505–1518
Moore JS, Christensen M, Wilson RW, Wallace RJ, Jr., Zhang Y, Nash DR, Shelton B (2000) Mycobacterial contamination of metalworking fluids: involvement of a possible new taxon of rapidly growing mycobacteria. AIHAJ. 61: 205–213
Moravkova M, Bartos M, Dvorska-Bartosova L, Beran V, Parmova I, Ocepek M, Pate M, Pavlik I (2007) Genetic variability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium of pig isolates. Veterinarni Medicina 52:430–436
Muilenberg ML, Burge HT, Sweet T (1998) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and exposure to acid-fast bacilli in coolant aerosols. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 91:311-
Mutimer MD, Woolcock JB (1980) Corynebacterium equi in cattle and pigs. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd. 105:25–27
Naganawa R, Iwata N, Ishikawa K, Fukuda H, Fujino T, Suzuki A (1996) Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlic. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:4238–4242
Nakamura Y, Obase Y, Suyama N, Miyazaki Y, Ohno H, Oka M, Takahashi M, Kohno S (2004) A small outbreak of pulmonary tuberculosis in non-close contact patrons of a bar. Internal Medicine 43:263–267
Nakazawa M, Kubo M, Sugimoto C, Isayama Y (1983) Serogrouping of Rhodococcus equi. Microbiol. Immunol. 27:837–846
Naser SA, Schwartz D, Shafran I (2000) Isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from breast milk of Crohn’s disease patients. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 95:1094–1095
Nassal J, Breunig W, Schnedelbach U (1974) [Atypical mycobacteria in fruit, vegetables, and cereals]. Prax. Pneumol. 28:667–674
Nassal J, Werner-Schieck B (1970) [Presence of mycobacteria in human feces]. Prax. Pneumol. 24:473–478
Nel EE (1981) Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex serovars isolated in South Africa from humans, swine, and the environment. Rev. Infect. Dis. 3:1013–1020
Nicks B (2004) Technical characteristics and environmental aspects of breeding fattening pigs and weaned piglets on accumulated litters. Ann. Med. Vet. 148:31–38
Nicks B, Desiron A, Canart B (1998) Comparison of two litter materials, sawdust and a straw-sawdust mixture, for fattening pigs on deep litter. Annales de Zootechnie. 47: 107–116
Nicks B, Laitat M, Farnir F, Vandenheede M, Desiron A, Verhaeghe C, Canart B (2004) Gaseous emissions from deep-litter pens with straw or sawdust for fattening pigs. Anim. Sci. 78:99–107
Nicks B, Laitat M, Vandenheede M, Desiron A, Verhaeghe C, Canart B (2003) Emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor in the raising of weaned pigs on straw-based and sawdust-based deep litters. Anim. Res. 52:299–308
Nieminen T, Pakarinen J, Tsitko I, Salkinoja-Salonen M, Breitenstein A, Ali-Vehmas T, Neubauer P (2006) 16S rRNA targeted sandwich hybridization method for direct quantification of mycobacteria in soils. J. Microbiol. Methods. 67:44–55
Niva M, Hernesmaa A, Haahtela K, Salkinoja-Salonen M, Sivonen K, Haukka K (2006) Actinobacterial communities of boreal forest soil and lake water are rich in mycobacteria. Boreal Environ. Res. 11:45–53
Nix DE, Adam RD, Auclair B, Krueger TS, Godo PG, Peloquin CA (2004) Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of clofazimine in relation to food, orange juice and antacid. Tuberculosis. (Edinb.). 84:365–373
Norby B, Fosgate GT, Manning EJ, Collins MT, Roussel AJ (2007) Environmental mycobacteria in soil and water on beef ranches: Association between presence of cultivable mycobacteria and soil and water physicochemical characteristics. Vet. Microbiol. 124:153–159
Norton CD, LeChevallier MW, Falkinham JO, III (2004) Survival of Mycobacterium avium in a model distribution system. Water Res. 38:1457–1466
Norton JH, Duffield BJ, Coward AJ, Hielscher RW, Nicholls RF (1984) A necropsy technique for cattle to eliminate contamination of lymph nodes by mycobacteria. Aust. Vet. J. 61:75–76
Novotny L, Dvorska L, Lorencova A, Beran V, Pavlik I (2004) Fish: a potential source of bacterial pathogens for human beings. Veterinarni Medicina 49:343–358
O’Donovan G (1987) An ecosystem study of grasslands in the Burren National Park, Co. Clare. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Dublin.
