Abstract
Agroforestry systems have often been neglected in Europe because administrative structures within many national governments have considered that only agriculture or forestry are legitimate within their remit. This has resulted in the loss of agroforestry systems in European countries and an impoverishment of the benefits that they provide. This paper argues that agroforestry systems are a complex interaction of agricultural and forestry elements which can be classified according to their components, spatial and temporal arrangement, agro-ecological zone, and socio-economic aspects. A further breakdown can be made on the basis of ecosystem functions, and their associated goods and services. The ecosystem functions of agroforestry systems can be grouped under production (the creation of biomass), habitat (the delivery of biodiversity), regulation (maintenance of essential processes and life support systems) and culture (cultural heritage, landscape enhancement and recreation). The importance of the multi-functionality of agroforestry systems in terms of their management input and the range of their outputs is stressed and it is proposed that land use decisions should be made within the broader ecosystems perspective so that greater social well-being can be derived from rural areas in Europe.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
APCOR (2007) Associação Portuguesa de Cortiça. Portuguese Cork Association, Santa Maria de Lamas, Portugal. http://www.realcork.org/. Cited 7 Nov 2007
Beaton A, Hislop M (2000) Trees in agroforestry systems. Forestry Commission Bulletin 122:31–43
Bell S (2000) Agroforestry in the landscape. Forestry Commission Bulletin 122:91–96
Brownlow M, Carruthers P, Dorward P (2000) Alternatives to grazing stock. Forestry Commision Bulletin 122:58–70
Brownlow MJC (1994) Towards a framework of understanding for the integration of forestry with domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) and wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) husbandry in the UK.Forestry 67(3):189–218
Burgess PJ (1999) Effects of agroforestry on farm biodiversity in the UK. Scottish Forestry 53(1):24–27
Burgess PJ, Incoll LD, Corry DT, Beaton A, Hart, BJ (2005) Poplar (PopulusM spp) growth and crop yields in a silvoarble experiment at three lowland sites in England. Agroforestry Systems 63:157–169
Buttler A, Kohler F, Gillet F. (2007) The Swiss mountain wooded pastures: patterns and processes. In: Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A, McAdam J, Mosquera-Losada MR (eds.) Agroforestry in Europe,vol 5. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (this volume)
Commission of the European Union (2005) Council Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005 on Support for Rural Development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD):OJ L 277, 21.10.2005; Bull. 9–2005, Brussels
Crabtree JR, Bayfield NG, Wood AM, Macmillan DC, Chalmers NA (1997) Evaluating the benefits from farm woodland planting. Scottish Forestry 51(2):84–92
De Groot RS, Wilson MA, Boumans RMJ (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics 41(3):393–408
Dodd CJH, McLean A, Brink VC (1972) Grazing values as related to tree-crown covers. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2(3):185–189
Dupraz C, Newman SM (1997) Temperate Agroforestry: the European Way. In: Gordon SM,Newman SM (eds.) Temperate Agroforestry Systems. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Dupraz C, Burgess PJ, Gavaland A, Graves AR, Herzog F, Incoll LD, Jackson N, Keesman K, Lawson G, Lecomte I, Mantzanas K, Mayus M, Palma J, Papanastasis V, Paris P, Pilbeam DJ,Reisner Y, van Noordwijk M, Vincent G, van der Werf W (2005) SAFE (Silvoarable Agroforestry for Europe) Synthesis Report. SAFE Project (August 2001—January 2005).INRA, Montpellier, France
Eichhorn MP, Paris P, Herzog F, Incoll LD, Liagre F, Mantzanas K, Mayus M, Moreno G, Papanastis VP, Pilbeam DJ, Pisanelli A, Dupraz C (2006) Silvopastoral systems in Europe — past, present and future prospects. Agroforestry Systems 67:29–50
