One of the great themes of the social debate about environmental protection has been the question whether environmental quality can be safeguarded without major economic or social change. With the advent of the notion of ‘sustainable development’ in the late 1980s a new consensus emerged which sug gested that the economy and the environment could be complementary, so long as the economy internalised the costs of damage to the environment and techno logical innovation provided for smarter and cleaner ways of doing things. Sustainable development rested on the argument that it would be possible, through the adjustment of incentives and the application of knowl edge, to reconcile increases in welfare with a healthy environment. This conviction grew out of the great successes achieved through environmental regulation, beginning in the 1960s, which had brought radical improvements in environmental quality — air, water and soil — in richer, industrialised countries. New tech nologies — less toxic products, more effi cient produc tion processes and a panoply of abatement techniques — modifi ed the environmental impact of social and eco nomic activities, while also enabling growing welfare. By adjusting the economic incentives of innovators in such a way that socially-desired trade-offs were made between economic and social welfare and environmen tal quality, growth and sustainability could be recon ciled — so the argument ran (cf. Elkington 1994).
But great themes don't disappear; they lie dormant for a while, only to return in a different guise. Through the 1980s and 1990s it became increasingly clear that while many local and tangible environmental problems were being solved, new forms of environmental prob lems were emerging. These were being caused by the cumulative and global effects of social and economic activities, which — measured purely in terms of their energetic and material scale — were coming to have a major impact on biophysical systems. It had long been recognised that human activity has transformed land use and vegetation at the surface of the Earth (Clark et al. 1990), but it became apparent that the great biogeochem-ical cycles (such as the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur cycles) were also being profoundly modifi ed by industrial and agricultural activity (Schlesinger 1991; Ayres et al. 1994), with often poorly-understood conse quences for the functioning, dynamics and stability of atmospheric, hydrological and ecological systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abernathy, W. J., & Clark, K. B. (1985). Innovation: Mapping the winds of creative destruction.Research Policy,14, 3–22.
Ayres, R. U., Schlesinger, W. H., & Socolow, R. H. (1994). Human impacts on carbon and nitrogen cycles. In R. Socolow, C. Andrews, F. Berkhout, & V. Thomas (Eds.),Industrial ecology and global change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Berkhout, F. (2002). Technological regimes, path dependency and the environment.Global Environmental Change,12(1), 1–4.
Berkhout, F., Smith, A., & Stirling, A. (2004). Socio-technological regimes and transition contexts. In B. Elzen, F. W. Geels, & K. Green (Eds.),System innovation and the transition to sus tainability(pp. 48–75). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Berkhout, F., Angel D, and A. J. Wieczorek (eds) (2008) sustain ability Transitions in Developing Asia: are alternative devel opment pathways likely ? Technological Forecasting & social change, doi:10.1016/j.techfore. 2008.0003.
Callon, M. (1991). Techno-economic networks and irreversibil ity. In J. Law (Ed.),A sociology of monsters, essays on power, technology and domination(pp. 132–161). London: Routledge.
Clark, W. C., Turner, B. L., Kates, R. W., Richards, J., Mathews, J. T., & Meyer, W. (Eds.). (1990).The earth as transformed by human action.Global and regional changes in the bio sphere over the past 300 years. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Christensen, C. M. (1997).The innovators' dilemma. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Elkington, J. (1994). Towards the sustainable corporation: Win-win-win business strategies for sustainable development.California Management Review,36(2), 90–100.
Elzen, B., Geels, F. W., & Green, K. (Eds.). (2004).System inno vation and the transition to sustainability: Theory, evidence and policy. Cheltenham: Edgar Elgar. pp 114–137.
Elzen, B., & Wieczorek, A. J. (2005). Introduction: Transitions towards sustainability through system innovation.Technological Forecasting and Social Change Journal,72(6), 651–662.
Freeman, C. (1994). The economics of technical change.Cambridge Journal of Economics,18(5), 463–514.
Geels, F. W. (2002). Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfi guration processes: A multi-level perspective and a case study.Research Policy,31(8/9), 1257–1274.
Geels, F. W. (2004). Understanding system innovations: A criti cal literature review and a conceptual synthesis. In B. Elzen, F. W. Geels, & K. Green (Eds.).System innovation and the transition to sustainability: Theory, evidence and policy. Cheltenham: Edgar Elgar.
Geels, F. W. (2005a). Technological transitions as system inno vations: A co-evolutionary and socio-technical analysis. Cheltenham: Edgar Elgar.
Geels, F. W. (2005b). Co-evolution of technology and society: The multi-level perspective and a case study, the transition in water supply and personal hygiene in the Netherlands (1850– 1930).Technology in Society: An International Journal,27(3), 363–397.