Ogielski L, Zawadzki Z (1961) [Area irrigated with sewage. Its hygienic and sanitary evaluation. III. Studies on the presence of tubercle bacilli in sewage utilized for agricultural purposes.]. Acta Microbiol. Pol. 10:433–437
Olsen JE, Jorgensen JB, Nansen P (1985) On the Reduction of Mycobacterium-Paratuberculosis in Bovine Slurry Subjected to Batch Mesophilic Or Thermophilic Anaerobic-Digestion. Agric. Wastes. 13:273–280
Ong HK, Choo PY, Soo SP (1993) Application of Bacterial Product for Zero-Liquid-Discharge Pig Waste Management Under Tropical Conditions. Water Sci. Technol. 27:133–140
Palasek J, Pavlas M, Kubu I (1991) Survival of Salmonellae and mycobacteria in salted and unsalted swine guts used as sausage casing and sausage emulsion of a hard salami. Acta Vet. Brno. 60:375–381
Pande TK, Hiran S, Rao VV, Pani S, Vishwanathan KA (1995) Primary lingual tuberculosis caused by M. bovis infection. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 80:172–174
Parashar D, Chauhan DS, Sharma VD, Chauhan A, Chauhan SV, Katoch VM (2004) Optimization of procedures for isolation of mycobacteria from soil and water samples obtained in northern India. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:3751–3753
Parker BC, Ford MA, Gruft H, Falkinham JO, III (1983) Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria. IV. Preferential aerosolization of Mycobacterium intracellulare from natural waters. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 128: 652–656
Parsek MR, Fuqua C (2004) Biofilms 2003: emerging themes and challenges in studies of surface-associated microbial life. J. Bacteriol. 186:4427–4440
Pavicic Z, Balenovic T, Balenovic M, Popovic M, Vlahovic K, Valpotic H, Rudan-Biuk N (2006) The effect of accommodation type and microclimatic conditions in farrowing units on the postural changes of sows and piglet mortality by crushing. Tieraerztliche Umschau. 61:68-+
Pavlas M, Patlokova V (1985) Occurrence of mycobacteria in sawdust, straw, hay and their epizootiological significance. Acta Vet. Brno. 54:85–90
Pavlas M (1990) Thermoresistance of Mycobacteria. Acta Vet. Brno. 59:65–71
Pavlas M, Patlokova V (1977) [Occurrence of M. avium and M. intracellulare in the organs and muscles of slaughterhouse pigs]. Veterinarni Medicina 22:1–8
Pavlik I, Horvathova A, Dvorska L, Bartl J, Svastova P, du Maine R, Rychlik I (1999) Standardisation of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. J. Microbiol. Methods. 38:155–167
Pavlik I, Matlova L, Dvorska L, Bartl J, Oktabcova L, Docekal J, Parmova I (2003) Tuberculous lesions in pigs in the Czech Republic during 1990–1999: occurrence, causal factors and economic losses. Veterinarni Medicina 48:113–125
Pavlik I, Matlova L, Dvorska L, Shitaye JE, Parmova I (2005) Mycobacterial infections in cattle and pigs caused by Mycobacterium avium complex members and atypical mycobacteria in the Czech Republic during 2000–2004. Veterinarni Medicina 50:281–290
Pavlik I, Matlova L, Gilar M, Bartl J, Parmova I, Lysak F, Alexa M, Dvorska-Bartosova L, Svec V, Vrbas V, Horvathova A (2007) Isolation of conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria from the environment of one pig farm and the effectiveness of preventive measures between 1997 and 2003. Veterinarni Medicina 52:392–404
Pavlik I, Svastova P, Bartl J, Dvorska L, Rychlik I (2000) Relationship between IS901 in the Mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from birds, animals, humans, and the environment and virulence for poultry. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 7:212–217
Peccia J, Hernandez M (2006) Incorporating polymerase chain reaction-based identification, population characterization, and quantification of microorganisms into aerosol science: A review. Atmos. Environ. 40:3941–3961
Pedley JC (1967) The presence of M. leprae in human milk. Lepr. Rev. 38:239–242
Pedley S, Bartram J, Rees G, Dufou A, Cotruvo JA (2004) Pathogenic mycobacteria in water. WHO, TJ International (Ltd.), Padstow, Cornwall, UK. 237 pp