Etienne M (2005) Silvopastoral management in temperate and Mediterranean areas. Stakes, practices and socio-economic constraints. In: Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Etienne M, Derko M, Rigolot E (1996) Browse input in silvopastoral systems participating in fire prevention in the French Mediterranean Region In: Etienne (ed) Western European Silvopastoral Systems. INRA, Paris
Fernández-Núñez ME, Mosquera-Losada MR, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (2007) Economic valuation of different land use alternatives: forest, grassland and silvopastoral systems. Grassland Science in Europe 12:508–511
Finck P, Reicken U, Glaser F (2005) Situation and perspective of silvopastoral systems in Germany. In: Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Gaspar P, Mesias FJ, Escribano M, Rodriguez de Ledesma A, Pulido F (2007) Economic and management characterization of dehesa farms: implications for their sustainability. AgroforestrySystems 71:151–162
Gillet F, Garlandat JD (1986) Wooded pastures of the Jura Mountains In: Etienne M (ed) Western European Silvopastoral Systems. INRA, Paris
Gordon A, Naresh RPF, Thevathasan V (2005) How much carbon can be stored in Canadian agro ecosystems using a silvopastoral approach. In: Mosquera-Losada R, McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Graves AR, Burgess PJ, Liagre F, Pisanelli A, Paris P, Moreno G, Bellido M, Mayus M, Postma M,Schindler B, Mantzanas K, Papanastasis VP, Dupraz C (2007a) Farmer perceptions of silvoarable systems in seven European countries. In: Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A, McAdam J, Mosquera-Losada MR (eds.) Agroforestry in Europe, vol 5. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Graves AR, Burgess PJ, Palma JHN, Herzog F, Moreno G, Bertomeu M, Dupraz C, Liagre F,Keesman K, van der Werf W, Koeffeman de Nooy, van den Briel JP (2007b) Development and application of bio-economic modelling to compare silvoarable, arable and forestry systems in three European countries.Ecological Engineering29:434–449
Herzog F (1998) Agroforestry in temperate Europe: history, present importance and future development. In: Mixed Farming Systems in Europe. Workshop Proceedings, Dronten, The Netherlands,25–28 May 1988, AP Minderhoudhoeve-Series, pp 47–52
Hindmarch C, Harris J, Morris J (2006) Growth and stability: integrating ecosystem services into economics. Biologist 53(3):135–142
INE (2005) Instituto Nacional de EstadÃstica. The Institute of National Statistics, Lisboa, Portugal.http://www.ine.pt. Cited 7 Nov 2007
Ispikoudis I, Sioliou KM (2005) Cultural aspects of silvopastoral systems. In: Mosquesa-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Isted R (2005) Wood pasture and parkland; overlooked jewels of the English countryside. In:Mosquesa-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Lawson G, Dupraz C, Liagre F, Moreno G, Paris P, Papanastasis V (2005).Deliverable 9.3.Options for Silvoarable Agroforestry Policy in the European.Union. Natural Environmental Research Council, Swindon, Oxfordshire, UK.March 2005, 109 pp. http://montpellier.inra.fr/safe/. Cited 5 May 2005
Lucke R, Silbereisen R, Herzberger E (1992) Obstbäume in der Landschaft. Eugen Ulmer Verlag,Stuttgart, Germany
MartÃnez-Jauregui B (2007) Pastoreo de brezales-tojales por pequeños rumiantes: efectos de la quema, especie animal, raza y carga sobre la fauna y flora. Ph.D., University of Oviedo,Oviedo, Spain
MartÃnez-Jauregui M, Celaya U, GarcÃa YK, Osoro K (2006) Influencia de la raza y de la presión de pastoreo del caprino sobre la fauna en un matorral atlántico. In: Osoro K, ArgamenterÃa A,Larraceleta A (eds.) Actas de la sociedad española para el estudio de los pastos, Gijón, Spain
McAdam J (1991) An evaluation of tree protection methods against Scottish Blackface sheep in upland agroforestry systems. Forest Ecology and Management 45:119–125
McAdam J (2000) Environmental impacts. Forestry Commission Bulletin 122:83–90
McAdam J (2005) Silvopastoral systems in North-west Europe. In: Mosquera-Losada MR,McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management.CABI, Wallingford, UK
McAdam J, Sibbald AR (2000) Grazing livestock management. Forestry Commission Bulletin 122:44–57