Hekkert, M. P., Suurs, R. A. A., Negro, S. O., Kuhlmann, S., & Smits, R. E. H. M. (2007). Functions of innovation systems: A new approach for analysing technological change.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,74(4), 413–432.
Hirsch, D. A. (2000).The electric vehicle and the burden of his tory. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Hughes, T. P. (1986). Seamless web: Technology, science, etcet era, etcetera.Social Studies of Science,16, 281–292.
Jacobsson, S., & Johnson, A. (2000). The diffusion of renewable energy technology: An analytical framework and key issues for research.Energy Policy,28(9), 625–640.
Kemp, R., Schot, J., & Hoogma, R. (1998). Regime shifts to sustainability through processes of niche formation: The approach of Strategic Niche Management.Technology Analysis and Strategic Management,10(2), 175–195.
Loorbach, D. A. (2007). Transition management: New mode of governance for sustainable development. Utrecht, The Netherlands: International Books.
Loorbach, D., & Rotmans, J. (2006). Managing transitions for sustainable development. In X. Olsthoorn, & A. Wieczorek (Eds.),Understanding industrial transformation: Views from different disciplines. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
McDowall, W., & Eames, M. (2006). Forecasts, scenarios, visions, backcasts and roadmaps to the hydrogen economy: A review of the hydrogen futures literature.Energy Policy,34(11), 1236–1250.
Nelson, R., & Winter, S. G. (1982).An evolutionary theory of economic change. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Raven, R. P. J. M. (2006). Niche accumulation and hybridisation strategies in transition processes toward a sustainable energy system: An assessment of differences and pitfalls.Energy Policy,35(4), 2390–2400.
Rip, A., & Kemp, R. (1998). Technological change. In S. Rayner & E. L. Malone (Eds.),Human choice and climate change(pp. 327–399). Columbus, OH: Battelle Press.
Rock, M. T., & Angel, D. (2005).Industrial transformation in the developing world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rohracher, H. (2001). Managing the technological transition to sustainable construction of buildings: A socio-technical per spective.Technology Analysis & Strategic Management,13(1), 137–150.
Rotmans, J. (2003). Transitiemanagement: sleutel voor een duurzame samenleving. Assen: Van Gorcum.
Rotmans, J., Kemp, R., & van Asselt, M. (2001). More evolution than revolution: Transition management in public policy.Foresight,3(1), 15–31.
Schlesinger, W. H. (1991).Biogeochemistry: An analysis of global change. San Diego, CA: Academic.
Schot, J. W. (1992). Constructive technology assessment and technology dynamics: The case of clean technologies.Science, Technology and Human Values,17(1), 36–56.
Smith A. (2006). Green niches in sustainable development: The case of organic food in the United Kingdom.Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy,24(3), 439–458.
Smith A. (2007). Translating sustainabilities between green niches and socio-technical regimes.Technology Analysis and Strategic Management,19(4), 427–450.
Smith, A., Stirling, A., & Berkhout, F. (2005). The governance of sustainable socio-technical transitions.Research Policy,34, 1491–1510.
Tuinstra, W., van de Kerkhof, M., Hisschemöller, M., & Mol, A. (2003). COOL: Exploring options for carbon dioxide reduc tion in a participatory mode. In B. Kasimir, J. Jäger, C. Jaeger, & M. Gardner (Eds.),Public participation in sustain-ability science(pp. 176–186).A handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Unruh, G. C. (2000). Understanding carbon lock-in.Energy Policy,28, 817–830.
Vellinga, P., & Herb, N. (Eds.). (1999). Industrial transformation science plan, International human dimensions programme (IHDP) Report No.12. www.ihdp.uni-bonn.de/
VROM (2001). Where there is a will, there is a world. Fourth National Environmental Policy Plan (NEPP 4). The Hague, The Netherlands.
Windrum, P., & Birchenall, C. (1998). Is product life cycle theory a special case? Dominant designs and the emergence of market niches through co-evolutionary thinking.Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,9(1), 109–134.
Young, O. R., Berkhout, F., Gallopin, G. C., Janssen, M. A., Ostrom, E., & van der Leeuw, S. (2006). The globalization of socio-ecological systems: An agenda for scientifi c research.Global Environmental Change,16(3), 304–316.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wieczorek, A.J., Berkhout, F. (2009). Transitions to Sustainability as Societal Innovations. In: Boersema, J.J., Reijnders, L. (eds) Principles of Environmental Sciences. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9158-2_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9158-2_27
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-9157-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-9158-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)