Pell AN (1997) Manure and microbes: public and animal health problem? J. Dairy Sci. 80:2673–2681
Pereira MR, Benjaminson MA (1975) Broadcast of microbial aerosols by stacks of sewage treatment plants and effects of ozonation on bacteria in the gaseous effluent. Public Health Rep. 90:208–212
Perez C, Falero A, Hung BR, Tirado S, Balcinde Y (2005) Bioconversion of phytosterols to androstanes by mycobacteria growing on sugar cane mud. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:83–86
Pickup RW, Rhodes G, Bull TJ, Arnott S, Sidi-Boumedine K, Hurley M, Hermon-Taylor J (2006) Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in lake catchments, in river water abstracted for domestic use, and in effluent from domestic sewage treatment works: diverse opportunities for environmental cycling and human exposure. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:4067–4077
Picot B, Paing J, Toffoletto L, Sambuco JP, Costa RH (2001) Odor control of an anaerobic lagoon with a biological cover: floating peat beds. Water Sci. Technol. 44: 309–316
Piening C, Anz W, Meissner G (1972) [Serotyping and its significance for epidemiological studies of porcine tuberculosis in Schleswig Holstein]. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 79:316–321
Policard A, Gernez-Rieux C, Tacquet A, Martin JC, Devulder B, Le Bouffant L (1967) Influence of pulmonary dust load on the development of experimental infection by Mycobacterium kansasii. Nature. 216:177–178
Poptsova NV (1974) [Contamination with Mycobacterium tuberculosis of certain environmental objects within the foci of tuberculosis]. Probl. Tuberk. 17–20
Prescott JF (1991) Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 4:20–34
Prescott JF, Travers M, Yagerjohnson JA (1984) Epidemiological Survey of Corynebacterium-Equi Infections on 5 Ontario Horse Farms. Can. J. Comp. Med. Revue Canadienne de Medecine Comparee. 48:10–13
Prince DS, Peterson DD, Steiner RM, Gottlieb JE, Scott R, Israel HL, Figueroa WG, Fish JE (1989) Infection with Mycobacterium avium complex in patients without predisposing conditions. N. Engl. J. Med. 321:863–868
Prince KA, Costa AR, Malaspina AC, Luis AF, Leite CQ (2005) Isolation of Mycobacterium gordonae from poultry slaughterhouse water in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Rev. Argent Microbiol. 37:106–108
Pryor M, Springthorpe S, Riffard S, Brooks T, Huo Y, Davis G, Satter SA (2004) Investigation of opportunistic pathogens in municipal drinking water under different supply and treatment regimes. Water Sci. Technol. 50:83–90
Rao SP, Hayashi T, Catanzaro A (2002) Identification of a chemotactic, MCP-1-like protein from Mycobacterium avium. Fems Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 33:115–124
Rebmann T (2005) Management of patients infected with airborne-spread diseases: an algorithm for infection control professionals. Am. J. Infect. Control. 33:571–579
Reponen TA, Wang Z, Willeke K, Grinshpun SA (1999) Survival of mycobacteria on N95 personal respirators. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 20:237–241
Reuther G (1957) [Interactions between bacteria and fungi in swamp turf.]. Arch. Mikrobiol. 26:93–131
Reznikov M, Dawson DJ (1980) Mycobacteria of the intracellulare-scrofulaceum group in soils from the Adelaide area. Pathology. 12:525–528
Rha YH, Taube C, Haczku A, Joetham A, Takeda K, Duez C, Siegel M, Aydintug MK, Born WK, Dakhama A, Gelfand E (2002) Effect of microbial heat shock proteins on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. J. Immunol. 169:5300–5307
Rheinwald W (1972) Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen atypischer Mykobakterien in Eistreu (Sägemehl) und Futter von Schweinen in Nordhessen. Vet. Med. Diss. Giessen. 142 pp
Rice G, Wright JM, Boutin B, Swartout J, Rodgers P, Niemuth N, Broder M (2005) Estimating the frequency of tap-water exposures to Mycobacterium avium complex in the U.S. population with advanced AIDS. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 68:1033–1047