McAdam J, Thomas TH, Willis RW (1999) The economics of agroforestry systems in the UK and a review of their future prospects. Scottish Forestry 53(1):37–41
Metzger M, Bunce R, Jongman R, T Mücher S, Watkins JW (2005) A climatic stratification of the environment of Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography 14:549–563
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Island Press/World Resources Institute, Washington, DC
Moreno G, Pulido F (2007) The function, management and persistence of Dehesas. In: Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A, McAdam J, Mosquera-Losada MR (eds.) Agroforestry in Europe, vol 5. Kluwer,Dordrecht, The Netherlands (this volume)
Moreno G, Obrador JJ, GarcÃa E, Cubera E, Montero MJ, Pulido F, Dupraz C (2007) Driving competitive and facilitative interactions in oak dehesas through management practices.Agroforestry Systems 70(1):25–40
Mosquera-Losada MR, Fernández-Núñez ME, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (2004) Shrub and tree potential as animal food in Galicia NW Spain. In: Adersson F, Birot Y, Päivinem R (eds.) Forest Ecosystem and Landscape Research: Scientific Challenges and Opportunities. EFI,Saarijärvi, Finland
Mosquera-Losada MR, Pinto-Tobalina M, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (2005) The herbaceous component in temperate silvopastoral systems. In: Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Mosquera-Losada MR, Fernández-Núñez E, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (2006) Pasture, tree and soil evolution in silvopastoral systems of Atlantic Europe. Forest Ecology and Management 232(1–3):135–145
Nair PKR (1985) Classification of agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 3:97–128
Nair PKR (1990) Classification of agroforestry systems. In: MacDicken KG, Vegara NT (eds.) Agroforestry: Classification and Management, pp 31–57. Wiley, New York
Nair PKR (1993) An Introduction to Agroforestry. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Nair PKR, Gordon A, Mosquera-Losada MR (2007) Agroforestry. In: Jørgensen SE (ed) Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Nair VD, Kalmbacher RS (2006) Silvopasture as an approach to reducing nutrient loading of surface water from farms. In: Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Nixon CJ, Roger DG, Nelson DG (1992) The protection of trees in silvopastoral agroforestry systems. Forestry Commission Research Information Note 219. Forestry Authority, Edinburgh, UK
Nwaigbo LC, Hudson G, Sibbald AR (1995) Tree— scale trends in available soil nutrients and core penetration resistence in a grassed hybrid larch (Larix eurolepis) silvopastoral system.Agroforestry Forum 6(2):48–50
Olea L, Lopez-Bellido RJ, Poblaciones MJ (2005) European types of silvopastoral systems within the Mediterreanian area; dehesa. In: Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Palma J, Graves AR, Bunce RGH, Burgess PJ, de Filippi R, Keesman KJ, van Keulen H, Liagre F, Mayus M, Moreno G, Reisner Y, Herzog F (2006) Modelling environmental benefits of sil-voarable agroforestry in Europe. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 119:320–334
Palma JHN, Graves AR, Burgess PJ, Keesman, KJ, van Keulen H, Mayus M, Reisner Y, Herzog F (2007) Methodological approach for the assessment of environmental effects of agroforestry at the landscape scale. Ecological Engineering29:450–462
Pardini A (2005) Silvopastoral systems for rural development on a global perspective. In:Mosquera-Losada R, McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Pardini A (2007) Agroforestry systems in Italy: traditions towards modern management. In:Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A, McAdam J, Mosquera-Losada MR (eds.) Agroforestry in Europe, vol 5. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands (this volume)
Pardini A, Mosquera-Losada RW, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (2002) Land management to develop naturalistic tourism. In: Proceedings of V International IFSA (International Farming Systems Association), University of Florence, Florence, Italy, 8–11 June 2002
Pereira PM, Pires da Fonseca M (2003) Nature vs. nurture: the making of the montado ecosystem.Conservation Ecology 7(3):7