Ristola MA, von Reyn CF, Arbeit RD, Soini H, Lumio J, Ranki A, Buhler S, Waddell R, Tosteson ANA, Falkinham JO, Sox CH (1999) High rates of disseminated infection due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria among AIDS patients in Finland. J. Infect. 39:61–67
Rizzuti AM, Cohen AD, Hunt PG, Vanotti MB (1999) Evaluating peats for their capacities to remove odorous compounds from liquid swine manure using headspace “solid-phase microextraction”. J. Environ. Sci. Health B. 34:709–748
Robert J, Gantress J, Rau L, Bell A, Cohen N (2002) Minor histocompatibility antigen-specific MHC-restricted CD8 T cell responses elicited by heat shock proteins. J. Immunol. 168:1697–1703
Robinson P, Morris D, Antic R (1988) Mycobacterium bovis as an occupational hazard in abattoir workers. Aust. N.Z. J. Med. 18:701–703
Ronn R, Grunert J, Ekelund F (2001) Protozoan response to addition of the bacteria Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum and Pseudomonas chlororaphis to soil microcosms. Biology and Fertility of Soils 33:126–131
Roost H, Dobberstein I, Kuntsch G, Berber H, Tardel H, Benda A, Helms E (1990) Results and experience obtained from use of peat paste in industrialized piglet raising (in German). Mh.Vet. Med. 45:239–243
Rose CS (1999) Diagnosis and prevention of lung diseases associated with microbial bioaerosols. Semi. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 20:511–520
Rose CS, Martyny JW, Newman LS, Milton DK, King TE, Jr., Beebe JL, McCammon JB, Hoffman RE, Kreiss K (1998) “Lifeguard lung”: endemic granulomatous pneumonitis in an indoor swimming pool. Am. J. Public Health. 88: 1795–1800
Safranek TJ, Jarvis WR, Carson LA, Cusick LB, Bland LA, Swenson JM, Silcox VA (1987) Mycobacterium-Chelonae Wound Infections After Plastic-Surgery Employing Contaminated Gentian-Violet Skin-Marking Solution. N. Engl. J. Med. 317:197–201
Saitanu K, Holmgaard P (1977) An epizootic of Mycobacterium intracellulare, serotype 8 infection in swine. Nord. Vet. Med. 29:221–226
Saito H, Tsukamura M (1976) Mycobacterium intracellulare from public bath water. Jpn. J. Microbiol. 20: 561–563
Saldanha FL, Sayyid SN, Kulkarn I, Sr. (1964) Viability of M. tuberculosis in the sanatorium sewage. Indian J. Med. Res. 52:1051–1056
Savov D (1975) [Resistance of tuberculosis mycobacteria in raw-dried and raw-fumigated sausages]. Vet. Med. Nauki. 12:39–43
Scanlon MP, Quinn PJ (2000) Inactivation of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle slurry by five volatile chemicals. J. Appl. Microbiol. 89:854–861
Schelonka RL, Ascher DP, McMahon DP, Drehner DM, Kuskie MR (1994) Catheter-related sepsis caused by Mycobacterium avium complex. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13:236–238
Schliesser T, Claus U, Weber A (1972) [Resistance of fast-growing atypical mycobacteria to temperature within the range of short-term pasteurization]. Prax. Pneumol. 26:485–490
Schliesser T, Weber A (1973) [Studies on the tenacity of Mycobacteria of the Runyon Group III in sawdust litter]. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B. 20:710–714
Schroder KH, Kazda J, Muller K, Muller HJ (1992) Isolation of Mycobacterium simiae from the environment. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 277:561–564
Schultze WD, Brasso WB (1987) Characterization and identification of Mycobacterium smegmatis in bovine mastitis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 48:739–742
Schultze WD, Stroud BH, Brasso WB (1985) Dairy herd problem with mastitis caused by a rapidly growing Mycobacterium species. Am. J. Vet. Res. 46:42–47
Schulze-Robbecke R, Buchholtz K (1992) Heat susceptibility of aquatic mycobacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1869–1873
Schulze-Robbecke R, Fischeder R (1989) Mycobacteria in biofilms. Zentralbl. Hyg. Umweltmed. 188:385–390
September SM, Brozel VS, Venter SN (2004) Diversity of nontuberculoid Mycobacterium species in biofilms of urban and semiurban drinking water distribution systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:7571–7573
Shelton BG, Flanders WD, Morris GK (1999) Mycobacterium sp. as a possible cause of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in machine workers. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:270–273
Shitaye JE, Matlova L, Horvathova A, Moravkova M, Dvorska-Bartosova L, Trcka I, Lamka J, Treml F, Vrbas V, Pavlik I (2008a) Diagnostic testing of different stages of avian tuberculosis in naturally infected hens (Gallus domesticus) by the tuberculin skin and rapid agglutination tests, faecal and egg examinations. Veterinarni Medicina 53:101–110
Shitaye JE, Matlova L, Horvathova A, Moravkova M, Dvorska-Bartosova L, Treml F, Lamka J, Pavlik I (2008b) Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium distribution studied in a naturally infected hen flock and in the environment by culture, serotyping and IS901 RFLP methods. Vet. Microbiol. 127: 155–164
Shitaye JE, Parmova I, Matlova L, Dvorska L, Horvathova A, Vrbas V, Pavlik I (2006) Mycobacterial and Rhodococcus equi infections in pigs in the Czech Republic between the years 1996 and 2004: the causal factors and distribution of infections in the tissues. Veterinarni Medicina 51: 497–511
Shitaye JE, Tsegaye W, Pavlik I (2007) Bovine tuberculosis infection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia: a review. Veterinarni Medicina 52:317–332
Skoric M, Shitaye EJ, Halouzka R, Fictum P, Trcka I, Heroldova M, Tkadlec E, Pavlik I (2007) Tuberculous and tuberculoid lesions in free living small terrestrial mammals and the risk of infection to humans and animals: a review. Veterinarni Medicina 52:144–161
Skurski A, Szulga T, Wachnik Z, Madra J, Kowalczyk H (1965) Classification of acid-fast bacilli isolated from the milk of cows and from sewage used for fertilizing pastures. I. Pathogenic and saprophytic bacilli. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.). 13:189–196
Slosarek M, Kubin M, Pokorny J (1994) Water as a possible factor of transmission in mycobacterial infections. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health. 2:103–105
Sniezek PJ, Graham BS, Busch HB, Lederman ER, Lim ML, Poggemyer K, Kao A, Mizrahi M, Washabaugh G, Yakrus M, Winthrop K (2003) Rapidly growing mycobacterial infections after pedicures. Arch. Dermatol. 139:629–634
Sobiech T, WACHNIK Z (1966) [Allergic and serologic studies of cattle from areas supplied with city sewage by means of the use of tuberculins from atypical mycobacteria]. Arch. Exp. Veterinarmed. 20:901–908
Solomon A (2001) Silicosis and tuberculosis: Part 2--a radiographic presentation of nodular tuberculosis and silicosis. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health. 7:54–57
Songer JG, Bicknell EJ, Thoen CO (1980) Epidemiological investigation of swine tuberculosis in Arizona. Can. J. Comp. Med. 44:115–120
Spahr U, Schafroth K (2001) Fate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Swiss hard and semihard cheese manufactured from raw milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:4199–4205
Spiess LD, Lippincott JA (1981) Bacteria isolated from moss and their effect on moss development. Bot. Gaz. 142:512–518
Steed KA, Falkinham JO, III (2006) Effect of growth in biofilms on chlorine susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:4007–4011
Stephan R, Schumacher S, Tasara T, Grant IR (2007) Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in swiss raw milk cheeses collected at the retail level. J. Dairy Sci. 90:3590–3595
Sung N, Collins MT (2000) Effect of three factors in cheese production (pH, salt, and heat) on Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis viability. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:1334–1339
Suppin D, Rippel-Rachle B, Smulders FJM (2007) Screening the microbiological condition of Sushi from Viennese restaurants. Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift. 94:40–47