Peri PL, Lucas RJ, Moot DJ (2007) Dry matter production, morphology and nutritive value of Dactylis glomerata growing under different light regimes. Agroforestry systems 70(1):63–79
Pleininger T (2007) Compatibility of livestock grazing with stand regeneration in Mediterranean holm oak parklands. Journal for Nature Conservation 15:1–9
Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A, Mosquera-Losada MR, López-DÃaz ML (1998) Silvopastoral systems in prevention of forest fires in the forests of Galicia (NW Spain). Agroforestry Forum 9(3):3–8
Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A, Mosquera-Losada R, Romeno-Franco R, González-Hernández MP,Villarino-Urtiaga JJ (2005) Silvopastoral systems as a forest fire prevention technique. In:Mosquera-Losada MR, McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
RodrÃguez-Barreira S (2007) Efecto residual del encalado y la fertilización con lodos de depura-dora urbana sobre la producción en un sistema silvopastoral. Ph.D., University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
Rois M, Mosquera-Losada MR, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez (2006) Biodiversity indicators on silvopasto-ralism across Europe. EFI Technical Report 21, Joensuu, Finland. http://www.efi.fi/attachment/f5d80ba3c1b89242106f2f97ae8e3894/561a5d970cda8e0c77274808a4a8c16a/TR21.pdf.Cited 10 Feb 2007
Rozados-Lorenzo MJ, González-Hernández MP, Silva-Pando (2007) Pasture production under different tree species and densities in an Atlantic silvopastoral system. Agroforestry Systems 70(1):53–62
Sánchez L (2005) Indigenous breeds and silvopastoral systems In: Mosquera-Losada MR,McAdam J, Rigueiro-RodrÃguez A (eds.) Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management.CABI, Wallingford, UK
Shakesby RA, Coello COA, Schnabel S, Keizer JJ, Clarke MA, Lavado-Contador JF, Walsh RPD,Ferreira AJD, Doerr SH (2002) A ranking methodology for assessing relative erosion risk and its application to dehesas and montados in Spain and Portugal. Land Degradation and Development 13(2):129–140
Sibbald AR (1994) Herbage yield in agroforestry systems as a function of easily measured attributes of the tree canopy. Forest Ecology and Management 65:195–200
Sibbald AR (1999) Agroforestry principles-sustainable productivity? Scottish Forestry53(1):18–23
Sibbald AR, Eason WR, McAdam JH, Hislop AM (2001) The establishment phase of a silvopas-toral national network experiment in the United Kingdom. Agroforestry Systems 39:39–53
Sinclair FL (1999a) A general classification of agroforestry practice. Agroforestry Systems 46:161–180
Sinclair FL (1999b) The Agroforestry concept — managing complexity. Scottish Forestry 53(1):2–17
Sinclair FL, Eason W, Hooker J (2000) Understanding and management of interactions. Forestry Commission Bulletin 122:17–28
Snyder LJ, Mueller JP, Luginguhl, Brownie C (2007) Growth characteristics and allometry of Robinia pseudoacacia as a silvopastoral system component. Agroforestry Systems 70(1):41–51
Sommariba E (1992) Revisting the past: an essay on agroforestry definition. Agroforestry Systems 19:233–240
Thomas TH, Willis RW (2000) The economics of agroforestry in the United Kingdom. Forestry Commission Bulletin 122:107–126
Vera FWM (2000) Geazing Ecology and Forest History. CABI, Wallingford, UK
World Wildlife Fund (2006) Cork Screwed? Environmental and Economic Impacts of the Cork Stoppers Market. World Wildlife Fund Mediterranean Office, Rome
Young A (1997) Agroforestry for Soil Management. CABI, Wallingford, UK
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McAdam, J.H., Burgess, P.J., Graves, A.R., Rigueiro-RodrÃguez, A., Mosquera-Losada, M.R. (2009). Classifications and Functions of Agroforestry Systems in Europe. In: Rigueiro-Rodróguez, A., McAdam, J., Mosquera-Losada, M.R. (eds) Agroforestry in Europe. Advances in Agroforestry, vol 6. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8272-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8272-6_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8271-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8272-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)