Sutton AL, Kephart KB, Verstegen MW, Canh TT, Hobbs PJ (1999) Potential for reduction of odorous compounds in swine manure through diet modification. J. Anim. Sci. 77:430–439
Szabo I, Kiss KK, Varnai I (1982) Epidemic pulmonary infection associated with Mycobacterium xenopi indigenous in sewage-sludge. Acta Microbiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 29:263–266
Szabo I, Tuboly S, Szeky A (1975) Swine lymphadenitis due to Mycobacterium avium and atypical Mycobacteria. I. Pathological studies. Acta Vet. Acad. Sci. Hung. 25: 67–76
Szulga T, Wieczorek Z, Madra J, Kowalczyk H (1965) Classification of acid-fast bacilli isolated from the milk of cows and from sewage used for fertilizing pastures. 3. Identification of atypical bacilli (2nd and 3rd groups). Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.). 13:336–343
Tacquet A, Tison F, Devulder B (1961) [Bactericidal action of yoghurt on mycobacteria.]. Ann. Inst. Pasteur (Paris). 100:581–587
Takai S, Ohbushi S, Koike K, Tsubaki S, Oishi H, Kamada M (1991) Prevalence of Virulent Rhodococcus-Equi in Isolates from Soil and Feces of Horses from Horse-Breeding Farms with and Without Endemic Infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2887–2889
Takai S, Takeuchi T, Tsubaki S (1986) Isolation of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi and atypical mycobacteria from the lymph nodes of healthy pigs. Nippon Juigaku. Zasshi. 48:445–448
Takai S, Tsubaki S (1985) The incidence of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in domestic animals and soil. Nippon Juigaku. Zasshi. 47:493–496
Takigawa K, Fujita J, Negayama K, Terada S, Yahaji Y, Kawanishi K, Takahara J (1995) Eradication of Contaminating Mycobacterium-Chelonae from Bronchofibrescopes and An Automated Bronchoscope Disinfection Machine. Respir. Med. 89:423–427
Taylor RH, Falkinham JO, III, Norton CD, LeChevallier MW (2000) Chlorine, chloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:1702–1705
Thoen CO, Steele JH (1995) Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans. Iowa State University Press, 1st ed., 355 pp
Thoen CO, Steele JH, Gilsdorf MJ (2006) Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans. 2nd ed., Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, Iowa, USA, 317 pp
Thorel MF, Falkinham JO, Moreau RG (2004) Environmental mycobacteria from alpine and subalpine habitats. Fems Microbiol. Ecol. 49:343–347
Tiquia SM (2002) Evolution of extracellular enzyme activities during manure composting. J. Appl. Microbiol. 92: 764–775
Tobin-D’Angelo MJ, Blass MA, del Rio C, Halvosa JS, Blumberg HM, Horsburgh CR, Jr. (2004) Hospital water as a source of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates in respiratory specimens. J. Infect. Dis. 189:98–104
Torvinen E, Meklin T, Torkko P, Suomalainen S, Reiman M, Katila ML, Paulin L, Nevalainen A (2006) Mycobacteria and fungi in moisture-damaged building materials. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.. 72:6822–6824
Trckova M, Matlova L, Dvorska L, Pavlik I (2004) Kaolin, bentonite, and zeolites as feed supplements for animals: health advantages and risks. Veterinarni Medicina 49: 389–399
Trckova M, Matlova L, Hudcova H, Faldyna M, Zraly Z, Dvorska L, Beran V, Pavlik I (2005) Peat as a feed supplement for animals: a review. Veterinarni Medicina 50: 361–377
Trckova M, Zraly Z, Bejcek P, Matlova L, Beran V, Horvathova A, Faldyna M, Moravkova M, Shitaye JE, Svobodova J, Pavlik I (2006a) Effect of feeding treated peat as a supplement to newborn piglets on the growth, health status and occurrence of conditionally pathogenic mycobacteria. Veterinarni Medicina 51:544–554
Trckova M, Zraly Z, Matlova L, Beran V, Moravkova M, Svobodova J, Pavlik I (2006b) Effects of peat feeding on the performance and health status of fattening pigs and environmentally derived mycobacteria. Veterinarni Medicina 51:533–543
Trunova ON (1971) [The effect of various reservoir self-cleaning factors on Mycobacterium tuberculosis]. Probl. Tuberk. 49:60–63
Tsang AY, Denner JC, Brennan PJ, McClatchy JK (1992) Clinical and epidemiological importance of typing of Mycobacterium avium complex isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:479–484
Tsavkelova EA, Cherdyntseva TA, Lobakova ES, Kolomeitseva GL, Netrusov AI (2001) [Microbiota of the Orchid rhizoplane]. Mikrobiologiia. 70:567–573
Tsintzou A, Vantarakis A, Pagonopoulou O, Athanassiadou A, Papapetropoulou M (2000) Environmental mycobacteria in drinking water before and after replacement of the water distribution network. Water Air Soil Pollut. 120: 273–282
Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Murata H, Nemoto H, Yugi H (1974) A comparative study of mycobacteria from patients’ room dusts and from sputa of tuberculous patients. Source of pathogenic mycobacteria occurring in the sputa of tuberculous patients as casual isolates. Jpn. J. Microbiol. 18:271–277
Tsukamura M, Mizuno S, Toyama H (1984) [Mycobacteria from dusts of Japanese houses]. Kekkaku. 59:625–631
Tuffley RE, Holbeche JD (1980) Isolation of the Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum complex from tank water in Queensland, Australia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 39:48–53
Uhlemann J, Held R, Müller K, Jahn H, Dürrling H (1975) Schweinetuberkulose im einem Mastkombinat nach Einstreu von Hobel- und Sägespänen. Monatshefte für Veterinärmedizin. 30:175–180
Ulker N (1967) [Antibacterial action of honey toward different types of Mycobacterium]. Turk. Tip. Cemiy. Mecm. 33:282–287
Vaerewijck MJ, Huys G, Palomino JC, Swings J, Portaels F (2005) Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 29:911–934
Vantarakis A, Tsintzou A, Diamandopoulos A, Papapetropoulou M (1998) Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria in hospital water supplies. Water Air Soil Pollut. 104:331–337
VanTiem JS (1997) The public health risks of cervid production in the United States of America. Rev. Sci. Tech. 16:564–570
Vincke E, Boon N, Verstraete W (2001) Analysis of the microbial communities on corroded concrete sewer pipes – a case study. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 57:776–785
von Hertzen L, Haahtela T (2006) Disconnection of man and the soil: reason for the asthma and atopy epidemic? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117:334–344
von Reyn CF, Arbeit RD, Horsburgh CR, Ristola MA, Waddell RD, Tvaroha SM, Samore M, Hirschhorn LR, Lumio J, Lein AD, Grove MR, Tosteson AN (2002) Sources of disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in AIDS. J. Infect. 44:166–170
von Reyn CF, Maslow JN, Barber TW, Falkinham JO, III, Arbeit RD (1994) Persistent colonisation of potable water as a source of Mycobacterium avium infection in AIDS. Lancet. 343:1137–1141
von Reyn CF, Waddell RD, Eaton T, Arbeit RD, Maslow JN, Barber TW, Brindle RJ, Gilks CF, Lumio J, Lahdevirta J (1993) Isolation of Mycobacterium avium complex from water in the United States, Finland, Zaire, and Kenya. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:3227–3230
Vugia DJ, Jang Y, Zizek C, Ely J, Winthrop KL, Desmond E (2005) Mycobacteria in nail salon whirlpool footbaths, California. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11:616–618
Wang HC, Liaw YS, Yang PC, Kuo SH, Luh KT (1995) A Pseudoepidemic of Mycobacterium-Chelonae Infection Caused by Contamination of A Fiberoptic Bronchoscope Suction Channel. Eur. Respir. J. 8:1259–1262
Wang XJ, Kim J, McWilliams R, Cutting GR (2005) Increased prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in carriers of a cystic fibrosis mutation. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 131:237–240
Wang Y, Ogawa M, Fukuda K, Miyamoto H, Taniguchi H (2006) Isolation and identification of mycobacteria from soils at an illegal dumping site and landfills in Japan. Microbiol. Immunol. 50:513–524
Wayne LG, Kubica GP (1986) Genus Mycobacterium Lehmann and Neumann 1896, 363AL. In: Sneath, P.H.A., Mair, N.S., Sharpe, M.E., Holt, J.G. (Eds.), Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, 2. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 1436–1457
Wendt SL, George KL, Parker BC, Gruft H, Falkinham JO, III (1980) Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous Mycobacteria. III. Isolation of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria from aerosols. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 122:259–263
Weyer K, Fourie PB, Durrheim D, Lancaster J, Haslov K, Bryden H (1999) Mycobacterium bovis as a zoonosis in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 3:1113–1119
Whipple MJ, Rohovec JS (1994) The Effect of Heat and Low Ph on Selected Viral and Bacterial Fish Pathogens. Aquaculture. 123:179–189
Wilson MJ (2003) Clay mineralogical and related characteristics of geophagic materials. J. Chem. Ecol. 29:1525–1547
Wilson RW, Steingrube VA, Bottger EC, Springer B, Brown-Elliott BA, Vincent V, Jost KC, Jr., Zhang Y, Garcia MJ, Chiu SH, Onyi GO, Rossmoore H, Nash DR, Wallace RJ, Jr. (2001) Mycobacterium immunogenum sp. nov., a novel species related to Mycobacterium abscessus and associated with clinical disease, pseudo-outbreaks and contaminated metalworking fluids: an international cooperative study on mycobacterial taxonomy. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51:1751–1764
Windsor RS, Durrant DS, Burn KJ, Blackburn JT, Duncan W (1984) Avian tuberculosis in pigs: miliary lesions in bacon pigs. J. Hyg. (Lond). 92:129–138
Winthrop KL, Abrams M, Yakrus M, Schwartz I, Ely J, Gillies D, Vugia DJ (2002) An outbreak of mycobacterial furunculosis associated with footbaths at a nail salon. N.Engl. J. Med. 346:1366–1371
Wolinsky E (1979) Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 119:107–159
Wolinsky E, Schaefer WB (1973) Proposed numbering scheme for mycobacterial serotypes by agglutination. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 23:182–183
Woolcock JB, Mutimer MD, Farmer AMT (1980) Epidemiology of Corynebacterium-Equi in Horses. Res. Vet. Sci. 28 :87–90
Xu P, Kujundzic E, Peccia J, Schafer MP, Moss G, Hernandez M, Miller SL (2005) Impact of environmental factors on efficacy of upper-room air ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for inactivating airborne mycobacteria. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39:9656–9664
Yajko DM, Chin DP, Gonzalez PC, Nassos PS, Hopewell PC, Reingold AL, Horsburgh CR, Jr., Yakrus MA, Ostroff SM, Hadley WK (1995) Mycobacterium avium complex in water, food, and soil samples collected from the environment of HIV-infected individuals. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 9:176–182
Yoder S, Argueta C, Holtzman A, Aronson T, Berlin OGW, Tomasek P, Glover N, Froman S, Stelma G (1999) PCR comparison of Mycobacterium avium isolates obtained from patients and foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 2650–2653
Acknowledgements
Partially supported by the European Commission PathogenCombat FOOD-CT-2005-007081 (Sections 5.6 and 5.7) and ParaTBTools FP6-2004-FOOD-3B-023106 (Section 5.10). Grants from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic NPV 1B53009 partially supported the Sections 5.2, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 5.9 and 5.10; NAZV QH71054 Section 5.6.3; and NAZV QH81065 Sections 5.5, 5.6, 5.7 and 5.10.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pavlik, I., Falkinham, J.O., Kazda, J. (2009). Environments Providing Favourable Conditions for the Multiplication and Transmission of Mycobacteria. In: The Ecology of Mycobacteria: Impact on Animal's and Human's Health. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9413-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9413-2_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-9412-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-9413-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)